Silk Road

Open Access Article

1 - The Glory of Iranian Culture and Civilization in China
Dariush Akbarzadeh

The relation between Iran and China goes back elements the time of Arsacids. This historical relationship was the result of two practical ways: a) the Silk Road, which was as a major road between eastern and western Asia passing through the north of Iran and b) the Pers More

The relation between Iran and China goes back elements the time of Arsacids. This historical relationship was the result of two practical ways: a) the Silk Road, which was as a major road between eastern and western Asia passing through the north of Iran and b) the Persian Gulf located in the south of Iran. The Silk Road was a well-known commercial and religious connection between west and east for the Parthians and especially the Sogdians. Thus, it is not surprising to read or hear new findings revealing the extension of ancient cultural heritage of Iran in China (and even Japan). The archaeologists have recently shown some new aspects of ancient Iranian culture in China including a stone bas-relief of Sag-did, famous Zoroastrian funeral and a new bilingual Sogdian-Chinese inscription. This article investigates these two Iranian cultural artifacts encountered in China. Manuscript profile

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2 - Women in Sogdian Para-documents
Parisa Derakhshan Moghaddam

10.30495/jaa.2023.1994964.1016

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3 - Investigating the effect of Sasanian-Bezant wars on changing the path of trade roads during the Sassanids
mohammad taghi eimanpor reza kohsari

The main aim behind long war between Iran and Bezant was initially to conquer new lands and to extend Empires, but  it gradually changed to dominate  trade roads including carvani's roads, rivers, seas and main trade cities, from which the path of main trade r More

The main aim behind long war between Iran and Bezant was initially to conquer new lands and to extend Empires, but  it gradually changed to dominate  trade roads including carvani's roads, rivers, seas and main trade cities, from which the path of main trade roads passed. Long war between Bezant and Persia caused the path of many those roads located at arena of war to be changed, as traders left many roads and chose new paths for their trade. Silk Road was one of those main roads that was effected by this competition and the traders followed new paths out of Persian-Bezant war arena. Based on Persian and Roman sources and other historical evidence, this research has tried to examine the effect of Sasanian-Bezant wars on the change in path of trade roads from lands to sea and vice- versa. Manuscript profile

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4 - Commercial Roads in Ilkhanid Era
Razavi saied Abolfazl

As the result of the centralization of the power, security. And thehegemony established by the ilkhanids; the grounds of commercialflourishment were prepared and the urban economy in many significantsections of their territory started development. The commercialdevelopm More

As the result of the centralization of the power, security. And thehegemony established by the ilkhanids; the grounds of commercialflourishment were prepared and the urban economy in many significantsections of their territory started development. The commercialdevelopment in the ilkhanid era, being directly connected with theMongol might in their vast empire, embodied the development of thecommercial routs in this era. In this period of history, commercialactivities in both land and sea routs bloomed significantly. The main partof the commercial activities was along "the Silk Road" and "the SpiceRoad". Mongols had a particular consideration for the commercial routsand being concerned with the importance of commerce, they werediligent to help them secure. More than one fourth of the ilkhanidgovernment income was required from trades as commerce' therefore,diligent effort an the further flourishment of the commercial routes wasonly natured. The subject of this study is to survey the situation of somepart of the commercial routes in the ilkhanid era which set the ground forcommercial relations with the land out of their jurisdiction. Manuscript profile

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5 - A discussion on trade exchanges between Iran and Egypt from Darius I to the end of the Achaemenid period
mohamad ghasemi feyzolah Boushasb goushe behzad moeini sam Shokouhossadat arabi hashemi

The location of Egypt on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and on the land and sea trade routes of the ancient world, caused it to be the focus of the great Achaemenid emperors as a large and important base. Despite the conquest of Egypt by Cambodia, the Achaemenid tra More

The location of Egypt on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and on the land and sea trade routes of the ancient world, caused it to be the focus of the great Achaemenid emperors as a large and important base. Despite the conquest of Egypt by Cambodia, the Achaemenid trade relationship with this western satrap It was mostly done through the old royal road, but with the efforts of Darius I, he started extensive measures in this land, the most important of which are the development of roads and the digging of the Suez Canal. With the digging of this canal, shipping activities and maritime communication and, as a result, commercial relations with Egypt expanded, and on the other hand, Iran's role as a trade route between East and West grew considerably. According to the available sources, items needed for use in the Iranian army, such as army armor and architectural tools, have been supplied from Egypt, and in return, salt and spices have been taken from Iran to Egypt. In this research, an attempt is made to deal with the items exchanged between the two countries. And in this way, to deal with the commercial issues surrounding it in order to expand the relations between the two countries, beyond the mere political relations and with the aim of promoting commercial relations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - China’s Energy Security in the Direction of One Belt – One Road Initiative
Hadi Ajilit mahdi salami mehrdad fallahi

