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Open Access Article
1 - Developing Green Roof System in Accordance with Sustainable Development
Ahmad Reza Keshtkar Ghalati Mojtaba Ansari Sajad Nazi Dizji Increasing worldwide environmental concerns have led to the development of environmentally friendly construction practices and Green roof technology is one possibility for reducing the environmental impact of a building. The main benefits of green roofs are their More Increasing worldwide environmental concerns have led to the development of environmentally friendly construction practices and Green roof technology is one possibility for reducing the environmental impact of a building. The main benefits of green roofs are their ability to regulate the temperature in and around buildings, improve energy efficiency in buildings, reduce the urban heat island effect, retain storm water, and increase the lifespan of a roof. Further, their secondary benefits include their ability to provide therapy to humans, provide space for agricultural use, improve public perception of a company or institution, improve the aesthetic environment, increase property value, reduce noise inside a building, and provide habitat for airborne species, However the main goal is always environmental quality enhancement. Sustainable structures and Green systems have been the most important issues for developed countries. Now these projects in developing countries like Iran have been doing for resolving several problems with cultural, social, environmental, and economical results. All of these efforts can be studied in base of sustainable development. Study about green roof is not a new object but green system is a new object. If these systems be used in the country we can interest of these benefits and also many occupations will be created, so we should use them in macro scale otherwise they will be forgotten. One of the resolves of widespread green system performance is defining it in accordance with sustainable development. In today’s society, sustaining the environment is becoming an increasingly important issue. Consumers, businesses and institutions are making an effort to be environmentally conscious for the sake of the planet. In addition, businesses and institutions have the incentive appearing more environmentally conscious to the public, and are beginning to forgo immediate economic gains for the sake of engaging in more environmentally sustainable activities and systems. The investigation done has incorporated literature research, expert consultations and university information and has aggregated experiences of pioneer countries in this field. The objective of this study is to determine whether the environmental benefits and financial incentives of green roof systems in Iran are sufficient to render the green roof a sound investment. The purpose of this research is justifying the green roof system in Iran by using of environmental development criteria. In the conclusion we found that one way to develop and justify the system in Iran is defining and analyzing the ways of developing that by sustainable development criteria. The debate is over; human beings have to this point had an adverse effect on the stability of Earth. Many human practices and processes utilized to sustain the current standard of living have proven to be unsustainable. In light of this fact, the green revolution is gaining momentum throughout the world. A green roof is essentially a roof with a living system of plants on the top. In Iran, green roof technology has been slow to catch on. Green systems are minimal and more information needs to be relayed to people in order to stimulate green roof systems in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Green Roof An effective solution to reduce the pollution of buildings in the city (results according to the recipe in leed and bream)
nehri nishaboori وحید قبادیانIncreasing the pollution of the place, especially the impact of buildings on human beings, has led to finding solutions that reduce pollution in the environment. The extent and importance of the issue of pollution in the environment makes it more urgent to address these MoreIncreasing the pollution of the place, especially the impact of buildings on human beings, has led to finding solutions that reduce pollution in the environment. The extent and importance of the issue of pollution in the environment makes it more urgent to address these guidelines. It illustrates the solutions that operate on the basis of various approaches to the object and purpose of controlling the pollution of buildings. Reducing contamination, carbon dioxide emissions, carbon sequestration, increasing the life span of the roof, reducing waste production using the bottom soil as a small landfill for waste with a very low amount, increasing water quality by drainage of sewage, and creating an insulation against noise pollution. To achieve this goal, because of the high density in cities and the lack of space for the expansion of green space, green roofs are much more effective. To justify what our horizons are in the design and use of green roofs to control contaminations such as carbon dioxide and the use of optimal water recycling systems, there are instructions and definitions that can be found in the set of recommendations and in the expression And it is standardized in design. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Factors Affecting Citizens' Attitudes toward the Development of Green Roofs(Case Study of Mashhad)
