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Open Access Article
1 - Ghazaniyyeh of Tabriz :the Symbol of Mongol Cultural Chang
پرویز علی پرویز علی شهرام یوسفی فرDurig the 7th century Mongol tribes dominated vast part of EasternIslamic territory and political and social spheres .Those were thepeople with different language, culture, weather condition habits,decamping traditions and different architectural ideas.Even though they MoreDurig the 7th century Mongol tribes dominated vast part of EasternIslamic territory and political and social spheres .Those were thepeople with different language, culture, weather condition habits,decamping traditions and different architectural ideas.Even though they had constituted towns near their capitals and hadapplied their culture to these cities, they were yet small ethnicminorities. But despite of this ethnic differentiation of Mongols incultural identity, their affability in Ghazankhan era resulted inselection of Islamic religion and this ethnic differentiation changeddrastically. This religious belief, with cultural identity that wasbasically Iranian, was reinforced and consolidated and Iranian–Islamiccultural fountain watered moguls' culture from architecture to religion.This cultural transition was resounded when Ghazaniyyeh of Tabrizwas constructed in Ilkhanids territory. Structure and functions of thistownship was the sign of great social, economical andpolitical changes that had happened among Moguls and it did not haveany counterpart in structural variety.This kind of tribal culture thatcould only be superior among nomadic tribes and in the field of battleand looting, it didn't have anything to offer in the field of culture,civilization and government and it faded little by little. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Concept of Pādishāh-i-Islām in Ilkhānīd Era: A Study on Ghāzān-Nāmih by Nūrī Azhdarī
Seyed Abolfazl Razavi Ali ShahzadiGhāzān-Nāmih by Nur al-Din Mohammad Nuri Azhdari is a Shahnameh in the 8th AH composed by Shaykh Uways Jalayir's order. In this article, while examining the reflection of Iranian and Islamic thoughts and ideas in Ghāzān-Nāmih, it is especially explained how the concept MoreGhāzān-Nāmih by Nur al-Din Mohammad Nuri Azhdari is a Shahnameh in the 8th AH composed by Shaykh Uways Jalayir's order. In this article, while examining the reflection of Iranian and Islamic thoughts and ideas in Ghāzān-Nāmih, it is especially explained how the concept of the king of Islam is represented in this Shahnameh. In the form of an Epic, this Shahnamah of the Ilkhanids era preserves the themes of Iranshahri political thought. By highlighting the religious approach of Ghazan and the way Uways’ following him, it describes the efficiency and necessity of continuation of the unity between religion and state in the light of Kingship and Islam. This historical epic introduces Ghazan as a devotee and veteran (Qazi, Romanized Crusader). Therefore the idea of continuing the concept of Iran in Ghazan Nama is traceable. However, in Nuri's view, Ghazan and Uways are first the King of Islam and then the King of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - A Study on the Structure of Rab’i Rashidi in Ilkhanids Era
Amir Dehghan Nejad Abdolrasoul Emadi Mohsen RahmatiRab’-i- Rashidi” was the largest medical center with a great religious endowment in Ilkhanids era. It was a hospital, for admitting and treating patients and a place for teaching medicine as well as preparing various drugs. The present paper investigates the MoreRab’-i- Rashidi” was the largest medical center with a great religious endowment in Ilkhanids era. It was a hospital, for admitting and treating patients and a place for teaching medicine as well as preparing various drugs. The present paper investigates the Rab’-i-Rashidi’s management structure, financial system, medical and scholarly functions via an analytic-descriptive study. The results show that, with the financial backing Rab’-i-Rashidi has had many functions as the modern hospitals. Using theoretical and clinical teaching methods simultaneously and also connecting to the educational centers worldwide, particularly China and India, Rab’-i- Rashidi