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Open Access Article
1 - The emergence of Kartli Parties reflects the challenge between the people and elities in liberal democracy (Looking at the position of parties in religious democracy)
khosro shamsaei رسول برجیسیان saeed mirtorabiLiberal Democracy, with its conflicting combination of Individualistic liberalism and Collectivist democracy and by preferring Individual interests over Collective interests, has exposed itself to a number of crises, including a political crisis that seems to be roote MoreLiberal Democracy, with its conflicting combination of Individualistic liberalism and Collectivist democracy and by preferring Individual interests over Collective interests, has exposed itself to a number of crises, including a political crisis that seems to be rooted in a conflict of interest between the people and the ruling elite. In the cofntext of Thomas Spriggens' theory of crisis, this article argues that, first, issues such as prioritizing individual freedoms and rights over democracy and collective rights, as well as the monopoly of political parties and their becoming state and cartel parties, are the most important signs. There are political crises in liberal democracies. Secondly, this crisis is the result of a conflict of interests between the votes (people) and the heads (ruling elites), and finally, the religious democracy based on the principle of Guardianship of the Islamic jurist, both in theory and in practice, is a response to these crises. Manuscript profile -
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2 - Leveraging Engaged Parties in SIP Domains of eTOM Framework by using ITSM Reference Model
Faranak Mireskandari Ramin Nasiri Gholamreza Latif Shabgahi -
Open Access Article
3 - The concept, nature and effects of the obligation on third parties
Amir baraniThe principle of the autonomy of the will declares that a person’s will is the main source of obligations. Consequently, the will of another person doesn’t result in an obligation against or in favor (of) that person. However, the necessity of creating a con MoreThe principle of the autonomy of the will declares that a person’s will is the main source of obligations. Consequently, the will of another person doesn’t result in an obligation against or in favor (of) that person. However, the necessity of creating a contract such as insurance and collective contracts in addition to social needs has led to this principle being addressed in some specifications. One of the most important Exceptions is the obligation on third parties. But what are the meaning(s), nature and effects of this specification? Contrary to the belief of some writers, the obligation on third parties is, in fact, making a person obligor whose will doesn’t play a role in creating that obligation. Regarding the nature of this entity, it should be noted that the obligation against third party is theoretically subject to the general rules of unauthorized transactions. Therefore, until it’s confirmed, an obligation will not arise for that person, unless the legislator explicitly assumes the obligations resulting from people’s will for another person Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A Succinct Review of Judicial Settlement of the International Disputes
Hossein Sorayaii AzarThe path of the development of the International Law, during the last centuries, seen from the actual modern era of the legal theories point of view, is associated with the peaceful settlement of disputes between independent States . The "raison d'etre" of the first an MoreThe path of the development of the International Law, during the last centuries, seen from the actual modern era of the legal theories point of view, is associated with the peaceful settlement of disputes between independent States . The "raison d'etre" of the first and second Hague Conferences (1899 and 1907) was the dispute settlement discussions, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration is the fruit of these conferences . The Permanent Court of International Justice (1920)was the cornerstone of the judicial development of the International Law in the League of Nations system.Whilest the International Court of Justice(1945) was heraldic of modern era of legal theories in International Law ,in which the different mechanism of judicial settlement of disputes have been developed . Actually the judicial settlement of disputes between States is considered as the hub of world legal order and inter- States relations of different nature (e.g. commercial ,regional, environmental etc.) Manuscript profile -
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5 - An Analysis of the Influence of Radio Political Campaign Messages on Voters’ Electoral Behavior in Kano, Nigeria
Hamid Abdollahyan Aliyu Machika -
Open Access Article
6 - The Rise and Decline of Kurdish Movement in Years 1978-88
Hamidreza Jalaeipour -
Open Access Article
7 - Analyzing of movement and tribal groups of Khozestan province
Ali Bijani Ezatollah EzatiThe present study tries to analyze movements and Arabian tribal parties ofKhozestan province as an ancient Iranian tribes.These movement have specificsituation from view poin of number of population,geogeraphic and geopoliticalpotenatial,shiett religion being borderer.C MoreThe present study tries to analyze movements and Arabian tribal parties ofKhozestan province as an ancient Iranian tribes.These movement have specificsituation from view poin of number of population,geogeraphic and geopoliticalpotenatial,shiett religion being borderer.Coexistence and good understanding withneighbouring countries from view poit of dependence ,necessitate to present anddefine scientific strategies to avoid of causing tension and crisis of national authorityin the region,so the study present the special task. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - GIS- using Analysis of the popular participation rate In parliament elections of Iran
Farhad Hamzeh zahra PishgahifardThe increasing important role of election in a regional, national and world level, hasobtained it as a basic political topic. therefore often Political and election - relatedgeographers and researchers try to recognize some different dimensions of thisphenomenon in orde MoreThe increasing important role of election in a regional, national and world level, hasobtained it as a basic political topic. therefore often Political and election - relatedgeographers and researchers try to recognize some different dimensions of thisphenomenon in order to have more favorable outcomes in decision - making ProcessesNormally in recent 3 decades, Iran has experience of holding elections, once a year. Inother words, Iran has repeated the experience of democracy several times .Accordingto the natural conditions and human geography, Iran is affected by climate systems anddivided into different areas. Depending on their knowledge, economic situations,literacy level and the effect of ethnic and tribe thoughts, resident people in areas andregions have shown different variable political behaviors.The Islamic Consultative Assembly election is one of the most important politicalevents in Iran which holds every 4 years, once. The main aim of this research is toevaluate the effects of popular participation rate on The Islamic ConsultativeAssembly election, to recognize political points which the popular participation ratehad decreased or increased within, and to analyze deputies political positions and theirarrangement changes. In the fact, it is possible to find out the variables space ofpolitical geography in Iran by applying statistic methods such as time data and theresults using GIS .One of the outcomes of this analysis shows ethnic links and relations effects onparticipation rate. In other hand, participation in parliamentary elections hold in Iran,is an increasing and active process .This paper concentrates the process of changingand growing rates of participation for Right parties, won a majority of the seats in allparts and limited activity of reformist political parties in west parts, gained a heavydefeat in the rest of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Identification and Representation of Static and Dynamic Districts in the Geography of Elections in Guilan Province