Rostam SaberifarObjective: The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of residents of Mashhad about the development of green roofs. Method: The Method of this research was a descriptive-correlation survey. The statistical population of this study included all residents w MoreObjective: The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of residents of Mashhad about the development of green roofs. Method: The Method of this research was a descriptive-correlation survey. The statistical population of this study included all residents who were engaged in the establishment and development of green roofs. The required sample size was 100 people who were selected by simple random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed scientifically (Alpha coefficient calculated = 0/9078) was used to collect. Since attitude is a sociological and psychological concept, questions were asked to measure each of these dimensions. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and multivariate regression model. Results: The results showed that there was a positive relationship between the attitude of green roof owners and their participation in promotional activities. In addition, due to the high level of literacy of these people, their benefit of essential skills was assessed appropriately. There was a positive and significant relationship between the amount of technical knowledge of owners and their attitudes. Stepwise linear multi-variable regression calculations revealed that literacy and participation variables in promotional programs explained 30.2 percent of the changes in their attitudes. Conclusion: The proposed strategy emphasizes the participation and presence of households with the primary cultural and scientific backgrounds so that others will be able to face their fears of being involved in this field by observing their positive outcomes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Application of Life Cycle Assessment Method to Compare Environmental Impacts of a Green Roof and a Normal Roof
Elma Mohammadi Seyed Hamed Mirkarimi Marjan Mohammadzadeh Introduction: Green roof is one of the options to improve environmental problems of urban areas. Meanwhile there are some worries about the environmental impacts of creating green roofs, as despite the benefits of vegetation, some layers of green roofs like wate More Introduction: Green roof is one of the options to improve environmental problems of urban areas. Meanwhile there are some worries about the environmental impacts of creating green roofs, as despite the benefits of vegetation, some layers of green roofs like waterproof membrane, are made from polymers. In this survey, environmental impacts of an extensive green roof in its lifetime were compared with a normal roof. Materials and Method: In this survey, life cycle assessment method was used. Since there are various methods to implement a green roof, first different methods of implementation and different materials that can be used in its layers were studied and collected. Then some of these methods were chosen to investigate their environmental impacts in order to find the optimized option to create a green roof. On the next step, life cycle assessment of optimized option and normal roof was conducted. The open LCA software was used to compare environmental impacts of different implementing methods, and also optimized option and normal roof. Results and Discussion: Results showed that the green roof has less environmental impacts than normal roof, during its lifetime. In addition, it was indicated that in some impact categories that the environmental impacts of green roof was more than normal roof the reason was using PVC and geotextile (glass fiber and polyester) in its layers. Results of this paper can be improved by measuring benefits of creating a green roof (such as reducing quantity and quality of run off amounts), and also using materials with less environmental impacts in green roofs layers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Measuring and Evaluating the Resilience of Urban Areas Against Urban Flooding (Case study: Tehran zone 4)
mostafa Nahid Mohammad Reza Zandmoghadam Zeynab KarkehabadiBackground and Objective: Due to the rapid growth of cities and increasing urbanization in recent decades, urban runoff and flood damage is one of the most important and fundamental issues in the field of urban management. The purpose of this study is in the first part; MoreBackground and Objective: Due to the rapid growth of cities and increasing urbanization in recent decades, urban runoff and flood damage is one of the most important and fundamental issues in the field of urban management. The purpose of this study is in the first part; Quantitative simulation of floods caused by rainfall for region 4 of Tehran for the years 1349-1396 using the SWMM model. Material and Methodology: The simulation was performed for six-hour showers with 2, 5 and 10 year return periods for 12 hours. In this research, two projects of the best management strategies (BMP) under the garden and green roof climate scenario and a combination of both scenarios to control the maximum runoff in terms of quantity and finally their efficiency in reducing the total volume of runoff out of the basin, is studied. In the second part; Evaluation and analysis of resilience caused by urban floods in the 9 districts of Tehran's 4th district in four dimensions: socio-cultural, economic, managerial-institutional and physical. This section is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of survey and descriptive-analytical methods. The statistical population of the study is the total citizens of Region 4, of which the sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula