Health Expenditure

Open Access Article

1 - Estimation the Income Elasticity of Per Capita Health Care Expenditure in D8 Countries: PSTR and MG Approaches
Ali Rezazadeh moohamad Kalamie Saber Khodaverdizadeh Mostafa Shokri

Introduction: Economic welfare is highly dependent on the health expenditure share of national output. In this regard, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between health expenditure and economic welfare in D8 countries and assessment of commodi More

Introduction: Economic welfare is highly dependent on the health expenditure share of national output. In this regard, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between health expenditure and economic welfare in D8 countries and assessment of commodity group of health expenditure in this countries. Methods: In order to investigate the relationship between health expenditure and economic welfare in D8 countries during 1995-2014, Panel smooth transition regression method was used. Also to verify the long- run relationship between variables and for selection kind of commodity group Panel mean of group method was used. Results: Moreover, considering one transition function and one threshold parameter, as a two regime model, is sufficient to specification of nonlinear relationship between variables. The results indicate that threshold value is 7.21 and the estimated slope parameter is 17.56. Conclusion: GDP per capita in the first (The linear part) and second regimes (The sum of the linear and nonlinear parts) has positive impact on health expenditure per capita in D8 countries. The public health costs of population 0-14 and 65-years and older group has negative effects in first regime, and after crossing a threshold and enter the second regime, has positive effects on health expenditure per capita in D8 countries. Finally the results of the PMG approach suggests that the income elasticity of health goods in D8 countries is less than the unit and it is not considered a luxury commodity. Introduction: Economic welfare is highly dependent on the health expenditure share of national output. In this regard, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between health expenditure and economic welfare in D8 countries and assessment of commodity group of health expenditure in this countries.Methods: In order to investigate the relationship between health expenditure and economic welfare in D8 countries during 1995-2014, Panel smooth transition regression method was used. Also to verify the long- run relationship between variables and for selection kind of commodity group Panel mean of group method was used.Results: Moreover, considering one transition function and one threshold parameter, as a two regime model, is sufficient to specification of nonlinear relationship between variables. The results indicate that threshold value is 7.21 and the estimated slope parameter is 17.56.Conclusion: GDP per capita in the first (The linear part) and second regimes (The sum of the linear and nonlinear parts) has positive impact on health expenditure per capita in D8 countries. The public health costs of population 0-14 and 65-years and older group has negative effects in first regime, and after crossing a threshold and enter the second regime, has positive effects on health expenditure per capita in D8 countries. Finally the results of the PMG approach suggests that the income elasticity of health goods in D8 countries is less than the unit and it is not considered a luxury commodity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Offering and Testing a Model to Explain the Physician Induced Demand in Iran
Abvalqasem Golkhandan Elaham Fatholahi

Introduction: According to the physician induced demand hypothesis, health care demand may be due to asymmetric information in health market, is influenced by the behavior of health suppliers. This study first assumes that the number of physician reduced health expendit More