tried to transform the scientific accomplishments to Iran. References Awḥadī Marāghiʾī, Rukn al- Dīn, Kulliyyāt- i Ashār- i Awḥadī Marāghiī (Manṭiḳ al- ʿUshshāḳ, Djām- i Djam), Revised by Saeed Nafisi, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Sanāyī, 1391/ 2012. Chardin, Jean, Safar- Nāma (Journal du voyage du Chevalier Chardin en persea aux Indes Orientals), Trans. Eghbal Yaghmaei, Tehran, Tūs, 1372/ 1992. Clavijo, Ruy González de, Safar-Nāma- yi Clavijo(Clavijo Embassy), Trans. Masoud Rajab Nia, Tehran, Bungāh- i Tardjuma wa Nashr- i Kitāb, 1377/ 1998. Clinical Research Development Units (CRDU) Hospital Research Development Committee (HRDC) Declaration of Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978. Sadeghiani, Ebrahim, Sāzmān wa Mudīriyyat- i Bīmāristān, Vol. 2, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Djahān Rāyāna, 1377- 1389/ 1998- 2010. Gholi pour, Ariyan & KhaterehSilani, Mudīriyyat- i Manābi- i Insānī dar Bīmāristān- hā wa Marākiz- i Bihdāshtī wa Darmānī, Tehran, Mehraban Publishers , 1392/ 2013. Hamdānī, Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍl ullāh, Āthār wa Iḥyā, Revised by Manouchehr Sotodeh & Iraj Afshar, Tehran, University of Tehran McGill, 1368/ 1989. Idem, Djāmi al- Tawārīkh, Tarīkh- i Aḳwām Pādishāhān- i Khatā, Revised by Mohammad Roshan, Tehran Mīrāth- i Maktūb, 1385/ 2006. Idem, Laṭāif al- Ḥaḳāyiḳ, Revised by Gholamreza Taher, Vol.2, Tehran, University of Tehran, 1356/ 1977. Idem, Mukātibāt- i Rashīdī, Revised by Mohammad Shafi, Lahore, Lahore press, 1945/ 1324. Idem, Sawāniḥ al- Afkā al- Rashīdī, Revised by Mohammad Taqi Danesh Pajouh, Tehran, University of Tehran, 1358/ 1979. Idem, Tansūḳ- Nāma Yā Ṭib- i Ahl- i Khatā, Prolegomena by Mojtaba Minovi, Tehran, University of Tehran, 1350/ 1971. Idem, Tarīkh- i Mubārak Ghāzānī, Karl Jahn, Hertford, Steven Austin press, 1940/ 1319. Idem, Waḳf-nāma- yi Rab- i Rashīdī, Revised by Mojtaba Minovi & Iraj Afshar, Tehran, Intishārāt- iAndjuman- i Āthār- i Millī, 1356/ 1977. Herse,paul and kenneht H. Blancard, management of Organizional Behavior:Utilizing human Resources, Englewood cliffs, New jersey, prentice Hall, Inc, 1989. Ivancevich, j, Human Resource management,11th Editon. Irwin professional pub,2010. Jafari, Gholam- Ali & Others, Istāndārd- Hā- yi Itibār Bakhshī- yi Bīmāristān dar Iran, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Markaz- i Nashr- i Ṣidā, 1391. Khwāndmīr, Ghiyāth al- Dīn b. Hamām al- Dīn Ḥusaynī,Ḥabīb al- Siyar fī Akhbār-i Afrād al- Bashar, Vol. 4, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Kitāb Furūshi- yi Khayyām, 2nd ed., 1380/ 2001. Koontz, Harold & Others, Uṣūl- i Mudīriyyat(Essentials of management), Trans. Mohammad Ali Toosi & Others, Vol. 2, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Markaz Āmūzish- i Mudīriyyat- i Dawlatī, 1374/ 1995. Mīrkhwānd, Muḥammad b. Khwānshāh b. Maḥmūd, Rawḍat al- Ṣafā fī Sīrat al- Anbiyā wa l Mulūk wa l Khulafā, Revised by Jamshid Kian Far,Vol. 15, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Asāṭīr,1380/ 2001. Mojtahedi, Karim, Madāris wa Dānishgāh-hā- yi Islāmī wa Gharbī dar Ḳurūn- i Wusṭā, Tehran, IHCS, 1379/ 2000. Mustawfī, Ḥamdullāh, Nuzhat al- Ḳulūb, Revised by Mohammad Dabirsiaghi, Tahouri Bookstore, 1336/ 1957. Nahas VL and Others, Jordanian undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of effec clinical teachers, Nurse Educ Today 1999; 19(8): 639-48. Nasr, Hossein, Maḳām- i Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍl Allāh dar Tarīkh- i Falsafa wa Ulūm-i Islāmī, Madjmūa- yi Khaṭaba- Hā- yi Taḥḳīḳī Darbara- yi Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍl Allāh Hamdānī, University of Tehran, 1350/ 1971. Petrushevsky, Ilya Pavlovich & John Masson Smith, Tarīkh-i Idjtimāī- Iḳtiṣādī-yi Iran Dar Dawra- yi Mughūl,Trans. yaghoub Azhand, Tehran, Intishārāt- i Iṭilāʿāt, 1366/ 1987. Rahnima, Majid, "Rashīd al- Dīn wa Rabʿ al- Rashīdī", Madjmūa- yi Khaṭaba- Hā- yi Taḥḳīḳī Darbara- yi Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍl Allāh Hamdānī, Tehran, Tehran University Press, 1350/ 1971. Rezaeian, Ali, Mabānī- yi Mudīriyyat- i Raftār- i Sāzmānī, Tehran, Samt, 1382/ 2003. Samarḳandī, Dawlatshāh, Tadhkirat