Abstract: The "One Belt-One Road" initiative was introduced by Chinese president Shi Jingping in September 2013. This plan consists of two parts: One New Silk Road and the second Sea Silk Route. China by introducing this plan is pursuing ambitious goals. These goals inc More

Abstract: The "One Belt-One Road" initiative was introduced by Chinese president Shi Jingping in September 2013. This plan consists of two parts: One New Silk Road and the second Sea Silk Route. China by introducing this plan is pursuing ambitious goals. These goals include economic growth, ensuring energy security, expansion of the sphere of influence, access to world markets and building cost effective transportation and transit routes. This project seeks to facilitate the transfer of energy and commodities to China and from China to other parts of the world within a short span of time. The sea route consists of two directions: First a route from the coasts of China through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean to Europe and the second from the shores of China to the South Pacific Ocean. The question raised by the paper is "How the above said project will be effective and useful for China's energy security?" The underlying hypothesis is that China intends to implement this plan with the objective of establishing friendly relations with oil rich countries, creating different land and sea routes and diversifying its source of supply of energy and in this way ensures its energy security. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile

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7 - China Silk Road Initiative, Goals and Obstacles
ghasem torabi raziyeh sanei

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various dimensions of the Silk Road Initiative and to reveal its objectives, opportunities and barriers. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the Silk Road Initiative was designed as the most important China More

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various dimensions of the Silk Road Initiative and to reveal its objectives, opportunities and barriers. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the Silk Road Initiative was designed as the most important China strategy in the 21st Century to achieve its goals. It should be noted that the Silk Road is the largest initiative ever announced by a country in the world. This initiative covers sixty-five different countries in the world and costs about $ 4 trillion in 900 different projects. In addition, the plan has dimensions, objectives, and economic, political and security objectives. In this regard, in response to the above question, the hypothesis of the article is that the ultimate goal of China is to operate the Silk Road initiative to provide the economic, political and security contexts necessary for becoming a regional and global hegemony. However, it seems that the plan faces serious barriers and challenges, and ultimately China goals will not be maximized. The present article intends to discuss the question and hypothesis along with the goals, opportunities and obstacle of the project in three sections and in a descriptive-analytical way. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The "Health Silk Road" Initiative: planning China's Influence in Global Health Governance
mohsen keshvarian azad mohammad Jolani

10.30495/pir.2023.1977071.3597

Beijing has created mechanisms in the economic, commercial, financial and monetary, technological and cyber spheres to increase its position in global governance. Following China's initiatives and plans to influence global governance, the health sector has become one of More

Beijing has created mechanisms in the economic, commercial, financial and monetary, technological and cyber spheres to increase its position in global governance. Following China's initiatives and plans to influence global governance, the health sector has become one of the axes of China's foreign policy. The purpose of this article is to explain the "Health Silk Road" and plans of China's influence in global health governance and And it answered the question that how China's "Health Silk Road" initiative has become the planning for this country's influence in global health governance? In response, it is assumed that China's "Health Silk Road" as an emerging diplomatic initiative through the development of South-South cooperation, establishment of institutional mechanisms, bilateral and multilateral strategic partnership, and connecting the health sector with the economic sector, technology and the "One Belt and One Road " initiative, has led to the promotion of the health cooperation network in the world and has provided the grounds for Beijing's influence in global health governance. The research method is analytical-explanatory. The findings show that China has established effective governance mechanisms to promote joint management and cooperative efforts in global health. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - New Silk Road Plan and China's Energy-Oriented Approach to Central Asia and Russia
Saeed Mirtorabi hadi torki

China, as the world's largest emerging economic power, has experienced decades of rapid economic growth and today relies heavily on securing imported energy supplies to continue its rise as a global power. In 2013, China launched an international initiative, as "One Bel More

China, as the world's largest emerging economic power, has experienced decades of rapid economic growth and today relies heavily on securing imported energy supplies to continue its rise as a global power. In 2013, China launched an international initiative, as "One Belt, One Roud", wich one of its main branches crossing Central Asia through the "Silk Road Economic Belt", reminiscent of an ancient road that had connected Chinese trade and cultural ties with the outside world. The purpose of this study is to highlight Beijing's efforts to tackle energy-related restrictions by advancing the Silk Road Revival Initiative in Central Asian and Russia region. This paper, based on the neo-mercantilist approach and using a descriptive-explanatory approach, shows that the Chinese government is working to improve its energy security, namely the availability and payment capability of imported energy, by advancing the Silk Road economic initiative. The paper's finding is that Beijing's success in advancing this initiative, could legitimize China's strong and re-emerging presence in Eurasia and opening up exciting economic and trade opportunities for partner countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Political Economy of China's New Silk Road And Iran's Interdependence
sepideh mohammadi mokhtar Salehi