Introduction: According to the physician induced demand hypothesis, health care demand may be due to asymmetric information in health market, is influenced by the behavior of health suppliers. This study first assumes that the number of physician reduced health expenditures, because of the increase the supply of health. But to achieve a specified level of physician, called threshold level, because of the physician induced demand hypothesis, competition between physicians, is leading to an increase in health spending. So, the major aim of this study is to evaluate the U shape hypothesis between the number of physicians and health expenditures in Iran. Methods: This study using time series data for 1971-2013, is investigated the possible non-linear relationship between per capita health expenditure (dependent variable), per capita physician (independent variable) and mortality rate (controlled variable). For this purpose, is used the Logistic Smooth Transition Regression (LSTR) model. Also, the statistical analyzes were performed using the EXCEL, EVIEWS and JMALTI soft wares. Results: The results of the model LSTR, in addition to confirm the nonlinear effects of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure, show that the per capita physician per 10,000 population, influence on the per capita health expenditure in the form of two regime structure with threshold level about of 12.24. So that, in the first regime, per capita physician had a negative impact on per capita health expenditure (disapproval the induced demand hypothesis), but this impact is positive in the second regime (confirm the induced demand hypothesis). So, U-shaped impact hypothesis of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure in Iran, is not rejected. Conclusion: Since at the moment the physician per capita per 10,000 population, is most of the threshold level, the country is located in the second regime. Accordingly, adopt more suitable policies to prevent from the induction of demand by physicians, is necessary. Introduction: This study first assumes that the number of physician reduced health expenditures, because of the increase the supply of health. But to achieve a specified level of physician, called threshold level, because of the physician induced demand hypothesis, competition between physicians, is leading to an increase in health spending. So, The major aim of this study is to evaluate the U shape hypothesis between the number of physicians and health expenditures in Iran.Methods: This study using time series data for 1971-2013, is investigated the possible non-linear relationship between per capita health expenditure (dependent variable), per capita physician (independent variable) and mortality rate (controlled variable). For this purpose, is used the Logistic Smooth Transition Regression (LSTR) model. Also, the statistical analyzes were performed using the EXCEL, EVIEWS and JMALTI soft wares.Results: The results of the model LSTR, in addition to confirm the nonlinear effects of per capita physician on per capita health expenditure, show that the per capita physician per 10,000 population, influence on the per capita health expenditure in the form of two regime structure with threshold level about of 12.24. So that, In the first regime, per capita physician had a negative impact on per capita health expenditure (disapproval the induced demand hypothesis), but this impact is positive in the second regime (confirm the induced demand hypothesis). Conclusion: Since at the moment the physician per capita per 10,000 population, is most of the threshold level, The country is located in the second regime. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Prediction of Iran's Per Capita Health Expenditures up to 2041 Horizon Using the Genetic and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms
abolghasem golkhandan Somayeh Sahraei

Introduction: prediction the per capita health expenditures can be useful and effective in determining the best policies for financing and managing of health expenditures. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to predict the per capita health expenditures tr More

Introduction: prediction the per capita health expenditures can be useful and effective in determining the best policies for financing and managing of health expenditures. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to predict the per capita health expenditures trend in Iran. Methods: In this paper, we specified a health expenditure model relying on theoretical basics in order to obtain desirable forecasts. On the basis of three forms of linear, exponential and quadratic equations and using theoretical foundations in the field of per capita health expenditure function, we used genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to simulate Iranians per capita health expenditure during 1979-2015. Then we selected the superior model in terms of prediction power criteria and forecast per capita health expenditure until 2041. Also, the statistical analyzes were performed using the MATLAB software version R2016b. Results: The predicted results indicate that per capita health expenditures in Iran will increase with a positive slope by 2041. The amount of this expenditure will be from $ 1081 (based on 2011 constant prices) in 2015 to $ 2628 in 2041 (about 2.5 times). Conclusion: With regard to the projected amount of per capita health expenditures up to 2041 horizon, policy makers in the health sector should take the necessary measures to finance the expenditures of this sector. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Impact of Business Cycles on Life Expectancy in Countries of the Iran Vision Plan 2025
aziz rezapour ABDOREZA MOUSAVI maryam soleymanimovahed

Introduction: Life expectancy is one of the most important health indicators that is influenced by various economic and social factors; hence, this study examined the effect of business cycles on life expectancy. Methods: This survey is a retrospective descriptive &ndas More