Zahra Pishgahi Fard Roghayeh Sharifi ChabokiAfter the Islamic Revolution in Iran, during the years since 1979 to 2011, we haveobserved 8 terms of parliament elections in Iran. During these terms, political partiesand factions played an important and sensitive role in elections and assignation ofparliament members MoreAfter the Islamic Revolution in Iran, during the years since 1979 to 2011, we haveobserved 8 terms of parliament elections in Iran. During these terms, political partiesand factions played an important and sensitive role in elections and assignation ofparliament members.The main goal of this paper is to identify and discover dynamic and static districtsbased on factions and representatives in 8 terms of parliament election after theIslamic Revolution of Iran. The studied district in this research is Guilan Province thathas highly participated in political cooperation and elections in Iran during 8 terms ofparliament elections.This paper with analytical method and by using Geographical Information System(GIS) is attempting to answer the following questions that if there is dynamic andstatic districts for factions and representatives in Guilan Province? In case of existenceof static districts, political direction of the selective districts of Guilan Province istoward which party?The gained results in this research show that during 8 terms of elections of theIslamic Parliament in Guilan Province, some of elective districts of Guilan Provinceare dynamic and some other are static, and tendency of major of representatives andresidences of selective districts are toward right party. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The role of the environmental treaties’ Conference of the parties in the development of international environmental law
Seyed-Abbas Poorhashemi Azam Parandeh MotlaghOne of the most important international structures that play a major role in the development of international environmental law is the Conference of the parties in the environmental treaties. However, the Conference of the Parties’ status and legitimacy for enviro MoreOne of the most important international structures that play a major role in the development of international environmental law is the Conference of the parties in the environmental treaties. However, the Conference of the Parties’ status and legitimacy for environmental regulations, developing and restricting the parties’ obligations and requirements which contained in the environmental treaties and implementation of the treaties by its decisions and resolutions should be addressed. This study is based on analysis of legal inductive. According to this method, some environmental treaties from the 1970s until today which contained the Conference of the Parties’ structure has been collected, analyzed and evaluated. After studying the opportunities and legal capacity of the "Conference of the Parties" for development of international environmental law, the result of this study showed that the environmental treaties’ Conference of the Parties have faced some gaps and limitation. In this perspective, the paper makes some recommendation to sole these gaps and limitations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Analysis of COP26 Meeting with Emphasis on the Situation in Iran
Susan Hayeri Yazdi Maryam Robati Nasim Poursina Ozra KarimiBackground and Aim: As climate change has shifted from a marginal issue to a global priority, it has been nearly three decades since the United Nations brought together most of the countries on Earth for the Global Climate Summit, called the COP. The purpose of this stu MoreBackground and Aim: As climate change has shifted from a marginal issue to a global priority, it has been nearly three decades since the United Nations brought together most of the countries on Earth for the Global Climate Summit, called the COP. The purpose of this study was to investigate the goals and achievements of COP26 and its impact on Iran's macro decisions.Methods: This study was a study on past COPs and COP26. In this regard, previous and current articles were studied along with the lectures and achievements of the COPs, and the course and evolution of this summit, its strengths and weaknesses, and its results were studied. Finally, the impact of this summit on Iran's decisions has been analyzed and some suggestions have been made to improve the policy-making process in Iran.Findings: Given that most power plants in Iran and the steel industry typically use fossil fuels as sources of input energy, the issue of reducing carbon emissions from industries using renewable energy and the use of global aid to help reduce emissions It will have greenhouse gases.Discussion and Conclusion: Fields of work inside and outside Iran are in two parts: mitigating and adapting to climate change, and in this regard, there are several international organizations for the allocation of financial assistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - A comparative Interpretation of the Spirit of Self – Esteem from Parties’ Viewpoint
Mohsen Khoshfar Vajiheh Orak ShiraniAl-Fajr Surah was revealed in Mecca and like many other Surahs of Mecca, its verses are short, shocking, full of content and with many warnings and sermons; One of these addresses is ﴿یَأَیَّتهُا النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئنَّة﴾. The commentators of parties have expressed diff MoreAl-Fajr Surah was revealed in Mecca and like many other Surahs of Mecca, its verses are short, shocking, full of content and with many warnings and sermons; One of these addresses is ﴿یَأَیَّتهُا النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئنَّة﴾. The commentators of parties have expressed different views on the meaning of the self - esteem soul and the application of this concept to external examples. The present article has dealt with the descriptive-analytical method in studying the views of the commentators of the parties on the abovementioned subject, in line with which different statements have been made about the "confident soul", each of which refers to one of the characteristics of the confident soul and all of them the same literal meaning; That is, peace of heart returns without anxiety or residence after anxiety, and it also reaches eight instances, some of which are Hamza, some Habib ibn Adi, some others Abbas, Prophet’s uncle and some of the Messenger of God a group of Imams. Hussein and his Shiites or those who believe in the guardianship of Ali and in contrast to a group of people consider the verse as "the first caliph" and "the third caliph". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Party status in Islam
ایوب دامیار محمد رحیم عیوضیAbstract Because on the one hand, some believe that partisanship in Islam and the Islamic state, and has been a source of confusion and division in the ranks of Muslims breaches and gaps and conflicting ideas are created And this is against the command of the Qur'an is MoreAbstract Because on the one hand, some believe that partisanship in Islam and the Islamic state, and has been a source of confusion and division in the ranks of Muslims breaches and gaps and conflicting ideas are created And this is against the command of the Qur'an is that of being ordered ranks of Muslims. These are to prove their arguments on this verse ((Vatsmva Bhbl God all overseeing Vela Tfrqva)) to an unbroken string of Allah (Islamic Brady unity) hold fast and also Mpashyd (Imran / 103) can be invoked. On the other hand, the political parties present in society as a connecting link people and government are of great importance, And a two-way relationship between political parties and democracy is established. In this study, it is due to religious and legal reasons, regardless of the political party of the foundations of Western liberalism and democracy, To explain the point of view of religion and Islamic teachings on the issue and the issue of new religious party that is one of the issues, to be addressed . So the question that will be answered in this study is that partisanship in Islam is what is the position? Also in response to this question, this hypothesis has been proposed that partisanship in Islam, having legal basis, conditional and constrained accepted. Manuscript profile -
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14 - The Electoral System and Political Participation in Iran and its Impact on the Performance of Representatives (Review of the Sixth and Seventh Rounds of the Islamic Consultative Assembly)