The New Silk Road Initiative, as a China's development model and project, has absorbed and involved many countries and governmental and non-governmental organizations across the world to cooperate with that. This project intends to expand the cooperation between the con More

The New Silk Road Initiative, as a China's development model and project, has absorbed and involved many countries and governmental and non-governmental organizations across the world to cooperate with that. This project intends to expand the cooperation between the continents and creates the necessary infrastructure of the regional and global cooperation based on economic, political and cultural dimensions. Iran could have an important role in this project because of its geo-strategic and geo-economic position. The main question of this research is that what effects does this strategy have on Iran's development and its relation with china? Hypothetically, it seems that due to the Iran's look to the east and its economic and political prospects, the relation of both countries is going to be expanded towards Interdependence although it is predicted that this cooperation might be asymmetrical in favor of china's grand strategy. The viewpoint of this Paper is Based on Interdependence theory. Methodically, the research design is descriptive and analytical. According to the research findings, in the absence of an appropriate strategy in the way Iran cooperates with China, the nature of this plan may change from the level of symmetric interdependence to asymmetric interdependence in the interests of China. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Themes Network Of Iranians' Attitudes Toward China's New Silk Road: A Case Study of the Comprehensive Iran-China Cooperation Program
Reza Azizi امیر محمد Haji-Yousefi

The Themes Network of Iranians' Attitudes Toward China's New Silk Road is the subject of this study, Which was studied from the perspective of published analyzes of the 25-year comprehensive informal cooperation plan between Iran and China in the Iranian political space More

The Themes Network of Iranians' Attitudes Toward China's New Silk Road is the subject of this study, Which was studied from the perspective of published analyzes of the 25-year comprehensive informal cooperation plan between Iran and China in the Iranian political space from early July 2020 to late September 2020. The statistical population of this study was all Internet sources related to this issue in Iran. After reviewing the sources extracted from the database, data consisting of notes, interviews and conversations, as well as analysis related to the Iranian media, 60 sources were considered as samples. The reliability of the results was 0/901 using the Holstie method. In this article, by studying this program and using the method of thematic analysis and the process of doing it manually and using Nvivo software, the themes of the Iranian view of China's New Silk Road have been discovered and drawn. The results of this study show that Iran's view of China's New Silk Road can be divided into two global and completely contradictory themes: the global theme of "Eastern interdependence" with 16 basic themes and three organizing themes and the global theme of "Eastern dependence" With 16 basic themes and five organizing themes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - China's New Silk Road Initiative (Aims, obstacles and challenges)
Bahram Amirahmadiyan Roohollah Salehi Dolatabad

Abstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Sil More

Abstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Silk Road initiative. Silk Road is one of China's foreign policy initiatives for expanding their influence to other areas. The plan, which almost covers an area of 4.4 billion people 65% of the world's population and 21 trillion of global GDP in total. The initiative was announced by President of China in September 2013 and the two economic belt “New Silk Road" (One road and one belt) and "Marine silk road" has been formed. Effort and dedication of China to promote such huge projects apart from the economic and political consequences could be serious for the country in the lead, also could be the formation of China's ambitious new foreign policy to expand more and trying to play a regional role. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Marine Silk Road and its role in cultural-civilizational dialogue of Persian Gulf residents
mohamadmahdi mazaheri azam molaei

Persian Gulf waterway that runs along the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Peninsula, located between Iran and the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay is the world's third largest bay. Persian Gulf because of its oil and gas rich, important and strategic international and regiona More

Persian Gulf waterway that runs along the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Peninsula, located between Iran and the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay is the world's third largest bay. Persian Gulf because of its oil and gas rich, important and strategic international and regional level regarded and can give strength and strategic position to promote the coastal countries. However there are some differences in identity and political orientation with the rest of the countries, due to aggressive and interactive approach they have been in the area. The present study sought to examine ways to increase collaboration among Persian Gulf countries and seeks to assess the influence of the revival of the Marine Silk Road on the cultural and civilizational cooperation among Persian Gulf states. The findings suggest that the revival of the Silk Road in the sea can increase economic relations, communications and tourist region, and by changing our inter subjective images of nations and states in the region, it promotes the level of cooperation and relations between them  in terms of political and cultural issues. Manuscript profile

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