al- Shuarā, Revised by Edward Browne, Tehran, Asāṭīr, 1382/ 2003. Samarḳandī, Kamāl al- dīn ʿAbd al- Razzāḳ, Maṭla al- Sadayn wa-Madj ma-i al- Baḥrayn, Revised by Abdolhossein Navaei, Vol. 4, Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 1383/ 2004. Sarton, George, Muḳaddamih’ ī bar Tarīkh- i Ilm(Introduction to the History of Science), Trans. Golamhossein Sadri Afshar, Vol.3, Tehran, Intishārāt- i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1383/ 2004. Shanghi Ranking consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015. Tabrizi, Hossein Abdoh, Nahād- i Mālī- yi Ṣandūḳ- hā- yi Waḳfī wa Uṣūl- i Islāmī- yi Faāliyyat- i Ān dar Iran, Nashriyya Markaz- i Taḥḳīḳāt- i Dānishgāh Imām Ṣādiḳ, No.25, 1384/ 2005. Ṭūsī, Khwadja Naṣīr al- Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Madjmūa Rasāil Khwadja Naṣīr al- Dīn Ṭūsī, Revised byMohammad Taqi Modarres Razavi, Tehran, University of Tehran, 2nd ed., 1390/ 2011. Waṣṣāf, Faḍl Allāh b. ʿAbdullāh, Tarīkh- i Waṣṣāf al- Ḥaḍrat, Revised by Mohammad Mahdi Esfahani, Tehran, Ebne Sina & Allama Jafari Library, 1338/ 1959. Yidan, Wang, Khadamāt- i Khwādja Rashīd al- Dīn Hamdānī Dar Gustarish- i chīn Shināsī, Madjmūa- yi Maḳālāt Darbāra- yi Khwādja Rashīd al- Dīn Faḍlullāh wa Rabl- Rashīdī Tabrīzī, Revised by Reza Rahmani, Vol.2, Tehran, (Und.), 1388/ 2009. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Manifestation of Mystical themes in Geometric Patterns in the School of Tabrīz: Sultanīyah Dome
rana kourehpaz lida balilanThe architecture of the 7th century in Azerbaijan is the manifestation of the glory of Islamic art in Iran, and the peak of it is the Tabrīz school of architecture, which has become more beautiful and richer with the emergence of political and religious developments in MoreThe architecture of the 7th century in Azerbaijan is the manifestation of the glory of Islamic art in Iran, and the peak of it is the Tabrīz school of architecture, which has become more beautiful and richer with the emergence of political and religious developments in the Ilkhanate period and changes in previous styles, especially in the arrangement and decoration of buildings. Therefore, the aim of the above research is to know those changes and the concepts hidden in them, which have taken place by examining the geometric arrays, as the dominant decorations in the buildings of this period, in one of the prominent buildings of the Tabriz school, namely the Sultanīyah dome. The building, which is used as a tomb, is a manifestation of the religious and religious beliefs of its era and is considered a window to reach the secrets hidden in the arrangement of the remaining works of this school. In this regard, the recognition of linguistic commonalities in mysticism and architecture and the investigation of mystical themes hidden in geometric arrays are among the goals of the above research, and the results show the influence of mysticism on the geometric arrays of Sultanīyah Dome. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Role of Religion in Political - Military Relations between the Ilkhanīd and the |ip´aÎ Kings
صالح پرگاری مریم محمدی|ip´aÎ Kings and Ilkhanid, were two divisions of Mongols that thelatter was established and expanded to the west by Hulagu and |ip´aÎKhanat were the possessors of Chengiz legacy. Because of politicalrivalry, they went through a war which was the More|ip´aÎ Kings and Ilkhanid, were two divisions of Mongols that thelatter was established and expanded to the west by Hulagu and |ip´aÎKhanat were the possessors of Chengiz legacy. Because of politicalrivalry, they went through a war which was the first within Mongoldynasty. One of the motives for this conflict was the religiousdifferences between Berka, as a Muslim and Holagu, as a Buddist andso it had a great impact on the political and military ties between twogovernments..This led to the conversion of |ip´aÎ Kings to Islam forattracting Muslim support and obtaining the religious ties with theMamluk as the enemy of Ilkhanid. After the conversion of Ilkhanid toIslam, |ip´aÎ changed their policy but the religious dispute wascontinued to the end of their period. This article aims to consider therole of religion in the conflicts between these two governments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Analysis of Urban Spaces from Ilkhanid Tabriz until Safavid Isfahan (Social, Political, Economical and Cultural Background Survey)