Mir-Ebrahim Seddigh Garineh Keshishyan Ahmad Habibi Understanding the electoral system in every country, including Iran, is directly related to the efficiency of the parliamentarians in the performance of their representative duties. This article attempts to examine the relationship between the political tendency More Understanding the electoral system in every country, including Iran, is directly related to the efficiency of the parliamentarians in the performance of their representative duties. This article attempts to examine the relationship between the political tendency and the efficiency of Iranian parliamentarians with a case study of the sixth and seventh periods. The main question of this article is how the political tendencies and patterns of election of parliamentarians have an impact on their performance and cooperation with other governmental institutions and the extent of participation?The results of this research, based on a descriptive methodology - an analysis that is a cross-sectional and correlational research in terms of the relationship between data - show that whenever there is a context for healthy political competition and organizational transparency, There are MPs, signs of organized cooperation between the Parliament and other government bodies. The result of such a process can be seen as the maximization of political efficiency among the forces that have the necessary impetus for political role-playing. The situation in a final analysis will increase the political participation of individuals in the community as well as an important step towards political development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Study of Challenges and Strategies for Informed Political Participation in the Election System of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammad Arianpour Morteza Abazari Khalil Bahrami Qasr ChemiThe purpose of the present study is to review challenges and strategies for informed political participation in the election system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytic and it relies on the hypothesis that the election system in I MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review challenges and strategies for informed political participation in the election system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytic and it relies on the hypothesis that the election system in Iran, in the lack of political parties, is often under the influence of cultural, ethnic, and religious fads and is finally conducted without awareness and in a massive and wide spread way. Some of the proposed strategies in this article include the necessity of referring to other institutions and gatherings such as shopkeepers, mosques, journals, and mass media which can somehow perform special functions of parties like giving information, enhancing political perception, decreasing fads, and removing political indifference among people. The results indicate that as for voters, political participation in Iran faces predicaments such as nativism, ethnocentrism, lack of information, and unawareness. The predicaments related to candidates involve the high number of volunteers, dishonesty in speech, and injustice in campaign procedure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Political Supervision on the Power and Its Practice through the People in the Legal System of Iran
Zahra AmeriAlthough in the political and legal discourse the term of political supervision is used repeatedly, there is little discussion available about the analysis&nbs MoreAlthough in the political and legal discourse the term of political supervision is used repeatedly, there is little discussion available about the analysis of the meaning of this concept and the quality of practicing it through the governmental institutes and also by the people in the political systems. This article emphasizes the position and role of the people in applying this supervision mode in order to control the power, and it tries to provide a clear definition for the political supervision and its features, so that it is clarified that in the current society of Iran, considering the vastness of the society, it is not possible to use the people’s direct supervision for the realization of a favorable control system. Instead, it is inevitable to appeal to modern mechanisms in accordance with the requirements of the current time and also it is necessary to reform the existing mechanisms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The study of Abdolhossein Khan Moazezolmolk Teymourtash's performance from Majlis-e-Shouraye Melli (The National Consultative Assembly) to the establishment of Majlis-e-Moassesan (Constituent Assembly).
Sayed Hamid Fakhr Jafari Omid Sepehri Abolhasan MobayenTeymourtash had a fundamental role in transforming the authoritarian power circle of Qajar to Constitutional Monarchy and informing the parliament deputies of the Western states' games of power. He, along with Forooghi, Modarres Taghizade, Davar and other, was one of th MoreTeymourtash had a fundamental role in transforming the authoritarian power circle of Qajar to Constitutional Monarchy and informing the parliament deputies of the Western states' games of power. He, along with Forooghi, Modarres Taghizade, Davar and other, was one of the lecturers and the leader of Eatedalyon (The Moderates) party in the second parliament (Majlis). He is known as a key figure in being an arbitrator in interaction with other countries and passing legislative resolutions such as establishment of Gendarmerie, opposition with The 1919 Treaty, immigration of parliament deputies from Qom to Kermanshah during 1919 occupation, granting the Northern oil exploitation right to the American company, The Mix Committee decisions, closure of the parliament on the issue of Schuster and also the period of "gap" and serving as the governor of Gilan ,Kerman and Baloochestan, ministry of justice, impartiality on the issue of republicanism, joining Reza Shah's cabinet, establishment of Majlis-e-Moassesan (Constituent Assembly) and ousting Qajar dynasty from power. This study, utilizing a desk research method, tries to find an answer to this question: What political roles had Moazezolmolk had from the time of being a parliament deputy to the establishment of Majlis-e-Moassesan (Constituent Assembly) and before serving as the Ministry of Court of Pahlavi? We also study his performance during socio-political changes of the period by investigating existing historical documents and sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The Effect of Traditional Structures of the Qajar Era on the Discontinuity of the First Political Parties in Iran
hamidreza.bahary@yahoo.com bahari Bahman Keshavarz Ghasem Abad asghar partovi mahdi khoshkhattiThe first experience to form a party in Iran dates back to the constitutional era. However, the first constitutional political parties could not have a dynamic life and soon disappeared. In this article, we try to answer the question: "What factors were influential in t MoreThe first experience to form a party in Iran dates back to the constitutional era. However, the first constitutional political parties could not have a dynamic life and soon disappeared. In this article, we try to answer the question: "What factors were influential in the discontinuity of the first political parties of the constitutional era?”. To answer this question, we have hypothesized that "the existence of a traditional structure and the lack of manifestations of Iranian modernity at that time did not create the necessary grounds for the emergence of parties. Modernization by creating social mobility increases the desire for political participation in groups and individuals of the community. Thus, political parties will emerge at certain stages of modernization. In this research, the authors use historical documentation and the library method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Sources of Opposition Parties in the Process of Political Development (Case Study: Goran Party in Kurdistan Region of Iraq)
Safar Valadbaigi sadegh ziba kalam monfared Alireza Azghandi AliAshraf NazariThe Kurdistan region has more than 600 kilometers of common border with Iran, which are culturally and historically compatible and have a deep influence on each other in the field of democracy. The question of the research includes: is the formation of political opposit MoreThe Kurdistan region has more than 600 kilometers of common border with Iran, which are culturally and historically compatible and have a deep influence on each other in the field of democracy. The question of the research includes: is the formation of political opposition in the Kurdistan region a sign of the transition of this region towards democracy or authoritarianism? The hypothesis suggests although the emergence of the opposition is a sign of minimal democracy, its formation, stabilization, and weakening are proof of the authoritarian structure and functioning of the two main parties in this region. The research method is qualitative (library documents). The results show that the formation of the political opposition in the region was a reaction to the authoritarian rule, but at the same time, it was a sign of the movement of the Kurdish society towards a kind of political and party pluralism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Studying the relationship between cultural capital and political participation of Tabriz Islamic Azad university students
