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Open Access Article
1 - Analysis of Effective Cultural Components on Political Development of Iran (Second Pahlavi Era)
Mohammad Heydarpourklidsar -
Open Access Article
2 - Analysis of the Impact of Conspiracy Illusion in Iran's Political Underdevelopment (Second Pahlavi Era)
Mohammad Heydarpourklidsar -
Open Access Article
3 - The Role of American Land Reform in the Failure and Underdevelopment of Agricultural Economy in Iran (Second Pahlavi Era)
zahra amiri REZA shabani mohamad kalhorLand reform was the most important program of social transformation, which was on the agenda of Mohammad Reza Shah in the early 1340s. The Shah and the Amini government were responsible for implementing the plan, inspired by the ideas of Walt Whitman Rostow, an American MoreLand reform was the most important program of social transformation, which was on the agenda of Mohammad Reza Shah in the early 1340s. The Shah and the Amini government were responsible for implementing the plan, inspired by the ideas of Walt Whitman Rostow, an American economic historian and Kennedy adviser, who sought to implement a Western version of development in Iran. This article seeks to answer the fundamental question, how did the American land reform cause the failure and underdevelopment of the agricultural economy in Iran? Since there are no hypotheses to test, this study seeks to explore and define new concepts in an exploratory manner. The land reform was carried out in the United States under Iran. Contrary to US officials' claims, the main purpose of its implementation was not to elevate it. The level of welfare of the people, but also the strengthening of US-affiliated capitalism against the communists, as well as providing a market and a platform for the sale of US consumer goods in Iran. The Americans, for various reasons, including lack of awareness of the social context of Iran, rapid implementation of reforms, disregard for the leadership of the reforms, use of repression theory, could not conclude the reforms they intended for Iran. Incomplete implementation of the land reform program, census Unrealistic agriculture, changing the traditional land system without institutionalizing a suitable model or alternative, disrupting part of Iran's social fabric following the incomplete implementation of the land reform program, dissatisfaction of landowners and landowners, Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Analytical-comparative analysis of organic architectural works in Iran (Second Pahlavi period)
Alaleh Samir Maryam Cheshme Qassabani Hosein Karim AbadiBackground and Objective: The organic style, influenced by the libertarian movements, which derived from modernism. In order to define libertarianism for the architectural character of its own, this style, specified characteristics, and principles such as nature as a mo MoreBackground and Objective: The organic style, influenced by the libertarian movements, which derived from modernism. In order to define libertarianism for the architectural character of its own, this style, specified characteristics, and principles such as nature as a model, individualism, and nationalism. Despite the importance of this style to date, it has not yet been fully studied in contemporary Iranian architecture. Thus, in this study, the architectural works of organic style in the period - the second Pahlavi - are analyzed to explain the common features. Methods: The present historical research, with an analytical-comparative approach, has used inferential and deductive reasoning. First, the principles of organic style architecture, derived from a comparative study of written evidence and existing documents, were explained as a criterion of measurement. Then, a list of works of organic architecture in Iran was prepared to select samples for analysis by purposive sampling. Finally, the analyzed samples were compared with the principles of organic architecture. Findings: Organic architecture in Iran, in building and landscape design, has been used for various purposes, among which, preserving the potentials of the natural environment and reusing it with minimal human intervention, are in line with the common design theme. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the works of organic architecture in Iran in the second Pahlavi period, have able to have common concepts according to the organic style, such as the integration of the artificial environment with the natural environment, which originated from the organic style and has been appeared in these works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - An Evaluation Study of the Political Consequences of the Second Pahlavi's Oil Economy
Hossein Hosseinzadeh Fereydoon Akbarzadeh Lena Abdolkhani Hamed MohagheghniaThe purpose of the present study is to explore rentierism in the second Pahlavi regime. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the most important political consequence of the oil economy in Iran can be the rentier state during the second MoreThe purpose of the present study is to explore rentierism in the second Pahlavi regime. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the most important political consequence of the oil economy in Iran can be the rentier state during the second Pahlavi regime. Rising oil prices led to a highly noticeable increase in SAVAK budget and the Shah used this factor to suppress public opposition inside the country more than ever. SAVAK, recognizing it was given a more extensive role compared to the first pre-shock stage, felt free to suppress the regime's opponents and continued its measures without any concern. Of course, it should be noted that the Shah's oppression and dictatorship created a sense of terror and horror in people's heart and they attributed all these measures to the Shah and hated him more than before. Autocracy and repression intensified by the Shah before the revolution insomuch that a group of writers and researchers of the Islamic revolution have considered the severe autocracy and repression during the Pahlavi regime as the main causes of the revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Application of James Rosenau's Theory of Continuity in the Analysis of Regionalism in the Second Pahlavi Regime