Manouchehr ForoutanThis research wish answer this question: what is social, political, economical, and cultural background caused evaluation of Iranian urban spaces from Ilkhanid until Safavid and formation of Isfahan Urbanism School? Method of this research is interpretational-historical MoreThis research wish answer this question: what is social, political, economical, and cultural background caused evaluation of Iranian urban spaces from Ilkhanid until Safavid and formation of Isfahan Urbanism School? Method of this research is interpretational-historical method and based on librarian data. For the answer question of research, cities of Iran that have urbanism works in this era are selected. These cities include Tabriz, Soltanie, Samarkand, Herat, Mashhad, Neyshabur, Yazd, Kerman, Qazvin, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Then urbanism evaluations, alterations and changes of these cities are survey and compare by social, cultural, political and economical evaluations from Ilkhanid until Safavid era. These evaluations from Ilkhanid era prepared appearance urban evaluations; completion old urban spaces and formation of new town besides old city and new urban spaces and elements (include governmental square, boulevard, garden-palace complex, Sufism religious complex). Establishment of Safavid Empire, especially shah Abbas's works prepared Isfahan Urbanism School. Therefore urban elements that formed in previous era completed and then prepared to combine them and to form Isfahan Urban School in Safavid era. Too, commercial complex or religious complex (related to canonical Shiism) in Isfahan School was becomes the core of city in lieu of Sufism religious complex in pervious era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - An Analytical and Comparative Approach to Recognition Tabriz Ali Shah Mosque
Solmaz Amirrashed Seyed Mehdi Hosseyni Nia -
Open Access Article
8 - An Archetypal Analysis of the Mystical Space in the Tombs of the Ilkhanid Period Mystics (Sheykh Abdolsamad Natanzi & Sheykh Safieddin Ardabili)
Elnaz Behnoud Lida Balilan Dariush SattarzadehJung's analytical psychology is a new introduction tool for understanding meanings and receiving new messages from artistic and literary sources. According to this theory, archetypes are symbolic images in mythology and cultures that have replaced similar concepts in th MoreJung's analytical psychology is a new introduction tool for understanding meanings and receiving new messages from artistic and literary sources. According to this theory, archetypes are symbolic images in mythology and cultures that have replaced similar concepts in the subconscious of humanity. Among the architectural works, the tomb of the Ilkhanid period as mystical spaces is one of the best areas for the emergence of these archetypes. One of the key archetypes that has been introduced in Jung's analytic psychology is the archetype of "process of individuality" that deals with spiritual questions about the meaning of life and the goal of creation. Based on the purpose of this study, which is the recognition of archetypes semantic concepts, using qualitative content method, the techniques used in sign perception have been used. Assuming that attention to the journey from the material world to the afterworld has always been considered in literature and mysticism, this archetype seems to be reflected in the architectural structure of the intended tombs. Manuscript profile -
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9 - Stucco Decorations of Ilkhanid Period in Takht-i Sulaiman Site