Rasoul Hamidi Heris Firouz RadThis study aims to investigate the relationship between cultural capital and political participation of Tabriz Islamic Azad university students in 1393. The study population is 18,540 people and Cochran formula is used for determining the sample size that is 376 people. MoreThis study aims to investigate the relationship between cultural capital and political participation of Tabriz Islamic Azad university students in 1393. The study population is 18,540 people and Cochran formula is used for determining the sample size that is 376 people. The research method is survey and data were collected through a questionnaire. To assess the reliability of the measuring instrument, Cronbach's alpha was used. Statistical methods include Pearson correlation, t-test and F test. The results show that, there is a meaningful relationship between cultural capital and the following variables : political participation (with significance level of 0/001), political awareness (with significance level of 0/001), rate of participation in political gatherings (with significance level of 0/001), the reference group (friends) being political (with significance level of 0/003), the rate of participation in elections (with significance level of 0/001) and level of membership in associations and political parties (with significance level of 0/001). But there is not a significant relationship between cultural capital and taking political positions (with significance level of 0.28). In addition there isn’t a significant relationship between age and gender and students’ political participation. Also, there is a significant difference between students’ political participation and marital status (with significance level of 0/009). The political participation of Tabriz Azad University students with a significance level of (0.001) is higher than average, and their cultural capital with the level of significance of (0.187), is moderate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Examining the jurisprudential rule of tasbib in creating a guarantee for third parties in vehicle accidents
ramez abedi parvin akbarine Ali gharibeIn traffic accidents , liability is attributed to the person who is directly involved in the chain of legal acts , and is the perpetrator of the offence ( recklessness, negligence, lack of skills , and failure to observe governmental rules) according to the doctrine of MoreIn traffic accidents , liability is attributed to the person who is directly involved in the chain of legal acts , and is the perpetrator of the offence ( recklessness, negligence, lack of skills , and failure to observe governmental rules) according to the doctrine of fault ( with certain exceptions) . There are no provisions in Iranian Law for civil liability of third parties(owner, possessor, contractor , etc. ) who provides the vehicle to a person without a driving license . However , civil liability for such persons is expected according to the religious principle of "causation ,” which follows the sequence of other causes . In other words , although these persons were not directly involved in the accident, their action in “providing the vehicle” is a prelude and cause for the act . This article will evaluate such a cause in a sequence of other causes according to the religious principle of causation.The result of the present research shows that basically third parties (owners, occupiers, employers, dependents, etc.) are responsible for the occurrence of an accident and, accordingly, they are responsible for compensating for the damage caused by the legal and jurisprudential basis and as a cause during the causes. It is an accident. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Political Development process in Iraqi Kurdistan Region and it's Effect on Iranaian National Interets (1991-2020)
safar valadbaigi sadegh zibakalam monfared sayed alireza azghandi aliashraf nazarianThe formation of an autonomous and later federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan has been the product of international political interactions and Kurdish nationalist struggles in the form of political parties. The experience of three decades of Iraqi Kurdish parties in govern MoreThe formation of an autonomous and later federal system in Iraqi Kurdistan has been the product of international political interactions and Kurdish nationalist struggles in the form of political parties. The experience of three decades of Iraqi Kurdish parties in governing, self-governing, developing new democratic institutions, and generating challenges to the growth of democracy means that the Kurdistan Region is a rich place to test the relationship between political parties and political development. The main question is: In the process of political development of the Kurdistan region, what role did the main parties play in the conflict of existing obstacles and resources? The research method is documentary method. Data included library resources, and interviews with ten experts in the field of political development at universities in Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan. Findings show that although the process of political development in this region has not been continuous, dynamic and increasing, but this region with the rule of its parties over the last three decades is moving towards a kind of minimal democracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Contract adjustment due to economic fluctuations
Mohammad Reza Hafezi GHahestani Abbas Moghaddari Aimiri Abdol hamid MortazaviThe principle of the necessity of contracts (Pacta Sunt Servanda) has been considered and respected by lawyers in all legal systems and national laws of countries. As contracts and agreements indicate, legal and economic relations between individuals of the contract and MoreThe principle of the necessity of contracts (Pacta Sunt Servanda) has been considered and respected by lawyers in all legal systems and national laws of countries. As contracts and agreements indicate, legal and economic relations between individuals of the contract and as the main purpose of the contract is to create rights and obligations for the parties to the contract. sometimes some factors such as inflation, recession, sanctions and in general, economic fluctuations beyond the will of the parties, affect these contracts and cause differences between the parties. The occurrence of these events leads to a fundamental change in the circumstances and conditions of the contracts which makes the implementation of the contract for the obligor with excessive difficulty or unconventional losses. In such a situation, it is necessary to modify the contracts. Based on this need and by considering the increasing expansion of trade exchanges and concluding continuous contracts and inevitable economic developments, the present article investigates the impact of economic fluctuations on these contracts and the possibility of compensating for the imbalance created by resorting to contract modification. Based on the result of the study, it can be concluded that there is a modification of potential contract, but it is impossible by the principles of Feqh due to the proposed shortcomings. However, based on Article 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure and by using legal principles relying on the principle of interpretation of the will of the parties, the principle of good faith and fairness, and judicial procedure; it is possible for the courts to modify and revise the contract. Manuscript profile -
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24 - Najaf constituency and political-partisan developments in Iraq between the two coups (July 14, 1958 - February 8, 1963) Community Verified icon )