Hossein Hassan Pour Dehnavi Ahoura Rahbar Ahmad Bakhshi Ali MomammadzadehThe purpose of the present study is to review Iran's regionalism in the second Pahlavi regime based on James Rosenou's theoretical approach by using its variables including decision making personality, role, government, community, and international system. The method of MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review Iran's regionalism in the second Pahlavi regime based on James Rosenou's theoretical approach by using its variables including decision making personality, role, government, community, and international system. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that the two variables of international system and decision making personality are the most important variables effective on the process of foreign policy and Iran's regionalism in that time period. Iran's regionalist politics in the second Pahlavi regime have been in line with power structure in the international system and based on national interests. Furthermore, Iran in that period, under the influence of bipolar structure and cold war and based on Mohammad Reza Shah's temperament and personality as the most important person in decision making and implementation of foreign policy demanded superiority and authority in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Renovation and cultural religious discourse in the last two decades of Pahlavi era
saeed jahangiri Abolghassem TaheriThe purpose of the present study was to analyze the role of the modernization process in the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty from a cultural-religious perspective. The process of modernization and cultural-religious discourse in the Second Pahlavi era, the revolutionary MoreThe purpose of the present study was to analyze the role of the modernization process in the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty from a cultural-religious perspective. The process of modernization and cultural-religious discourse in the Second Pahlavi era, the revolutionary religious movement against modernization of the state, the controversy over religious aspects, and its relation to the Pahlavi regime's ideological power and actions. The results of the descriptive-analytical study showed that the reason for the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty was the religious and ethnic roots of the community, the clergymen's ignorance of the clergy, and the cultural influence of the clergy, which the government's modernization programs could not find support for. Overall, modernization and modernization influenced by Western models and based on the Shah Pahlavi's imperialist policies from the 40s onwards, aroused increasing concern amongst groups defending Islamic culture and tradition and triggered a revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Second Pahlavi poets point of view toward religion
Abdolreza Modareszadeh zohreh mohebStudy of the second Pahlavi poets point of view toward religion, religious believes and divine doctrines has been considered as one of the most considerable issues in contemporary poem. Moreover, considering mental structure of artists and also the religion status in th MoreStudy of the second Pahlavi poets point of view toward religion, religious believes and divine doctrines has been considered as one of the most considerable issues in contemporary poem. Moreover, considering mental structure of artists and also the religion status in the second Pahlavi’s period, this issue has received a special attention. Composing religious poem had been current many years ago. For example, Kasaee Marvzi can be regarded as the first poet who composed the religious poem or the first Iranian religious poems composed by Avesta. The trend of composing religious poems has been growing. Although there has an anti-religious atmosphere of Qajar and Pahlavi’s kings in contemporary period, manifestation of religious believes is completely obvious. Two movements can be seen in the second Pahlavi period: First, the religious classical poem which followed the same religious poems belonging to old poets; Second the emergence of religious poem in the form of New Poem. The present article has revealed the way of religious believes reflection in poems of second Pahlavi poets through categorizing evidences of religious doctorines and behaviors such as the Holy Qoran’s manifestation, reflection of traditions (Hadith), narrations (Revayat), virtues (manaqeb), and elegies (marthyeh). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The development of Iranian women’s organizations in the second Pahlavi era
ziba ghahremani aliakbar khedrizadeh mehdi goljanWoman presence in tobacco national- religious movement and constitutional movement is the beginning of women activities in different social , cultural and political field. Even though this presence has been presumed very little owing to dominance of religious and tradit MoreWoman presence in tobacco national- religious movement and constitutional movement is the beginning of women activities in different social , cultural and political field. Even though this presence has been presumed very little owing to dominance of religious and tradition – oriented forces at the beginning of the Reza shah’s reign ,but by the implementacion of new policies by Reza shah and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi activities of this brigade got more solidavity in the shape of institutions and women’s organizations and involved wider dimention . how to form and the mode of institutions and women organization’s activity in the second Pahlavi era and its relationship. With the state is the issue that addressed in this study. This research , conducted in the context of historical study and review of sources such as newspapers and books, reveals that the members of institutions and women’s organizations often consisted of educated women who their most trying at first to improve living , educational and health of women and then to fix the legal in equality and obtaining women suffrage. Some of these formations for the benefit of the government. And some also acted along to humour party needs or special population and have influenced the events of that period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - A comparative study of American foreign policy during the Nixon and Carter eras towards Iran during the second Pahlavi period
Mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoeiIran-US relations have a long history full of ups and downs. The Shah, who felt a power vacuum in the region with the withdrawal of England from the Persian Gulf, tried to fill this vacuum with the help of the United States. The present study seeks to answer the questio MoreIran-US relations have a long history full of ups and downs. The Shah, who felt a power vacuum in the region with the withdrawal of England from the Persian Gulf, tried to fill this vacuum with the help of the United States. The present study seeks to answer the question of how the American foreign policy during the era of Nixon and Carter was towards Iran during the second Pahlavi period. . They had the same strategy for Iran's oil. The current research method is qualitative . The results show the fact that due to reasons including the geopolitical position of the Persian Gulf, the existence of oil reserves, the Soviet Union's attempt to penetrate this region as commonalities, and the differences of these two presidents, their differences in oil policy, as well as Nixon's friendly policy and Carter's human rights policy pointed out. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - An Investigation into the Role of Variables Involved in the Pahlavi II Foreign Policy Decision-Making Based on James Rosena’s Model
sayed hamid mousavi Malek Zolghadr asghar partoviIn order to explain the factors affecting foreign policy decision-making of Iran during the Pahlavi II period, the author examines the reasons for the adoption of some decisions in this period. According to James Rosena’s Model, the present research investigates f MoreIn order to explain the factors affecting foreign policy decision-making of Iran during the Pahlavi II period, the author examines the reasons for the adoption of some decisions in this period. According to James Rosena’s Model, the present research investigates five factors, namely, individual, role, government, social and international during the Pahlavi II period. In this regard, the four important and influential decisions of this period, namely de-escalation of tensions with the Soviet Union, the crisis in Bahrain and its transfer, Iran's behavior in the oil crisis of 1967 and 1973 and Iran's military action in Oman as indicators, selected, reviewed and the impact of each of the five variables discussed above are examined. According to the author, in this period, foreign policy decisions were influenced by cognitive elements and were generally made by the Shah himself. The cognitive system has been mainly influenced by the personality and temperaments of the Shah and in order to achieve the specific intellectual design of the person, among the variables involved, the individual variable and then the international system variable had the greatest impact on foreign policy decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Analyzing the physical elements and spatial relationships of residential houses of the second Pahlavi period from the perspective of fiction
sara hosseini Fariba Alborzi Amirhossein AminiThe house and knowing its features have always been given a lot of attention and importance by designers and builders in order to increase the quality of human living place.House is an important social need that can be analyzed from different aspects. Therefore, in this MoreThe house and knowing its features have always been given a lot of attention and importance by designers and builders in order to increase the quality of human living place.House is an important social need that can be analyzed from different aspects. Therefore, in this regard, knowing and examining the roots affecting the houses of the past, including the physical aspects, can be an important and positive step in improving the quality of new and modern houses.The necessity of creating a house is its body, which has been recognized by many researchers. But the various investigations of the physical aspect to compare the spatial relations of the houses have received less attention, which is why this research has addressed it.According to the surveys conducted in the residential houses of the second Pahlavi period in Tehran, due to the increasing population growth and the increase in the migration of villagers to the cities, mass building is formed to meet the needs of the people, these gradual changes applied by studying the houses of each The decade of this historical period was summarized and analyzed separately.On the other hand, the existence of a multi-directional relationship between the text and the audience and the general culture and the connection of literary works with the existing approaches in the society, leads the research point of view to fiction literature, so that the process of house changes can be investigated from this point of view. In the context of the relationship between literature and society, we can mention the attention and influence of literature into people and society, and the special literary importance of this period was also due to the greater proportion of literary works of this period compared to the periods before and after it. Therefore, since the literary landscape refers to social issues and the realities of society, it seems that by rereading the literary stories of the second Pahlavi period, the gradual changes applied in the spatial relations of residential houses can be read and identified in terms of the physical dimension.The production of literary discourse and the flourishing of residential architecture also necessitates a deep study of the second Pahlavi period.The aim of the current research is to investigate the influential physical components in the different spaces of the houses of Tehran in the second Pahlavi period from the point of view of the literary writers in order to discover the important components of the houses from a new perspective. Also, this research has been done with a qualitative approach and a type of interpretative philosophy, with the approach of analyzing the content of the text and using the classical hermeneutic method, to examine and understand and explore the physical components of the houses of the second Pahlavi period from the texts of the books examined in a descriptive-analytical way. And finally, it has been dealt with by comparative comparison.The research tools were selected from the works of the writers of the second Pahlavi with a purposeful