Ebrahim Moradi Mahmood Tavousi seyed ali asghar mirfatahOne of the most important architectural decorative elements of the Ilkhanid period is the stucco decoration. Samples of this decoration could be seen in most of the Ilkhanid structures. The Ilkhanid period in comparison with the other periods, has great importance due t MoreOne of the most important architectural decorative elements of the Ilkhanid period is the stucco decoration. Samples of this decoration could be seen in most of the Ilkhanid structures. The Ilkhanid period in comparison with the other periods, has great importance due to the use of stucco decoration. The Ilkhanid hunting palace at Takht-i Sulaiman is one of the oldest structures of the Ilkhanid period and the only remaining kind of pleasure palace in this period. Among the decorations of the Ilkhanid hunting palaces at Takht-i Sulaiman, there are stamp stucco, stucco relief, and muqarnas which could be seen in the other remaining buildings of the Ilkhanid period, too. Therefore, there is a lot of importance in surveying the stucco decoration of this building carefully, to study the other Ilkhanid buildings and their decoration. To the author's knowledge, there is a lack of reported research about the stucco decoration of Takht-i Sulaiman. This paper meanwhile describes the different theories about the muqarnas used at Takht-i Sulaiman, the stucco decoration of this building, and the impact of the stucco in previous periods on the stucco decoration of the Ilkhanid period at Takht-i Sulaiman will be studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Sasanian Constructions at Bistun: Projects that Never Completed
Mojtaba Charmchian Farzad MafiThere are lot of evidences about Sasanian period monuments in Bistoun that according to result of researches, we believe these monuments has builed in late Sasanian period and Specifically during the reign of Khosrow II (590-628 AD). These monuments as “Sasani-Ilk MoreThere are lot of evidences about Sasanian period monuments in Bistoun that according to result of researches, we believe these monuments has builed in late Sasanian period and Specifically during the reign of Khosrow II (590-628 AD). These monuments as “Sasani-Ilkhanid building”, “Farhad-Tarash”, “Pol-e-Khosrow bridge”, and “Pol-e-Bistoun bridge” that we should add three Capitals that has insiced bust of Khosrow II. The important point as results of exploration and studies show, Implement all of these projects stopped suddenly and never completed in Sasanian period. For example, evidence can be cited to show that arches over the openings in “Pol-e-Khosrow” and “Pol-e-Bistoun” bridges Never has been made, Building operations “Farhad-Tarash” is never completed, and the rooms of “Sasani-Ilkhanid building” never has been formed. In this note has tried, by explaining and comparing these monuments and right dating offer for them, several possible reasons for why the proposed monuments will remain incompleted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Introduction and Archaeological Analysis of Seljuk and Ilkhanid Buildings in Zanjan Province
Arz Allah Najafi Seyed Ali Asghar Mir FattahZanjan province has been one of the important centers of political, social and cultural developments in Iran due to its special geographical location during the Islamic era, especially during the Seljuk and Ilkhanid eras, due to many reasons, this importance is doubled. MoreZanjan province has been one of the important centers of political, social and cultural developments in Iran due to its special geographical location during the Islamic era, especially during the Seljuk and Ilkhanid eras, due to many reasons, this importance is doubled. From the Seljuk period, the remains of a number of castles and defensive fortifications along with two mosques and a mausoleum remain in Zanjan province, which makes it possible to study the evolution of the region's architecture. Further, from the Ilkhanid period, in addition to the majestic and magnificent building of the Soltanieh dome as a manifestation of the architecture of the middle ages of Islamic Iran, a tomb and the incomparable building of the Dash-Kasan temple, the remains of a large number of residential settlements and also the remains of four-story houses from the Tarem region have been identified, which shows the expansion of architectural art in the period. Ilkhani is Zanjan province. The 7th and 8th centuries AH were the prosperity period of architecture in the region. In this research, two architectural styles, Razi and Azari, have been studied on the buildings. Anyway, the results of this research indicate that during the Seljuq and Ilkhanate period, Zanjan province was one of the centers of gravity of the culture and art of Islamic Iran, especially in the architecture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The Appearance of Shamanism in Soltanieh