of 384 people. According to the obtained results, the third scenario (combining the first and second scenarios) will have the greatest impact on reducing the flow depth and flow rate in the entire surface water collection network. Findings: Findings of the research in the field of resilience assessment and analysis showed that District 5, District 4 of Tehran is the most desirable district and District 1 and District 8, 4 are the most undesirable in terms of resilience against urban floods. Discussion and Conclusion: Districts 4 and 9 are ranked last in terms of resilience-cultural, economic, managerial-institutional), which indicates that this area is weak in some cases, which is to reduce the level of vulnerability. to be noticed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Study of the Role of Green Roofs as a Strategy to Improve Urban Environmental Quality from the Sustainable Architecture Perspective
Mohammad Rezvani Mohammad Mehdi Payravand Mehdi Nojavan Mehdi SahbaBackground and Objective: Green roof is one of the new approaches of the architecture and urban planning and derived from the concepts of sustainable development which can be used to increase the green space per capita, environmental quality and urban sus MoreBackground and Objective: Green roof is one of the new approaches of the architecture and urban planning and derived from the concepts of sustainable development which can be used to increase the green space per capita, environmental quality and urban sustainable development. Applied usage of roofs could be considered as an optimized utilization of urban lands. The main objective of this paper is to study the role of green roofs as a strategy to improve urban environmental quality from the sustainable architecture perspective. Method: Initially, a questionnaire was designed on the base of experts’ opinions, including 22 questions. Then 30 experts in the field of urban planning and architecture were selected as the study sample. Considering architectural issues and urban sustainable development, questions were categorized according to three main scopes: 1. The effects of green roofs on the ecological, continental, environmental, and economic-cultural aspects, 2. The differences between intensive and extensive green roofs, and 3. The differences between the green roofs and common roofs. The Alpha method was used for the evaluation of the reliability, and 3 hypotheses were presented for analyzing the questionnaire. Results: The alpha factor was gained to be 0.727, showing that the questionnaire had a proper reliability. After analyzing the hypotheses, they were confirmed. This implied the great effect of green roofs on improvement of urban environmental quality from the sustainable architecture perspective. The results showed that totally 70-80% of experts declared that the green roofs had high importance in the improving the environmental quality and sustainable urban development. Indeed, green roofs are our connector with nature in designing and planning and can reduce the negative effects of buildings in local ecosystem and consequently reduce the energy consumption. Moreover, green roofs can have a determinative role in fluctuation of energy circulation in buildings and may play an aesthetical role for the residents of cities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Investigating the effect of Atrium-related Green Roof Cooling and Heating loads on Energy Management in Pedagogical Spaces in Cold Climate
Kaveh Shokoohi Dehkordi Maryam FarhadianBackground and Objective: Educational spaces in Iran, with a student population of about 12 million people and lowgradedness of 75% of schools in terms of energy management, are one of the most energy wasting applications. Adding to this is the developing student popula MoreBackground and Objective: Educational spaces in Iran, with a student population of about 12 million people and lowgradedness of 75% of schools in terms of energy management, are one of the most energy wasting applications. Adding to this is the developing student population and non-renewable energy reserves which are under distruction. Therefore, it is essential to bind to modern proposals for the use of renewable energy sources as alternatives for designing educational spaces in Iran to step towards further development of this application. In this study, in line with the introduction of green architecture as a renewable source of energy, the green schools model covered with a green roof in connection with atrium has been presented. Moreover, the impact of atrium-related green roof cooling and heating loads on energy management in pedagogical spaces in Sharekors as one of the cold climate regions of Iran has been investigated. Method: In the present study, which is descriptive-analytic, suggested a synthetic model of atrium- related green roof has been suggested as a strategy for energy saving in pedagogical. For studying the heating load in summer and cooling load in winter, three classrooms in Shahrekord as an example of cold climate region in Iran were simulated by Carrier Hap software (Hourly Analysis Program, one of the most modern softwares for heat transfer analysis whose results of are accepted by the U.S Green Building Council or LEED). Findings: The results of this project showed the advantage of using green roofs for improvement of heating load in the winter and cooling load in summer in the classes with atrium-related green roofs over the classes with 40-cm and 66-cm conventional roofs . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Green Rooftop; approach towards qualitative improvement in microclimatic and tourism attraction in Sustainable city