sampling of documentary studies.Finally, the results of the research show that the houses of the early Pahlavi II period are different in terms of physical and shape compared to the houses of the late Pahlavi II period. In the beginning of the second Pahlavi period, the open space of the yard and the porch play an important role in the house, which includes the pond and garden and different types of vegetation, but gradually with the removal of the yard and other architectural elements, including the porch, pond, garden and cover Plants, houses without these elements and sometimes even without a yard and as apartment units are observed. These changes show the gradual changes in the spatial relations of the houses of the second Pahlavi period, which shows the houses specific to that period by examining each decade.In this way, by removing or reducing and changing some elements and components from the plan of the houses, and despite changes in the spatial relations of the houses, the importance of the body and spatial relations in the houses of the decades before the 40s compared to the houses of the 50s and the new appears. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Political and economic institutions and their impact on economic development with emphasizing on historical institutionalims
Farhad Azizi Mohammad bagher Beheshti Mohammad SalmadizadehCountries face with different historical critical junctures through their historical countries.. One of the most important critical junctures in the contemporary history of Iran is the removal of Reza Shah from power and substituting of Mohammad Reza Shah.by foreign for MoreCountries face with different historical critical junctures through their historical countries.. One of the most important critical junctures in the contemporary history of Iran is the removal of Reza Shah from power and substituting of Mohammad Reza Shah.by foreign forces. After the overthrowing of Reza Shah, however, power was distributed among various factors, the interventions of foreign forces and political chaos marginalized the path of economic development. The main objective of this historical-economic research, refers to the role of governments and superiors as well as the underdeveloped of Iran. The result shows while the existence of a powerful parliament eventually led to the nationalization of the oil industry, due to political and social chaos, economic development did not occur. In addition, during 1940s by the decrease of the power of the parliament against the prime minister’s authority, an exclusive institutional change took place and took into account as a legacy for the shah rule. Through this institutional change, the shah was able to protect the prime minister’s legacy well and by increasing monopolized economic resources kept the power for himself and his relatives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - An Inquiry Into the of Exploitation Views on the Second Pahlavi’s Modern State
حسن شمینی غیاثوندOne of the most important aspects of contemporary Iranian history has been the formation of modern state and its functional evolvement. In fact, one of the most important changes in the aftermath of Iranian constitutional revolution has been the changes in the nature, s MoreOne of the most important aspects of contemporary Iranian history has been the formation of modern state and its functional evolvement. In fact, one of the most important changes in the aftermath of Iranian constitutional revolution has been the changes in the nature, structure, and functions of government. That is why theorists and analysts of contemporary history express different views on Iranian governments and in particular on the governments during the reign of Pahlavi the second. These analysts use different approaches such as traditionalism, integrative, comparative and extraversions in their reflection on the government in Iran. Such studies include Ravasani ’s“ dependent governments” Gasiorowski’s “cliental governments”, Foran’s “oriental despotism”. These approaches apply the following concepts in their study of governments in Iran: clientalistic nature of Iranian governments, dependence on west, instrumental approach of the west toward Iran ignoring political forces, rivalry of political forces, classless society, the crisis of identity and consideration of Iran as an Island. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Architectural Stylistics of Second Pahlavi Period, with approach of Evaluating the Building’s Physical Behavior in each Style
maziar sardari leila zare Avideh talaei vahid ghobadianArchitectural stylistics as an approach, has various functions in the study of architectural history. One of its most important functions is as a classification method in the history of architecture. In recent researches, the necessity of achieving styles in the Iranian MoreArchitectural stylistics as an approach, has various functions in the study of architectural history. One of its most important functions is as a classification method in the history of architecture. In recent researches, the necessity of achieving styles in the Iranian architecture evolution, by referring to the body of prominent buildings, has always been brought up. Therefore, these bodies and their architecture evaluating, will be the best way to know the styles. The topic of Iranian architectural stylistics has always been a part of challenging debates in scientific societies, due to the wide and varied definitions and functions of it, there is no clear consensus among researchers. The stylistics of the second Pahlavi period has always been very important; on the one hand in terms of looking at past architecture and on the other hand due to the arrival of modern architecture in this period, is a turning point in the history of iran architecture. Therefore, this article tries to extract the titles of architectural styles in the second Pahlavi period with using a qualitative method and interpretive-historical approach, along with extensive documentary and library studies, and then with a detailed examination of the prominent building's body; evaluate the characteristics of each style and classify them. The research results show that five styles; "Traditional architecture", "Western modern architecture", "Organic architecture", "Modernist Iranian architecture" and "High-tech architectures", are the styles in the period from 1332 to 1357 A.S, that each one, according to their own theories, displays historical or modern characteristics, in the body of each buildings with a different image. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Impact of Structure and Agent on Iran's Foreign Policy during the Second Pahlavi Era