Iraj Rezaei Mahdi KhaliliWith the help of ethnologic and linguistic researches and archeological discoveries in the last century, our knowledge today about shamans and shaman’s rituals are relatively more comprehensive and inclusive than before. Researcher’s attribute the precedence MoreWith the help of ethnologic and linguistic researches and archeological discoveries in the last century, our knowledge today about shamans and shaman’s rituals are relatively more comprehensive and inclusive than before. Researcher’s attribute the precedence of such cults to prehistoric and even Paleolithic times. Most scholars believe that Central Asian region and its surrounding areas have been the origin of the shamans. Mongol tribes are one of the most wellknown inhabitants of these regions which have had a culture mixed with shaman beliefs for long times. After Mongol’s conquest of Iran in the seventh century, despite their trend to Islam, there was seen some gradual return to their ancestral beliefs the traces of which is evidenced in remaining materials related to them. In this paper, we analyze the symbols and traces of shamanism in Soltanieh, one of the most important capitals of Mongol’s Ilkhans, and show evidences of such beliefs reflected in Soltanieh dome and other areas of this city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The wafidiyya mongols; a serach about of refuges and immigrants waves from Ilkhans government to relam of Mamluks Egypt
ehsan seifeOne of the important development in the second middle of 7s/13s century is the stablishment of Ilkhanid government within the Iran political boundaries. Boundary challenges , millitary – political disputes with western neighbour , Mamluks of Egypt, were important MoreOne of the important development in the second middle of 7s/13s century is the stablishment of Ilkhanid government within the Iran political boundaries. Boundary challenges , millitary – political disputes with western neighbour , Mamluks of Egypt, were important aspect of this government . The role of refugess and immigrants groups, especially individuals and groups who escaped from Ilkhanid government and refuge to Mamluks of Egypt, lead to enemity between Ilkhans and Mamluks . The refugess and immigrants groups, in arabic sources are called Wafidiyya and musta'minun. This paper is going to answer to this question that why and how these immigrants refuged to Mamluks of Egypt and why they rebelled aginst the Ilkanids. In this research based of available sources and by using historical research method and analyzing those & evidence to examine those development and how the immigration of those people to Egypt caused the eneminty and difference between Ilkhanid and mamaluk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Study the structure of judgement court of ilkhannan era on basis of DASTOOR AL-KATEB FI TAYEEN AL-MARATEB
zahra afarineshDastur-al-Kateb fi Taaein-al-Marateb written by Mohammed ebn-e- Hendo-shah nakh javani one of the unique traces inlettering and inscription formalities In 8th century. This book is a pattern of dministrative scribes in the Ilkhanan period.in t MoreDastur-al-Kateb fi Taaein-al-Marateb written by Mohammed ebn-e- Hendo-shah nakh javani one of the unique traces inlettering and inscription formalities In 8th century. This book is a pattern of dministrative scribes in the Ilkhanan period.in the samples of administrative letters, some of the letters is related to judgment court, judicial duties, lawyers and other court staffs. Drowing the structure of judgement court with the help of these rules and letters and matching them with the other resources ofthis period is the main aim of this research Manuscript profile -
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15 - Ghazan,s Submitting to Islam and its effect and Consequences on other Existing Religion and Sects in Iran.