Marjan Khanzadeh NatanziToday, thinkers and environment and urban designers are concerned about the inevitable growth of metropolises trying to propose some methods to moderate its effects. This has resulted in some patterns that reduce its disturbing effects along with improving the quality o MoreToday, thinkers and environment and urban designers are concerned about the inevitable growth of metropolises trying to propose some methods to moderate its effects. This has resulted in some patterns that reduce its disturbing effects along with improving the quality of life in these cities. Mankind is aware of the value of the sustained spaces and is trying to answer his needs, holding permanent horizons in view. These efforts resulted in patterns of sustained metropolises, a steady and dense city. But this human achievement is not, like his other achievements, without a consequence. Research shows that increase in the density of the city disturbs the balance in the illumination of the city spaces in addition to damaging the heat transfer between the earth, buildings and the atmosphere. It also affects the internal heat of the city, increases the temperature and influences the velocity of the wind. In another view, higher density means a decreased opportunity for building green spaces resulting in a demolished desirability of the spaces. It also results in crowdedness and brings about air pollution. As flat planes that occupy a large share in such dense cities, roofs are of great importance to us. Good effects of green patterns on improving the climatic conditions like moderating undesirable consequences of dense cities decrease of heat and sun waves, the velocity of the wind and pollution posits a good potential in plans. Bruce’s non-hydrostatic model is used in this research to simulate a site in three conditions of its current state, increase in density and greening the roofs. Then effects of rooftop greening especially on air temperature and wind velocity are studied. Finally a comparison is made between the results of this research and other researches done in this field t achieve a broader insight into how greening the roofs may affect low-scale environmental conditions specially in dense cities by using plants in higher scales. There is also a discussion about other benefits of this approach to show its value in architectural and urban projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Greening the Rooftop; One step towards microclimatic amelioration and tourism attraction in Sustainable city
Marjan Khanzadeh NatanziAbstractToday, thinkers and environment and urbandesigners are concerned about the inevitablegrowth of metropolises trying to propose somemethods to moderate its effects. This has resultedin some patterns that reduce its disturbing effectsalong with improving the qualit MoreAbstractToday, thinkers and environment and urbandesigners are concerned about the inevitablegrowth of metropolises trying to propose somemethods to moderate its effects. This has resultedin some patterns that reduce its disturbing effectsalong with improving the quality of life in thesecities.Mankind is aware of the value of the sustained spacesand is trying to answer his needs, holding permanenthorizons in view. These efforts resulted in patterns ofsustained metropolises, a steady and dense city.But this human achievement is not, like his otherachievements, without a consequence. Research showsthat increase in the density of the city disturbs thebalance in the illumination of the city spaces in additionto damaging the heat transfer between the earth, buildingsand the atmosphere. It also affects the internalheat of the city, increases the temperature andinfluences the velocity of the wind. In anotherview, higher density means a decreased opportunityfor building green spaces resulting in ademolished desirability of the spaces. It alsoresults in crowdedness and brings about airpollution.As flat planes that occupy a large share in such densecities, roofs are of great importance to us. Good effectsof green patterns on improving the climatic conditionslike moderating undesirable consequences of densecities decrease of heat and sun waves, the velocity ofthe wind and pollution posits a good potential in plans.Bruce’s non-hydrostatic model is used in this researchto simulate a site in three conditions of its current state,increase in density and greening the roofs. Theneffects of rooftop greening especially on air temperatureand wind velocity are studied. Finally a comparison ismade between the results of this research and otherresearches done in this field t achieve a broader insightinto how greening the roofs may affect low-scaleenvironmental conditions specially in dense citiesby using plants in higher scales. There is also adiscussion about other benefits of this approach toshow its value in architectural and urban projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Investigation the Role of Green Roof and Walls in the Thermal Performance of Urban Buildings based on Sustainable Architecture (A Case Study in Mashhad-Iran)
sara atashi golestan Mahmoud Golabchi -
Open Access Article
11 - Effect of substrate and humic acid on some morphophysiological traits and water consumption of Carpobrotus edulis L. in a green roof system