Introduction: Life expectancy is one of the most important health indicators that is influenced by various economic and social factors; hence, this study examined the effect of business cycles on life expectancy. Methods: This survey is a retrospective descriptive – analytic study that examined the effects of business cycles, unemployment rate, percentage of health expenditures and urbanization on life expectancy in countries noted in the Iran vision plan 2025. After grouping the countries based on the HDI, model estimation was carried out using the panel's econometric approach. For the first and second groups, the fixed effects and for the third group, the random effect was used. Results: Business cycle in the countries with high HDI, including Iran, has a positive effect on life expectancy and it has no significant effect in the two other groups. The percentage of health expenditure in the first and third groups has a positive effect on life expectancy, but in the second group, has a negative effect. The unemployment rate has a positive effect in the first group and a negative effect in the second group on life expectancy, but in the third group, has no significant effect. The percentage of urbanization also has a positive effect on life expectancy in all groups. Conclusion: The effect of business cycles and socioeconomic indicators on life expectancy varies according to HDI. Considering the positive effect of business cycles on life expectancy in the second group, including Iran, Increase employment rates and economic expansions will increase life expectancy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Study of the two-way Relationship between Health and Labor Productivity in Iran
roya aleemran seyed ali aleemran

Introduction: Increasing the quality of labor is one of the most important factors in improving labor productivity. Also, improving the quality of labor can be achieved through improving the labor health. Accordingly, this study examines the two-way relationship between More

Introduction: Increasing the quality of labor is one of the most important factors in improving labor productivity. Also, improving the quality of labor can be achieved through improving the labor health. Accordingly, this study examines the two-way relationship between health and labor productivity in Iran. Methods: This research is doing a causal-analysis by using Toda - Yamamoto and Johansen-Juselius methods over the period of first quarter of 1996 to fourth quarter of 2016 for the country of Iran. Also, the level of significant is 5 percent. Results: There is a two-way relationship between health and labor productivity. Also, one percent increase in privet health expenditure, increases the labor productivity by 0.67 percent. Accordingly one percent increase in the labor productivity lead to 1.48 percent increase in privet health expenditure. Conclusion: Given the significant cross positive impact of health on labor productivity and vice versa, it is recommended that policy makers with increase health, improve labor productivity and also, with increase labor productivity, improve laber health.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Convergence of Per Capita Health Expenditures and Health Outcomes in Countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization
Aziz Rezapour Samira Alipour Vahid Alipour Maryam Soleymani Movahed

Introduction: Economic growth in rich countries tends to slow down naturally, so the growth process will ultimately lead to convergence. The aim of this study is to investigate the convergence of per capita health expenditures and health outcomes in countries of the Eco More

Introduction: Economic growth in rich countries tends to slow down naturally, so the growth process will ultimately lead to convergence. The aim of this study is to investigate the convergence of per capita health expenditures and health outcomes in countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical Study that was done with the economic data of the countries of the Economic Cooperation Organization in 1995 -2014 and using EViews software version 10. Stochastic convergence using Panel Unit-Root test, and also the standard deviation of log per capita health expenditures and health outcomes have been used to evaluate sigma convergence, and beta convergence with estimating the panel data convergence model. Results: Absolute and conditional stochastic convergence in per capita health expenditures were not approved in ECO countries. The coefficient of the absolute beta convergence of per capita health expenditure in ECO countries was 0.29. The conditional beta convergence coefficient was 0.30 in countries with high human development and that was 0.01 in countries with medium human development. The life expectancy Beta convergence coefficient was 0.28 in ECO-countries and 1.16 for the under-five mortality rate. There is no sigma convergence. Conclusion: Based on the results, the non - convergence of per capita health expenditure and health outcomes divergence show an increase in disparity and revealthat poorer countries have improved their health at a much slower rate than their wealthier member in ECO. Therefore, it is necessary that ECO policies be planned and implemented with the aim of reducing regional differences. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Effect of Health Expenditure and Good Governance on Health Indicators in MENA Countries Using the Generalized Method of Moments )GMM(
Badriyeh Hosseinpur ahmad sarlak Mohammad Hasan Fotros

Introduction: In previous studies, little attention has been paid to the simultaneous effect of health expenditures and good governance on health indicators. In this regard, in this study, the effect of health expenditures and good governance on the health index of Mena More