Tahmineh Johar Mohammadreza Dehshiri Abdolamir Nabavi -
Open Access Article
17 - Pahlavi's rentier government and the formation of the discourse of the Islamic revolution
Majid Ostovar Hossein MahboobExamining the issue of the rentier government from different perspectives is necessary to understand the functioning of the Pahlavi rentier government. The innovation of the current research is to examine the impact of the rentier government on the change of the politic MoreExamining the issue of the rentier government from different perspectives is necessary to understand the functioning of the Pahlavi rentier government. The innovation of the current research is to examine the impact of the rentier government on the change of the political and social field of the 1950s and the construction of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution centered on Imam Khomeini (RA). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to try to explain the influence of the Pahlavi rentier government in the formation of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The main question of the current research is why the Pahlavi II rentier government in Iran failed to implement its development policy and the Islamic Revolution of Iran emerged? In response to the main question of the current research, after theoretical discussions, the development performance of that government in Iran was examined. The findings of the research show that the performance of the rentier Pahlavi government changed the political and social field of the 1950s and the emergence of new political, social and economic demands in the society. Imam Khomeini's revolutionary speech was one of the most important consequences of the rentier government's performance in this decade. The method of qualitative research is done in the way of historical investigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - A Study of French Words and Expressions in Poems Composed by Shahryar
Hasan Alizadeh ramin sadeginejad maryam mohammadzadehThroughout the Constitutional era, a great deal of French words and expressions were entered into Persian language and literary works and many examples of such items could be found in poems composed by great poets such as Adibolmamalek Farahani and Hassan Vahid Dastgerd MoreThroughout the Constitutional era, a great deal of French words and expressions were entered into Persian language and literary works and many examples of such items could be found in poems composed by great poets such as Adibolmamalek Farahani and Hassan Vahid Dastgerdi much more that other poets’ works during the first constitutional period. These words and expressions were changed linguistically as the awakening period was over and we entered the outstanding historical periods of First and Second Pahlavi dynasty era. The major question in the present research done using documentation and a library study method is that how French words and expressions have changed in poems composed by Shahryar? The results of the present study showed that many of French words and expressions were fixed and accepted and then utilized in Persian language and culture from the very start of its entrance into the language, some faded away and were marginalized, some were extinct and no more were in use, still others encountered phonological changed. There were also some others changed in tone due to the necessities felt in poetry weights and finally some were appropriated to certain specific fields of study. There were a few words which were used in the same written and conceptual formats both in Persian and French. Some words and expressions were delimited and developed regarding novel conceptual uses and some of words and expressions were trivially changed in Persian language and were made to sound better and more understandable in poems composed by Shahryar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Explaining the features of regionalism in the architecture of Iranian residential buildings in the second Pahlavi period (case study of Tehran city)
Elham Shabani Jamaleddin Soheili Kamal RahbarimaneshCollective housing usually includes high-rise buildings or residential complexes that are designed for group living and can have common facilities and services such as clubs or green spaces. But residential koi are smaller and usually more traditional areas; which are c MoreCollective housing usually includes high-rise buildings or residential complexes that are designed for group living and can have common facilities and services such as clubs or green spaces. But residential koi are smaller and usually more traditional areas; which are connected through a common space such as a square or inner courtyard and promotes more social interactions and solidarity. During the second Pahlavi period, with the development of cities, changes occurred in the architecture and urban planning of Iran, and the concept of regionalism was one of the matters of interest in the residential areas of that era. The purpose of the present study is to explain the characteristics of regionalism in the architecture of Iranian residential buildings in the second Pahlavi period (Tehran). The current research is a qualitative and descriptive-analytical research. The data collection method is field-documentary and statistical sample of 9 residential districts in Tehran. The method of inferential data analysis and main theme analysis using historical texts, interpretation of symbols and forms on buildings, spatial and temporal patterns in maps, the relationship between the architectural styles included in the koi and socio-cultural conditions. The results showed that during the Pahlavi II era, the regionalism approach as a global approach in architecture had a significant impact on the residential areas in Tehran. This period, with emphasis on modernity and urban development in Iran, especially in Tehran, has been the foundation for extensive changes in the form and structure of urban architecture. Manuscript profile
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