Ali Akbar Zavar ali begdeli nemat ahmadi nasabSince the beginning of 1955, the Arab world has been embroiled in a series of crises, with Iraq also affected by this atmosphere, leading to the bloody coup d'état of July 14, 1958, the fall of the Hashemi family from the monarchy and the announcement of the repu MoreSince the beginning of 1955, the Arab world has been embroiled in a series of crises, with Iraq also affected by this atmosphere, leading to the bloody coup d'état of July 14, 1958, the fall of the Hashemi family from the monarchy and the announcement of the republican system headed by General Abdul Karim Qassem. The new rulers immediately made some changes to the structure of the government. The main question of this research is: What was the relationship between changes and changes with the principles of Islam? What was najaf's reaction to these movements? And finally, what results did it lead to on the Iraqi Shiite community? According to this article, since the changes and changes made with the beliefs of Islam and Shi'a religion were in fundamental contradictions, it led to confrontation and confrontation between najaf seminary and the government of Qasim and his supporters [until the bloody coup d'état of February 8, 1963]. On the other hand, the July 14 coup d'état marks a turning point in the history of the Seminary of Najaf because it ended years [since the suppression of the 1920 uprising and the exile of scholars to Iran] the inaction and remoteness of the Shiite marja'iyya institution from the Iraqi political space. This research tries to investigate the issue by relying on information in historical sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach. Manuscript profile -
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25 - The effect of heterogeneous social structure on the inefficiency and instability of parties in the second Pahlavi period
Aliakbar Mohammadialamuti sina foroozeh Gholam hossein zargarinezhadAlthough different researchers have investigated various factors in the instability of parties and their inefficiency in the second Pahlavi period, but it can be said that the expansion of Iran and the heterogeneous social structure of Iranian society is one of the reas MoreAlthough different researchers have investigated various factors in the instability of parties and their inefficiency in the second Pahlavi period, but it can be said that the expansion of Iran and the heterogeneous social structure of Iranian society is one of the reasons for its social divisions during the course of history, especially in After Reza Shah's coming to power, it has become more widespread and the social consensus necessary for political development and above all the formation of political parties has been reduced. National unity is of particular importance in societies that are made up of several ethnicities, groups and subcultures and is an important factor in political and social stability and cohesion without external control. "The consequences of the existence of heterogeneous social platforms, such as the widening of the ethnic-religious gap, the creation and expansion of the gap between traditionalists and modernists, the increase of the class gap between people and ideological conflicts among the political elites involved in the activities of political parties, caused Political parties could not achieve the desired efficiency and stability during the second Pahlavi period. Manuscript profile -
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26 - Driving forces of the development of the parties in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammad Aryanmanesh HAKEM Ghasemi, Ghrban-Ali Ghorbanzadeh SavarPolitical parties in Iran are carriers of socio-political characteristics and historical background, which, in an unwanted combination, have hindered its realization. Although there have been many theoretical studies about the characteristics and obstacles of the party MorePolitical parties in Iran are carriers of socio-political characteristics and historical background, which, in an unwanted combination, have hindered its realization. Although there have been many theoretical studies about the characteristics and obstacles of the party system in Iran, none has been done so far about development drivers based on different variables in the four constructions. Given this lack, the basic question of this article is: What are the driving forces behind the development of political parties in the Islamic republic of Iran? The hypothesis obtained in this research is that the most important drivers are strengthening the democratic structure of power and political freedoms, strengthening party discourse, strengthening social capital, developing civil society institutions, party independence, developing a culture of participation and collective work, and facilitating the circulation of political elites, The structure of parties and their supervision. The prospective research framework used in this research is based on library methods, questionnaires and the use of Micmac software. The most important finding of this research is the discovery and description of the drivers of party development. Manuscript profile -
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27 - Moderate Islam and Democracy in Turkey
SayyedAhamd Movasaghi Hooman NayeriIn recent past, in the eyes of non-Muslim thinkers Islamists were synonymous with fundamentalists and there was no difference between the two for them but in recent years with coming to power of Islamists in Turkey these two terms have rightly found their distinct meani MoreIn recent past, in the eyes of non-Muslim thinkers Islamists were synonymous with fundamentalists and there was no difference between the two for them but in recent years with coming to power of Islamists in Turkey these two terms have rightly found their distinct meaning. At present, with coming to power of moderate Islamists in Turkey, they have presented themselves as a successful model for Islamists groups and societies. It has also led to the decline of the position of Islamic Fundamentalists and strengthening of democracy in that country. In fact for better understanding of the relations between Islam and democracy one has to pay attention to the dominant interpretation of Islam among the followers. What gives the final verdict or judgment about the relations between democracy and Islam by Islamist groups or societies is the dominant interpretation of Islam by Islamist groups or societies. Thus one cannot give a comprehensive verdict about compatibility or incompatibility of Islam with democracy. The present article wants to examine the impact of a dominant moderate interpretation of Islam in Turkey. The underlying hypothesis is that such interpretation of Islam is not an obstacle on the way of democratization but it has helped the deepening process of democracy and building the necessary institution for democracy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Impact of Party Structure on Israel Foreign Policy vis-à-vis the Islamic Republic of Iran
Majid Tavasoli Roknabadi Nima RezaeiAfter the formation of Israel on 14 May 1948 Iran recognized this regime on de facto basis on 6 March 1950. Israel during the second Pahlavi period considered Iran as its “strategic ally”. Ben Gurion the first Israeli prime minister set its peripheral doctri MoreAfter the formation of Israel on 14 May 1948 Iran recognized this regime on de facto basis on 6 March 1950. Israel during the second Pahlavi period considered Iran as its “strategic ally”. Ben Gurion the first Israeli prime minister set its peripheral doctrine on this basis that Israel should join hands with countries like Turkey، Iran and Ethiopia in order to surround the Arab countries. This policy could save Israel from isolation as well as achieve its national security goals. The present article first examines the existing Israeli political parties and the political factions within them and their attitude towards the Islamic Republic of Iran in three period of time. The first period is from the victory of Islamic revolution till the Madrid Peace Conference on 30 October 1991. The second period starts from 30 October 1991 till opening of Iranian case in International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the third period is from the opening of the Iranian case in IAEA till date. The question which is raised in the present article is what is the impact of Israeli political parties or coalition of political parties participating in the cabinet of the government on the attitude of Israel towards Iran. The underlying hypothesis is that Israel foreign policy towards Iran has followed a constant and fixed principles and the change in political parties or coalition of political parties constituting the cabinet or the government did not have any impact on continuity of Israel foreign policy towards Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The Iranian Communists and The Soviet Union
Reza Kaviani -
Open Access Article