mohammad karim usef jamaliGhazan Khan was the elder son of Arghun Khan ,who was born in the Friday morning of 29th Rabi. All Akhar 670A.H.,in a village called "Abskun" in "Sultan Dawin ) in Mazandaran. After the death of Arghun and murdering of Gikhatu and Baydu , in the year of 694A.H.,he thron MoreGhazan Khan was the elder son of Arghun Khan ,who was born in the Friday morning of 29th Rabi. All Akhar 670A.H.,in a village called "Abskun" in "Sultan Dawin ) in Mazandaran. After the death of Arghun and murdering of Gikhatu and Baydu , in the year of 694A.H.,he throned Himself as Ilkhan in Tabriz with the effords of Amir Nuruz,the Muslem Amir of Arghun. Coming to power of Ghazan was coincided with his acceptance of Islam (Hanafi sect) and getting power of hanafi Olama in Tabriz and elsewhere. At this time the situation in Tabriz became intolerable for non-muslems and other sects. Especiually the idol-temples, destruction of synagogues and Nasrani churches as well as Jewish synagogue were emanated .The centers Of idols ,belfry and cross were destructed in all over of Azarbayjan. Tabriz especially became empty of the presence of non-muslems. This paper considers and shows Ghazan,s efforts in widespreding Islam and its Sharia and the consequences of his submitting to Islam,his negligences and encountering intelligently with other religions as far as the main sources allow us. Manuscript profile -
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16 - Reflections on the Industry's Thought of Khajeh Rashidodin Fazlollah Hamedani
Amir Teymour Rafiei Khajeh Rashidedin Fazlollah Hamedani(645-718 AH, 1246-1318 AD) was the physician, historian, minister and celebrated politician of great Ilkhani Kings like Ghazan Khan and Uljayto. Undoubtedly, he has played a great role in influencing the late Ilkahni Kings con More Khajeh Rashidedin Fazlollah Hamedani(645-718 AH, 1246-1318 AD) was the physician, historian, minister and celebrated politician of great Ilkhani Kings like Ghazan Khan and Uljayto. Undoubtedly, he has played a great role in influencing the late Ilkahni Kings concerning the administration of a series of reformations, specifically in economy, rural and urban developments and the stabilization of tax system. So it seems necessary to study Khajeh Rashid’s social activities both comprehensively and analytically. This study attempts to analyze his economic thoughts implemented in Ghazan Khan’s reign. The following items will seem specific attention: Restoring the dilapidated irrigation network in order to boost agriculture and gardening Renovating the desert lands and supporting the farmers and villagers through the stabilization of tax on their lands (tribute) and the other taxes paid to treasury. Recognition of their land ownership and the return of the farmers who had deserted their lands. Manuscript profile -
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17 - The wafidiyya mongols; a serach about of refuges and immigrants waves from Ilkhans government to relam of Mamluks Egypt
Ehsan SeyfiOne of the important development in the second middle of 7s/13s centuryis the stablishment of Ilkhanid government within the Iran politicalboundaries. Boundary challenges , millitary – political disputes withwestern neighbour , Mamluks of Egypt, were important asp MoreOne of the important development in the second middle of 7s/13s centuryis the stablishment of Ilkhanid government within the Iran politicalboundaries. Boundary challenges , millitary – political disputes withwestern neighbour , Mamluks of Egypt, were important aspect of thisgovernment . The role of refugess and immigrants groups, especiallyindividuals and groups who escaped from Ilkhanid government andrefuge to Mamluks of Egypt, lead to enemity between Ilkhans andMamluks . The refugess and immigrants groups, in arabic sources arecalled Wafidiyya and musta'minun.This paper is going to answer to this question that why and how theseimmigrants refuged to Mamluks of Egypt and why they rebelled aginstthe Ilkanids.In this research based of available sources and by using historicalresearch method and analyzing those & evidence to examine thosedevelopment and how the immigration of those people to Egypt causedthe eneminty and difference between Ilkhanid and mamaluk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Study and comparison of ministry position under Abbasid and Ilkhanid caliphates with leaning of Barmakids and Joveini dynasty
Nahid Mohammadioun Shabestari Masoumeh GhareDaghi Zekrollah mohammadi Manizheh sadriDuring both periods when Iran was attacked by Muslim Arabs and the Mongols,bureaucrats came to cooperate with the conquerors. Included in these were theBarmakids and the Joveini dynasties who could reach ministry under Abbasidand Ilkhanid caliphates. Bureaucracy used to MoreDuring both periods when Iran was attacked by Muslim Arabs and the Mongols,bureaucrats came to cooperate with the conquerors. Included in these were theBarmakids and the Joveini dynasties who could reach ministry under Abbasidand Ilkhanid caliphates. Bureaucracy used to be the trend in these two dynastiesand they were bureaucrats in previous in previous governments. These twodynasties could influence the Abbasid and Ilkhanid caliphates and