Introduction: In previous studies, little attention has been paid to the simultaneous effect of health expenditures and good governance on health indicators. In this regard, in this study, the effect of health expenditures and good governance on the health index of Mena countries during the period 2002 to 2019 has been investigated. Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytic of applied type. The statistical population includes the countries of Mana. The method of data collection is library and the data required for the research have been collected by referring to the World Bank database and world government indicators.The data were analyzed by using unit Root, Cao and Generalized Torque tests using Eviews 9 software. In this study, weighted average of six indicators of self-esteem and accountability, political stability and lack of violence, government efficiency, order quality And regulations, rule of law and corruption control as a good governance indicator, as well as infant mortality rates and mortality rates for children under the age of 5 were used as indicators of health. Results: The results showed that health costs had a positive and significant effect (coefficient -1.32) on the mortality rate of children under 5 years and a positive and significant effect (coefficient -1.2) on the death rate. And infant mortality as a health index has the health index of selected countries. Also, good governance index has a negative (non-significant) effect on health status in selected countries. The results also showed that the weak institutional structure in Mena countries weakens the impact of health expenditures on the under-5 mortality rate (coefficient - 0.13) and (-0.12) on infant mortality rate as a health indicator. Conclusion: Health in the government leads to improved public health and the lack of government health despite increasing public health spending not only improves public health but also leads to the loss of public resources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Analyzing the Asymmetric Impact of Air Pollution on Per Capita Health Expenditure in Iran
abolghasem Mohammadian Mansour

10.30495/jhm.2023.72231.11111

Introduction: Air pollution from different channels leads to weakening of health and increasing demand for health care, and as a result, increasing per capita health expenditure. On the other hand, it is possible that the impact of air pollution on health costs is asymm More

Introduction: Air pollution from different channels leads to weakening of health and increasing demand for health care, and as a result, increasing per capita health expenditure. On the other hand, it is possible that the impact of air pollution on health costs is asymmetric; In this sense, the effectiveness of health costs from increasing and decreasing the air pollution is not the same. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to experimentally estimate the asymmetric effect of air pollution index on per capita health expenditure in Iran.Methods: The present descriptive-analytical and applied study using the time series data during the period of 1989-2020, investigated the short-term and long-term effects of positive and negative air pollution shocks, per capita income, dependency burden, and urbanization on per capita health expenditure. The data used were also collected from the Central bank of Islamic Republic of Iran database and World Development Indicators belonging to the World Bank. Also, the model was estimated in the form of a regression model using the Non-linear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) method in Eviews 12.0 software.Results: The results show that in the short and long term, the effect of positive air pollution index shocks on the increase of health expenditure per capita is greater than the effect of its negative shocks on the decrease of health expenditure per capita (confirmation of asymmetric effect). With a one percent increase in CO2 emissions, in the long and short term, per capita health expenditure will increase by about 0.18 and 0.04 percent, respectively. On the other hand, with a one percent reduction in CO2 emissions, in the long and short term, per capita health expenditure will decrease by 0.06 and 0.01 percent, respectively.Conclusion: Considering that the effect of increasing shocks of air pollution on health costs is much greater than the effect of decreasing shocks, adopting policies and strategies to prevent the increase of air pollution emissions in the current period can help reduce future additional per capita costs in the health sector. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Estimating the Crowding-Out Effect of Defense Expenditures on Public Health Expenditures in Countries with Different Income Groups
Sahebe Mohammadian Mansour abolghasem golkhandan

10.30495/jhm.2022.69882.11071

Introduction: An increase in the share of defense expenditures from the total public expenditures may have a negative effect on the share of public health expenditures from the total public expenditures due to the concept of opportunity cost and through the crowding-out More