30 - The Relationship between Globalization and the Civil Society Developmentin Iran during the years 1997-2013 (with an emphasis on parties and press)
Hosseinali Nozari Samaneh Farsi -
Open Access Article
31 - The Emergence and Evolution of Political Parties of the Constitution: The First and Second Periods
Ghaffar Zarei -
Open Access Article
32 - Repelling doubts about the birth and life of Imam al-Zaman (as) in the news of the two parties
Alireza HeydariNasabBelief in the promised Savior in Islam has become even clearer. The news of this chapter is so explicit and extensive and has been narrated by consensus that despite centuries, ups and downs in history and unprecedented abuses of historical currents of that belief, they MoreBelief in the promised Savior in Islam has become even clearer. The news of this chapter is so explicit and extensive and has been narrated by consensus that despite centuries, ups and downs in history and unprecedented abuses of historical currents of that belief, they can still be cited. That Mahdi is from Atrat and the last person of the lineage of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) and with his coming before the end of the world, justice will prevail and ..., has been recorded in harmony and consensus in the most important hadith societies of the two sects. In the meantime, due to centuries of religious differences, there have been differences on some aspects of this issue, such as descent, father's name or the birth of the Prophet (pbuh), which seems to be resolved by impartial scientific analysis and analysis. The Promised One of Islam is none other than the twelfth Imam of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), namely Muhammad ibn Hassan Askari (AS), who, by the divine destiny of his birth and life, like some of the great prophets, such as Yusuf (AS), Moses (AS) and Jesus (AS) ) Has become unusual and for this reason, the Infallibles (AS) have introduced him in a special way. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Pathology of party development in Iran with emphasis on the process of fundamentalization of political party
mona ahmadi mehdi shabannia asadollah yavari nasser ali mansourianThe activity of political parties in Iran has a considerable history, and at least at the same time as the Constitutional Revolution, the first parties began to operate. However, an attitude towards the situation of Iranian political parties shows that they do not play MoreThe activity of political parties in Iran has a considerable history, and at least at the same time as the Constitutional Revolution, the first parties began to operate. However, an attitude towards the situation of Iranian political parties shows that they do not play a significant role in the political life of the country and have not been able to gain a place for themselves in the country's governing system. Although different writings have mentioned different analyzes about the causes of the weakness of Iranian political parties, what is overlooked is the fact that the process of establishing political parties in the country has suffered from the same constitutional period. Although the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has performed better for political parties and accepted the freedom of party than the constitution of the party, it has not been able to function properly in guaranteeing their free activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - A Think on the Fair Internet Disputes Resolution
Seyyed Kamal Hosseini جواد نیک نژادImbalance power between the parties has been a concern for jurists. This power inequality has a variety of reasons, such as the complexity of the issue, previous and frequent acquaintances with similar cases, and the use of competent lawyers and legal advisers. In this MoreImbalance power between the parties has been a concern for jurists. This power inequality has a variety of reasons, such as the complexity of the issue, previous and frequent acquaintances with similar cases, and the use of competent lawyers and legal advisers. In this study in order to resolve this inequality and imbalance between the parties, attention has been paid to how to apply the principle of due process of law over arbitration in litigation and internet disputes. As a result, due to the lack of free choice and the repetitive role of the actor, this principle requires that the imposition of an arbitration clause be prohibited or restricted before arising disputes as to contracts concluded with consumers. Also, some cases could not be referred to arbitration and should be interpreted in favor of the consumer if there is any ambiguity in the arbitration agreements. The government should provide mechanisms to reduce arbitration costs. The arbitration award must be reasoned and made public. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Award validity criteria in national and international arbitration: looking at Iran's international commercial arbitration law
حسین زارع شعارField and Aims: Arbitration is an alternative method for conflict resolution, in this way that the resolution of the dispute is entrusted to a person or persons with the consent of the parties. They issue votes. But what is important among these are the criteria that an MoreField and Aims: Arbitration is an alternative method for conflict resolution, in this way that the resolution of the dispute is entrusted to a person or persons with the consent of the parties. They issue votes. But what is important among these are the criteria that an arbitration must consider in order for the vote to be valid.Method: This research was carried out in terms of practical purpose and in terms of gathering information by documentary method and through the study of valid laws and sources, and the obtained information was analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner.Finding and Conclusion: In order for the arbitrator to be able to issue a valid decision, he must consider the criteria that are provided in the text of the law. In the review of the Civil Procedure Law and the International Commercial Arbitration Law of Iran, these criteria are stated and can be calculated as follows. These cases include maintaining the confidentiality aspect of arbitration, compliance with notification formalities, justification of the decision, eligibility of the parties to the lawsuit and arbitrators, expiry of the arbitration period, non-compliance with legal conditions in the selection of arbitrators, invalidity of the arbitration agreement and non- arbitrariness and non-arbitrability of the dispute. By considering these cases, the arbitrator can issue a valid decision and cancel the preventive decision. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Right Wing in France: From de Gaulle to Sarkozy
Hojjatollah AyoobiAbdtract In this paper, the history and characteristics of the right-wing of France have been studied with the emphasis on Gaullists. Despite his opposition with party system, General de Gaulle contributed to the advancement of this system in France through establishing MoreAbdtract In this paper, the history and characteristics of the right-wing of France have been studied with the emphasis on Gaullists. Despite his opposition with party system, General de Gaulle contributed to the advancement of this system in France through establishing the political party. After him, Jacques Chirac undertook the General de Gaulle's heritage for achieving democracy by forming the "Union of Democrats for the Republic". During Jacques Chirac Presidency, this Party was on the wane. Finally, Nicolas Sarkozy won the internal party campaign and took control over the presidency of this party by changing the name of party to "Union for the Presidential Majority". In addition to the other Parties like the Gaullists and Naglists, the French National Front is one the most important political Parties in the right-wing. Some people consider this party -which is far-right - amongst Neo-Nazists because of its severe and extreme positions. This article deals with the most important Right-Wing Parties in France. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Examining the views of British parties on the election with emphasis on theories of political development