Maliheh Rabbani Kheir Khah Fatemeh KazemiThe health of plants in green roof conditions depends to a large extent on the supply of water required by plants. The composition of the substrate is effective in maintaining the moisture and making it available to the plant, and one of the solutions to reduce water co MoreThe health of plants in green roof conditions depends to a large extent on the supply of water required by plants. The composition of the substrate is effective in maintaining the moisture and making it available to the plant, and one of the solutions to reduce water consumption in the green roof is improving the substrate. In this study, water requirement and some morphophysiological traits of Carpobrotus edulis L. were studied under substrate and humic acid treatment. The research was conducted in green roof box conditions as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications from May to September 2020 in Mashhad. The first factor was substrate including Substrate 1 (soil 20% + 20% Leica + 20% perlite + mineral pumice + 20% leaf soil), Substrate 2 (substrate 1 + 6% by weight of bentonite), Substrate 3 (substrate 1+ 12% by weight of bentonite), soilless Substrate 4 (27% mineral pumice + 27% Leica + 27% perlite + 20% leaf soil), Substrate 5 (substrate 4 + 6% by weight bentonite), and Substrate 6 (substrate 4+ 12% by weight of bentonite). The second factor was the concentration of humic acid (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) applied as fertigation every 15 days. Soil-containing substrates performed significantly better than soilless substrates and the highest coverage, root length, and volume of green roof plants were observed in substrate 3 (containing soil and 12% by weight of bentonite). The highest leaf water and chlorophyll contents and the lowest relative saturation deficit, carotenoids, phenols, and leaf carbohydrates were observed in Substrate 3, which show the physiological stability of the plant under stress conditions, was evident in substrate 3. Application of 200 mg/L humic acid was associated with the best growth and physiological performance of plants. A substrate rich in moisture and nutrients, including 20% Soil + 20% Leica + 20% perlite +20% mineral pumice + 12% w bentonite + 200 mg/L humic acid resulted in the plants with optimal water consumption. The presence of soil and mineral superabsorbent (bentonite) in the green roof substrate is especially important in terms of moisture retention, and of course, the supplementary nutrition of plants in the green roof also improves their performance in the green roof. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Innovation and Green Roof Technologies, with an Emphasis on District 1 of Tehran
Shahin Khaledi Farah Habib Hamid MajidiUrban vegetation provides valuable ecosystem services to cities and their residents. With the increasing recognition of the multifunctional benefits of these services, improving green space networks tailored to the environmental and climatic characteristics of each city MoreUrban vegetation provides valuable ecosystem services to cities and their residents. With the increasing recognition of the multifunctional benefits of these services, improving green space networks tailored to the environmental and climatic characteristics of each city is a global trend. Green roofs have also gained attention as an important element in enhancing vegetation coverage and green spaces. The implementation of green roofs in Tehran can contribute to reducing building energy consumption and mitigating hazards such as air pollution, noise pollution, and heat islands, while enhancing urban biodiversity. In a time when greenhouse gas emissions are on the rise and the impacts of climate change are affecting urban life, the application of green roofs can be a step towards increasing resilience. It is necessary to optimize and integrate green roof components within the framework of green, intelligent, and sustainable building approaches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - توانایی ذخیره انرژی بام سبز گسترده با پوشش گیاهی متفاوت در مقایسه با بام بدون پوشش در یک دوره یکساله در ایران
نوید وحدتی علی تهرانی فر فاطمه کاظمیدمای هوا در شهرها به دلیل رخداد پدیده جزیره گرمایی و تغییر اقلیمی اجتناب ناپذیر، به­طور پیوسته رو به افزایش است. این افزایش دما منجر به ایجاد مشکلاتی چند از جمله کمبود انرژی در شهرها، برهم زدن شرایط آرامش، ایجاد آسیب برای شهروندان و تشدید آلودگی­ها شده است. راه& Moreدمای هوا در شهرها به دلیل رخداد پدیده جزیره گرمایی و تغییر اقلیمی اجتناب ناپذیر، به­طور پیوسته رو به افزایش است. این افزایش دما منجر به ایجاد مشکلاتی چند از جمله کمبود انرژی در شهرها، برهم زدن شرایط آرامش، ایجاد آسیب برای شهروندان و تشدید آلودگی­ها شده است. راه­های گوناگونی برای کاهش این نگرانی­ها و مخاطرات وجود داشته و از این میان بام­های سبز بسیار کارا و موثر نشان داده­اند. این تحقیق به بررسی عملکرد ذخیره انرژی (تغییرات دمایی) در یک بام سبز با پوشش­های گیاهی متنوع در ایران و شهر مشهد پرداخته است. 9 گونه گیاهی از سه دسته مهمی که معمولا در بام سبز به کار می­روند (گراس، گیاهان پوششی و سدوم­ها) (Agropyron cristatum, Festuca aurundinaceae, Festuca ovina, Potentila sp., Frankinia thymifolia, Sedum acre, Sedum spurium, Carpoboratus edulis و Vinca minor) گزینش و تغییرات دمایی در 4 فصل متوالی (پاییز، زمستان، بهار و تابستان) در قالب یک آزمایش کاملا تصادفی با 3 تکرار ثبت گردید. یک واحد آزمایشی بدون پوشش گیاهی (بام بدون پوشش) نیز به عنوان تیمار شاهد در نظر گرفته شد. دماسنج­های کوچک دستی برای اندازه­گیری دما در هر جعبه قرار داده شد. نتایج حاکی از اختلاف معنی­دار بین بام­ سبز و بام بدون پوشش با در نظر گرفتن تغییرات دماست (P < 0.01). مطابق پیش بینی، گیاهان با اندازه بزرگتر و وزن زیست توده بالاتر درجه حرارت را با ثبات بیشتری نگهداشت و به ترتیب دماهای بالاتر و پایین­تر کمتری در فصول گرم و سرد سال در آن­ها مشاهده گردید. آسایش دمایی و کاهش مصرف انرژی می­تواند با استفاده از بام سبز در سطح گسترده برای نیازهای رو به فزونی شهرها و جمعیت شهروندی، تامین گردد. Manuscript profile
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