Introduction: An increase in the share of defense expenditures from the total public expenditures may have a negative effect on the share of public health expenditures from the total public expenditures due to the concept of opportunity cost and through the crowding-out effect. The intensity of this effect can change according to the income level. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to estimate the crowding-out effect of defense expenditures on public health expenditures in countries with different income groups.Methods: The present descriptive-analytical and applied study using the panel data of 90 countries of the world (including Iran) during the period of 2000-2018, to estimate the crowding-out effect of defense expenditures on public health expenditures by separating the studied countries into three income groups including low and below average income, above average income countries and high income countries, and also to examine the cross-sectional effect of defense expenditures and per capita income on public health expenditures in all sample countries. The data used were also collected from the World Health Organization database, World Development Indicators belonging to the World Bank and SIPRI. Also, the models were estimated in the form of dynamic panel data using stationery and panel cointegration analyzes and Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) in Eviews10.0 software.Results: The results show that the crowding-out effect of defense expenditures on public health expenditures in terms of elasticity and for countries with low and below average income, countries with above average income and countries with high income are equivalent to -0.654, -0.453 and -0.316 respectively. The cross-sectional effect of defense expenditures and per capita income on public health expenditures of all the studied countries is also positive and equal to 0.112.Conclusion: The (negative) crowding-out effect of defense expenditures on public health expenditures is confirmed for all countries with different income groups; But with the increase in per capita income, this crowding-out effect decreases exponentially. Based on this, it is necessary to adopt the necessary policies to ensure security without spending high defense expenditures, especially in countries with low per capita income, in order to prevent the reduction of public health expenses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Effect of Positive and Negative Public Health Expenditure Shocks during Business Cycles on Health Status in Iran
Azadeh Jahantabi Nejad abolghasem golkhandan

10.30495/jhm.2023.72293.11113

Introduction: The impact of positive and negative shocks or the asymmetric impact of public health expenditures during periods of recession and boom (business cycles) on health status is of particular importance in terms of making appropriate decisions in the field of c More

Introduction: The impact of positive and negative shocks or the asymmetric impact of public health expenditures during periods of recession and boom (business cycles) on health status is of particular importance in terms of making appropriate decisions in the field of controlling the vulnerability of the lower classes of society in these periods. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to estimate the asymmetric effect of public health expenditures on the health status in Iran during periods of recession and boom. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical and applied study using the time series data during the period of 1979-2020, investigated the long-term effects of positive and negative public health expenditures shocks during business cycles, per capita income and physician per capita on the death rate of children under 5 years and life expectancy. Filtering approach and three filters HP, BK and CF have been used to identify business cycles. Also, the models were estimated in the form of a regression model using the Non-linear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) method in Eviews 12.0 software.Results: The results show that the public health expenditure had a pro-cyclical behavior during the period under review. In the long-term, the effect of negative public health expenditure shocks during business cycles on weakening health indicators is greater than the effect of its positive shocks on strengthening health indicators (confirmation of asymmetric effect). Also, the impact of positive and negative shocks on public health expenditures during periods of economic recession is greater than during periods of economic boom. With a 1% decrease in public health expenditures during periods of economic recession, the death rate of children under 5 years increases by 0.17% and the life expectancy decreases by 0.13%.Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is recommended to increase public health expenditures during periods of economic recession in order to reduce the vulnerability of the lower classes of society. But, considering the pro-cyclical behavior of public health expenditures, it is necessary to adopt policies and solutions to reduce the intensity of this behavior. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Healthcare expenditure efficiency and its determinants in Iran: a data envelopment analysis and Tobit regression (2000-2019)
Fatemeh Yari Lotfali Agheli Hossein Sadeghi

10.30495/ijdea.2023.72415.1192

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Air Pollution and Public Health Expenditures - A Dynamic Panel Data Approach
maryam fattahi Abbas Esari hosein sadeghi hosein asgharpour

Abstract This study intends to investigate the effect of air pollution on public health expenditures and to identify the most important factors affecting the relationship between air pollution and public health expenditures. The scope of the study is the developing cou More