Pouya Kalantari Hamid Houshangi sobhan bayatBritain is a member of the European Union that has never had a close relationship with the organization and in some cases has not even accepted the EU framework in the field of finance and visas. The latest example of Britain's reluctance to join the union can be seen i MoreBritain is a member of the European Union that has never had a close relationship with the organization and in some cases has not even accepted the EU framework in the field of finance and visas. The latest example of Britain's reluctance to join the union can be seen in the 2016 secession referendum. Britain's secession from the European Union has drawn opposition from both the people and the political parties. In this paper, the authors collect political development views as well as the views of the main British parties on the election through the secondary analysis method and then use the descriptive-analytical method to examine the impact of political development theories as an independent variable on the parties' approach They have chosen the issue of choice as a dependent variable. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the views of British political parties in the selection process based on theories of political development. The results of this study show that relying on theories of political development, it is possible to analyze to a large extent the views of British political parties in the field of election. The Labor Party, for example, agrees with the election, but is opposed to political development, as it seeks things like the state economy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - The level of political participation and institutionalized Islamic Republic Party and populist political movements in Third World countries
Seyedali Mortazaviyan Reza ParizadAbstract Studying political parties’ roles and functions in shaping the civil institutions and their impact on the political structure of the society as well as the causes of their instability and failure is essential to understanding the political life in modern MoreAbstract Studying political parties’ roles and functions in shaping the civil institutions and their impact on the political structure of the society as well as the causes of their instability and failure is essential to understanding the political life in modern societies. Jumhurieh Islami Party is one of such all-embracing political parties which played an active role in the political life of Iran for a decade. After the establishment of the new political elite in the post-revolutionary Iran, Jumhurieh Islami Party played a major role in the formation of the Constitution, forming civil institutions and establishment of the state’s main institutions through the participation of its members within them. Moreover, within the first few years of its political life, Jumhurieh Islami Party succeeded in organizing nine important and decisive elections such as Islamic Republic Referendum, election for the final review of the Islamic Republic of Iran Assembly, three rounds of presidential elections and three rounds of Islamic Consultative Assembly, besides resolving various problems and crises the country faced after the Islamic Revolution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Anatomy of Political Parties and Groups in Iraq and Their Impacts on the Relations between Iran and Iraq
Mohammad Sohrabi Amrollah Ashrafi Morteza KarimiAbstract The main aim of this paper is to examine the most important and influential cultural-political parties and groups in Iraq. Iraq is a country that has historically suffered from ethnic diversity and always have been met dominated by one ethnicity or religion, A MoreAbstract The main aim of this paper is to examine the most important and influential cultural-political parties and groups in Iraq. Iraq is a country that has historically suffered from ethnic diversity and always have been met dominated by one ethnicity or religion, Arabs or Kurds, or Sunnis and Shiites. These parties have played important roles in foreign policy, especially in relation to Iran and drawn. Shiites and Kurds in Baghdad's power structure, remove the Baathist regime vengeful, Changing approach from "Arabia- Sunni" to "Arabia-Kurdish-Shia" in Iraqi politics, emerging opportunities in the country in the national interest of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The question now is this cultural and political groups in the Iraqi political scene today that has the greatest impact on the state and the country domestic and foreign policy, what are they? Which of these trends will have the greatest impact on relations between Iran and Iraq and in order to align Iraqi foreign policy and regional politics with Iran? Authors assumed on that Shiite and Kurdish groups have most influence on the Iraqi government and foreign and internal policy, these political and cultural currents, constitute the majority in the country and have had the greatest impact on relations between Iraq and Iran. Coalition of these two groups involved with ISIS and other Sunni Arab neighbours would be the strongest factor in Iraq's foreign policy and regional alignment. The exclusion of any of the parties to the irreversible consequences will follow. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The analysis of party activists action patterns in Iran (The study Parties from 60s to 90s)
mardan heidari aboalfazl delavari farah torkamanPartisan is one of the most important indicators of political development and a factor for political stability and participation. History of partisanship in Iranian society dates back to constitutional era. Establishments, divisions and successive dissolutions of partie MorePartisan is one of the most important indicators of political development and a factor for political stability and participation. History of partisanship in Iranian society dates back to constitutional era. Establishments, divisions and successive dissolutions of parties from the constitutional era to the date refer to existence of various issues in front of this social phenomenon. Majority of researches in field of political parties are focused on structural factors and macro social as state features, power relations and political culture and party activists action have been less analyzed. Examining the patterns of party activists action in the 60s to 90s solar can help us better understanding of damages in front of this social phenomenon. In this study, with an approach affected by Max Weber's theory of action, relevant texts of the most effective parties in the decades were evaluated. Research results from the study show that party activists action pattern is more emotional and traditional than rational (as required the parties activities and consolidation), therefore the partisan phenomenon is challenged by basic questions. The reason for existence of such challenges in front of party activists is an issue that needs independent investigations by itself. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Causes of inefficiency of socio-political parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution based on social and cultural factors: A qualitative study based on thematic analysis
farshid salamat Sasan Vadie zahra Hazrati someehDespite more than a century since the beginning of partisanship in the country and the emphasis on public opinion and collective opinions, we still do not see the existence of parties in the true sense of the word in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate MoreDespite more than a century since the beginning of partisanship in the country and the emphasis on public opinion and collective opinions, we still do not see the existence of parties in the true sense of the word in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of the inefficiency of socio-political parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution, using the thematic analysis method. This research was applied based on purpose and in terms of method, and quality, and had a descriptive approach. The thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data obtained from semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the study included 14 knowledgeable people in the field of political sociology and political science as well as appropriate texts for extracting indicators and theoretical literature. In this study, to select the samples, the snowball approach was used and as a standard for the end of sampling, the theoretical saturation method was used. Themes were obtained using two sources of theoretical literature and semi-structured interview. The result of qualitative data analysis was the identification of 60 concept codes, 18 basic themes, and 2 organizing themes including "Social factors" and "Cultural factors" which were presented in the form of a model Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - political conflict resolution in the islamic republic of iran on the base of parties and political groups