steer themtowards Iranian culture and they could take steps to revive and restructureIranian culture. During their ministries, the Barmakids and the Joveini dynastiesconducted many development services including building mosques, schools andmansions. Also, they could reach a highly significant position in science andliterature. Not only did they write books by themselves but also many writersand scientists wrote their books under their names. Similarly, they patronizedmany poets and scientists. Although the Barmakids and Joveini dynastiesprovided many services, their power and influence produced rivals who set thestage for their fall. Barmakids and Joveini dynasties represent a specialbureaucrat group in Iranian society who left their name permanently in historyand time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Influence of Mystical Ideas on the Architectural Decorations of Ilkhanid Period Buildings (Case Study of Varamin Grand Mosque)
Lida Balilan Asl Hannaneh Fayyaz Moghaddam Roghayyeh Ghaffari HafezDuring different historical eras, political, social and religious developments have appeared in the best way in art and architecture in such a way that the architectural works of each era show the dominant beliefs and thoughts of that society; Ilkhani society has also b MoreDuring different historical eras, political, social and religious developments have appeared in the best way in art and architecture in such a way that the architectural works of each era show the dominant beliefs and thoughts of that society; Ilkhani society has also been dominated by mystical and Sufism ideas. In this period, mystical teachings were spread in all parts of society, especially architecture and architectural decorations; So that these influences are evident in most of the buildings of this period. The subject of this article is to investigate the influence of mystical ideas on the architectural decorations of the Ilkhanid period and the decorations of Varamin Jame Mosque, as one of the important buildings of this period. In other words, this research examines the manifestation of mysticism in the architectural works and decorations of the Ilkhanid period. The research method of the article is the review and interpretive-historical analyzes of texts and architectural works of the Ilkhanid period. From the findings of the research, this hypothesis is proposed that Sufism and mystical thoughts have influenced the government and patriarchal architects and these influences are visible in the architectural decorations of the buildings of this period, especially in the decorations of mosques. All three types of decorations (geometric, plant and inscription) have been used in Varamin Grand Mosque, and these designs are mainly geometric or inscription. However, there are plant motifs in the building, although few. These inscriptions have religious or historical themes that historical inscriptions are used for how and when they started. Also, the symbolic concepts of numbers and shapes are abundantly used in the geometric designs, which have the largest amount of decorations and are used in a very effective style, which refer to mystical themes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Intercultural Shahnameh: A study of the illustrated version of the Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh
Fatemeh MahvanAbstractThe Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh is one of the masterpieces of the Mongol era in Tabriz school. This illustrated manuscript well expresses the visual narration of the Ilkhanid kings and artistic relations of that time. This study examines these illustrat MoreAbstractThe Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh is one of the masterpieces of the Mongol era in Tabriz school. This illustrated manuscript well expresses the visual narration of the Ilkhanid kings and artistic relations of that time. This study examines these illustrations from the perspective of visual features to show how Iraninan and Far Eastern art were intertwined in this work. This connection is quite evident in the display of chinese mongolian portraits and the manner of illustrating nature (tree, mountain, cloud). Moreover other illustrated features in this version such as the symbolic Farr of kings, picturing the battle scenes and mourning rituals are also examined. In some cases the paintings are compared with their counterparts in Jamee al Tavarikh both belong to the same era using the same style. The results show that the artistic style of many cultures are intermingled in the illustrations of the Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh. On one hand the influence of the Chinese painting in depicting portraits and scenary is evident and on the other hand Mongolian culture dominates the paintings. Moreover the theme of the illustrations is rooted in the paintings of the ancient Iran. One can even find traces of influence of the fartetched art such as Byzantine art in this work. Therefore this version of Shahnameh can be regarded as an intercultural Shahnameh which blends many cultural traditions such as Mongolian, Chinese, old Persian, and Byzantine into one unified copy. Manuscript profile
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