Effect of Health Expenditure and Good Governance on Health Indicators in MENA Countries Using the Generalized Method of Moments )GMM(
Subject Areas : medical documentsBadriyeh Hosseinpur 1 , ahmad sarlak 2 , Mohammad Hasan Fotros 3
1 - PhD student in Economics, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University Arak, Iran
3 - Professor, Department of Economics, BU Ali Seina University, Hamedan, Iran
Keywords: Health Indicator, MENA Countries, Health Expenditures, Good governance,
Abstract :
Introduction: In previous studies, little attention has been paid to the simultaneous effect of health expenditures and good governance on health indicators. In this regard, in this study, the effect of health expenditures and good governance on the health index of Mena countries during the period 2002 to 2019 has been investigated. Methods: The present study is descriptive-analytic of applied type. The statistical population includes the countries of Mana. The method of data collection is library and the data required for the research have been collected by referring to the World Bank database and world government indicators.The data were analyzed by using unit Root, Cao and Generalized Torque tests using Eviews 9 software. In this study, weighted average of six indicators of self-esteem and accountability, political stability and lack of violence, government efficiency, order quality And regulations, rule of law and corruption control as a good governance indicator, as well as infant mortality rates and mortality rates for children under the age of 5 were used as indicators of health. Results: The results showed that health costs had a positive and significant effect (coefficient -1.32) on the mortality rate of children under 5 years and a positive and significant effect (coefficient -1.2) on the death rate. And infant mortality as a health index has the health index of selected countries. Also, good governance index has a negative (non-significant) effect on health status in selected countries. The results also showed that the weak institutional structure in Mena countries weakens the impact of health expenditures on the under-5 mortality rate (coefficient - 0.13) and (-0.12) on infant mortality rate as a health indicator. Conclusion: Health in the government leads to improved public health and the lack of government health despite increasing public health spending not only improves public health but also leads to the loss of public resources.
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1- Herrala, R., & Turk-Ariss, R. “Capital accumulation in a politically unstable region”. International Money and Finance, 2016; 64: 1-15.
2- Fei-Fei Ye, Long-Hao Yang, Ying-Ming Wang, A new environmental governance cost prediction method based on indicator synthesis and different risk coefficients, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019; 212: 548-566.
3- Ajami E. The effect of goodgovernance on economic growth of thecountry. Master's Thesis Azad UniTehran; 2011: 122-132.
4- Raeispoor E, Pajuyn J. The effect ofhealth expenditures and economic growthand productivity in Iran regional approach.J Plan Budg, 2013; 4: 43-68. [In Persian]
5- Keefer Ph. Knack S. Boondoggles, rent-seeking, and political checks and balances: public investment under unaccountable governments. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2007; 3: 566-572.
6- Alesina A. The political Economy of High and Low Growth. In Annualworld Bank conference on Development Economics, 1998; 2: 111-89.
7- Dadgar Y, Nadir M, analyzes the relationship between economic and labor market reforms in Iran, Journal of Economic Research, 2011; 45(3): 142-120.
8- Phua K, International Encyclopedia of Public Health, Governance Issues in Health Financing; 2017: 330-341.
9- Maleki Hassanvand B, Jafari M, Fattahi Sh, Ghaffari H. Mechanism of simultaneous effect of good governance and government spending on economic growth, Quarterly Journal of Scientific Growth and Development Research, 2019; 34: 104-99. [In Persian]
10- Salehnia N, Mokhtari Torshizi H, Seyedi M. Impact of Health Costs and Good Governance Given Carbon Dioxide Threshold on Men's and Women's Health in Selected Developing Countries, Health Research Journal, 2019; 5(1): 32-40. [In Persian]
11- Kafili V, Ghasemzade M. The Role of Good Governance in the Impact ofGovernment Expenditure on Health, Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 2019, 4(23): 137-161. [In Persian]
12- Daghighi A., Abdolsalami M, The role of good governance in the impact of government spending on the health sector: A case study of selected countries, Economic Journal, 2018, 3-4: 21-5. [In Persian]
13- Purehtesham M, the Relationship between Quality Governance and Health in Southwest Asia, Journal of Social Welfare, 2018: 18(69): 184-159.
14- Sayehmiri A, Effect of Good Governance on Public Health Expenditures, Journal of Research in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, 2018; 25(5): 17-10. [In Persian]
15- Imamgholipour S, Asheyeh Z, The Index of Governance in Islam and its Impact on Health Outcomes in Iran, Islamic Republic of Economics and Banking Quarterly, 2017; 15: 108-93. [In Persian]
16- Sabagh Kermani M, Basskah M, the role of good governance in improving the function of government expenditures: Case study of Islamic health and education sector, Journal of Economic Research, 2009; 44(1): 120-100. [In Persian]
17- Ssozi, J., & Amlani, S. The effectiveness of health expenditure on the proximate and ultimate goals of healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 2018; 76: 165-179.
18- Guisan M, Exposito P. “Health Expenditure, Education, Government Effectiveness and Quality of Life in Africa and Asia”. Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 2017; 10(1): 115-126.
19- Kaufmann D, Kraay A, Mastruzzi M. Governance matters III: ngovernance indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002. World Bank Economic of good governance, Int J Health Care Finance Econ, 2004; 13: 33–52.
20- Wolf S. Does aid improve public service delivery? Review of World Economics, 2007; 143(4): 650-672.
21- Rajkumar A, Swaroop V. Public spending and outcomes: Does governance matter? Journal of Development Economics, 2008; 86: 96–111.
22- Kaufmann D, Aart K. The worldwide governance indicators methodology and analytical issues. The World Bank, 2010; 1-9.
23- Bond R. Dynamic panel data model: A guide to micro data methods and practice", The Institute for Fiscal Studies Department of Economics; 2002: 1-34.
24- Feng Y. Democracy, Governance and Economic performance: Theory and Evidence, Camdridge: MA", MIT press, 2003; 3(6): 55-98
25- Knack S. Democracy, Governance and Growth, Ann Arbor, The university of Michigan press, 2003; 7(9): 99-119.
26- Lewis M. Governance and corruption in publichealth care systems. Center for GlobalDevelopment; 2006. [Cited 2014 Aug 14].http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/5967_file_WP_78.pdf
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28- Alesina A. The political Economy of High and Low Growth. In Annualworld Bank conference on Development Economics, 1998; 2: 111-89.
29- La porto, R. ,Lopez- de- silanes, f., shleifer, A. and vishny, R, The Quality of Govermment, Journal of Law, Economics and arganisation, 1998; 15(1): 222- 279.
30- Knack S. Democracy, Governance and Growth, Ann Arbor, The university of Michigan press, 2003; 7: 9:99-119.
31- Feng Y. Democracy, Governance and Economic performance: Theory and Evidence, Camdridge: MA", MIT press, 2003; 3: 6: 55-98
32- Mauro, P., corruption and Growth, Quartely Journal of Economics, 1995; 110(3): 681-712.
33- Alizadeh Sani M, Fani AA. The influence of administrative corruption on human social development. Ethics in Science & Technology, 2007; 2(1): 17-24. [In Persian]
34- Sarlak, a. The impact of health indicators on the economic growth of the country's provinces. Faslname‐Modiraite Behdast va Darman, 2015; 6(1): 7‐17.[In Persian]