raof rajayi mohamadjafar javadi arjmandIn recent decades, disputes resolution have gained one of the important fields of study among a wide range of researchers and political activities. In Iran, also, considerable studies and researches have been recently commenced. However, the conducted studies have not g MoreIn recent decades, disputes resolution have gained one of the important fields of study among a wide range of researchers and political activities. In Iran, also, considerable studies and researches have been recently commenced. However, the conducted studies have not gone beyond old models or adaptation and conceptualization within the national filed. Therefore, referring to the available thesis, books and articles in this filed and using the descriptive- analytic method, the present survey has discussed the role of political parties in disputes resolution. This way, the results indicate that by increasing the analysis skills of individuals through their own training role, as well as monitoring and piercing into power institutions, the political parties facilitate benefits bounding, and decision – making in various government orders. Furthermore, by bounding the requirements of individuals present in power institutions and then coordinating their disperse demands, they facilitate the issuing of a deterministic sentence by government while preparing the Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - An Investigation of the Role of Israel’s Parties in the Process of the Middle East Peace (2014-1993)
Mahdi Tusi ali azadThe conflict existing between Arab and Jewish in the Middle East is of longer lifespan than the history of Israel establishment. Despite passage of more than 6 decades from the inception of occupying, today, peace is not yet arrived at in the Middle East and no bright h MoreThe conflict existing between Arab and Jewish in the Middle East is of longer lifespan than the history of Israel establishment. Despite passage of more than 6 decades from the inception of occupying, today, peace is not yet arrived at in the Middle East and no bright horizon is predicted for this region. Investigating reasons of failure in the pace file of the Middle East; various reasons are counted, including disbelief of Israeli leaders on the prosperous destiny of peace. Attention paid to values and ideology is of special stance among leaders arising from Israeli parties and this way, until the time that parties are value-centered, the peace which could guarantee benefits of the other party won’t be reached. According to the school of constructivism, somewhat fixed identities and expectations were formed; making both sides to count each other as the first priority enemy. Moreover, this paradigm reminds that the determining factor in behavior of political parties against Arabs is not materialistic one, but it is norms which directly affect the identity and benefits of Jews. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Extra-legal role of parties in the Iranian political system with a comparative study
ahmad sajedi rohollah rahimi hosein alaee khadijeh karimi esfehaniMan is a social being according to his natural tendency, and this necessity causes the formation of social relations and the formation of societies. Political society governs affairs with political power. One of the important issues in political systems is the existence MoreMan is a social being according to his natural tendency, and this necessity causes the formation of social relations and the formation of societies. Political society governs affairs with political power. One of the important issues in political systems is the existence of parties. Political parties and groups can maintain the security of society through efforts to increase the level of po. In Iran, parties have been recognized in Article 26 of the Constitution, but for various sociological, political, economic, cultural and social reasons, they have not had a proper qualitative and functional development. During political development, one of the important tasks of the political system is how to use its capabilities and make proper use of the system's capabilities. Since parties are one of the main models of participation in the distribution of political power and in general one of the main criteria of political development, so the high ability of the mechanisms of the political system to develop political parties should be considered as important factors of party stability. It seems to be one of the most important factors in the extra-legal role affecting the efficiency of parties in the Iranian political system, in addition to political stability and assimilation of public culture along with moderating government control, political power of parties and institutionalizing the participation of civil society in non-decision making. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Brotherhood and Ennahda, the Similar Ideas Differrnt Directions
Seyed Abdolamir Nabavi Hossein EbrahimniaThe initiated of the changes in Tunisia and Egypt are now faced with differing crises In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood has virtually collapsed in the wake of the military has been removed from the public sphere; In Tunisia, Ennahda's political bargaining with other poli MoreThe initiated of the changes in Tunisia and Egypt are now faced with differing crises In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood has virtually collapsed in the wake of the military has been removed from the public sphere; In Tunisia, Ennahda's political bargaining with other political groups in the country And experienced the fate of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood has sought the flexibility of playing politics in this country is not excluded; Now we are faced with the question of why groups the similar the Muslim Brotherhood and Ennahda with the ideology thoughts traveled a different path? It seems that the social fabric of the country is faced with four influential forces include: People (youth), Military, political groups marginalized and eventually regional and global factors in Egypt and Tunisia; To collect data necessary to describe, analyze, analysis of the data addressed to the effectiveness of the independent variable on the dependent assessed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The rights of the plaintiff at the first stage of the first instance of civil proceedings )Based on the Imami jurisprudence)
hadi hajian محمدمهدی زارعی Saeid EbrahimiParties to a dispute in the stages of civil proceedings have rights and duties. Based on the provisions and legal materials, the aforementioned legal procedure is divided into three stages: the initial stage, the appeal and the final stage. Each of these stages has sect MoreParties to a dispute in the stages of civil proceedings have rights and duties. Based on the provisions and legal materials, the aforementioned legal procedure is divided into three stages: the initial stage, the appeal and the final stage. Each of these stages has sections in which the parties have rights and powers. The first stage of civil procedures, in turn, consists of four sections: "Until the first session of the legal procedure", "Until the end of the first session of the legal procedure", "Until the end of the negotiations of the parties", and "End of the legal procedure". These departments play an important role in shaping the prosecution. However, due to the wide range of topics, each of these stages can be studied independently. For this purpose, in this research, after presenting the fundamental issues, we studied the first stage: “until the first session of the legal procedure” from the perspective of jurisprudential premises. Given the concept of the aforementioned stage, the research concluded that, based on the jurisprudential premises, the plaintiff enjoys special privileges at this stage. The most prominent rights of the plaintiff at this stage are “to reject the lawsuit” and “to object to the validity of the document.” Therefore, the plaintiff can enjoy his rights by learning about his rights and legal obligations, and this enjoyment is based on the statements and evidence of jurists. Also, based on the rule of discretion and the principle of freedom of will, as well as from the perspective of jurisprudential principles, the plaintiff is free to enjoy the rights proposed at this stage and also in some cases to fulfill his rights in full at the second stage. Manuscript profile
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