Abstract This study intends to investigate the effect of air pollution on public health expenditures and to identify the most important factors affecting the relationship between air pollution and public health expenditures. The scope of the study is the developing countries during 1995-2011. For this purpose, a dynamic panel and Generalized Method of Moments are used. The empirical results indicate that there is a robust and significant relationship between air pollution, per capita income, urbanization, government size, aging dependency and public health expenditure and unemployment have a negative but significant effect on public health expenditures. Also, per capita income, urbanization and education have significant effect on the relationship between air pollution and public health expenditures. That is, the effects of air pollution on health expenditures in the countries with higher per capita income, higher urbanization rates and lower education levels are significantly higher than other countries.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Relationship between Per Capita Health Expenditure and Per Capita GDP (A Case Study of Low and Middle Income Countries)
davood behboodi faranak bastan majid feshari

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between per capita health expenditure and per capita GDP for lower and middle income countries during 2003-2007. For this purpose, we used the Hsiao's-Granger and Toda & Yamamoto(TY) causality tests More

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between per capita health expenditure and per capita GDP for lower and middle income countries during 2003-2007. For this purpose, we used the Hsiao's-Granger and Toda & Yamamoto(TY) causality tests for investigating short-run relation between two variables. The results of the model estimation reveal that there is a unilateral causality from the GDP per capita to per capita health expenditure. Due to the results of this paper, the main implication policy of this study is that the policymakers and economic planners should adopt the suitable policies to improve economic growth and GDP per capita. Because, the increase of GDP per capita can be enhance the consumption expenditures and especially, health expenditures per capita. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Impact of Misery Index on Health Spending in Iran
abolfazl shahabadi mahya Ghorbani Golparvar

Health is one the main indicators of development and investment affecting directly on welfare and economic growth.The most important factors affecting economic growth are the labor, physical capital and human capital.Health is an indicator of human capital leading to an More

Health is one the main indicators of development and investment affecting directly on welfare and economic growth.The most important factors affecting economic growth are the labor, physical capital and human capital.Health is an indicator of human capital leading to an increase in labor productivity and thus economic growth.So, health expenditure is introduced an investment in human capital. One of the main challenges in health sector is to identify the factors determining the amount of resources devoted by a country to health care. The misery index is one of these factors.The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of misery index on health expenditure in Iran during 1971 to 2011.The results represent that there is a significant negative relationship between misery index and health expenditures.According to estimations, the government size estimated coefficient, urbanization rate and per capita income have a significant positive effect and education estimated coefficients and income inequality have a significant negative impact on health expenditure in Iran.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The impact of health expenditure on the stability of the banking sector considering the role of financial literacy and financial inclusion: a case study of selected oil countries
marwan abdolrazagh matar hosein sharifi renani adeeb GHasem SHandi bahar hafezi

Introduction: The banking industry is very important in the global economy; therefore, the stability of this sector is important and it is necessary to examine the factors affecting it. Among these factors, we can refer to health expenses. Inclusion and financial litera More

Introduction: The banking industry is very important in the global economy; therefore, the stability of this sector is important and it is necessary to examine the factors affecting it. Among these factors, we can refer to health expenses. Inclusion and financial literacy are also mentioned as other factors affecting banking stability. Methods: In order to analyze the data, panel data regression method was used. The statistical sample of the research is 12 selected oil exporting countries including Algeria, Indonesia, Ecuador, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Kuwait, Nigeria, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Angola and UAE. Results: The findings of the research showed that the health expenditure variable had positive and significant effects on the bank stability variable. Financial inclusion had negative and significant effects on banking stability variable, while financial literacy had positive and significant effects on banking stability in the studied countries. Conclusion: A strong health care system provides improved medical facilities, which increases the ability and longevity of households. This increase in life expectancy and ability improves the income of households, and as a result, the amount of savings and bank deposits has increased, which can improve the financial stability of banks through the strengthening of banks' capital. Manuscript profile

List of Articles Health Expenditure

Sanad

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages