List of Articles Eugenol

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  1 - The Effect of Eight-Weeks of Aerobic Training with Nano-eugenol Supplementation on Pancreatic Tissue UPC3 Gene Expression and MDA Serum Levels in Diabetic Rats
  Shirin Fotovat Khosro Jalali dehkordi Farzaneh Taghian
  10.30495/varzesh.2020.678661
  Abstract Introduction: The use of exercise and herbal supplements to treat diseases and metabolic disorders has become popular among the people. Regarding the health-enhancing effects of aerobic training and eugenol, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of More

  Abstract Introduction: The use of exercise and herbal supplements to treat diseases and metabolic disorders has become popular among the people. Regarding the health-enhancing effects of aerobic training and eugenol, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with nano-eugenol supplementation on the gene expression of non-placental protein 3 (UPC3) in pancreatic tissue and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 20 diabetic rats were divided into four groups of five rats: 1) control, 2) aerobic training, 3) nano-eugenol, and 4) nano-eugenol + training. To investigate the effects of diabetes induction on research variables, five healthy rats were placed in a healthy control group. For eight weeks, groups 3 and 4 received 2 mmol of nano-eugenol by gavage daily, and groups 2 and 4 performed aerobic training at 30 m/s five days a week. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post- hoc test were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05). Findings: Induction of diabetes had a significant effect on increasing UPC3 gene expression in pancreatic tissue and MDA serum levels (P=0.001). However, aerobic training with nano-eugenol had a significant effect on the reduction of UPC3 gene expression in pancreatic tissue (P=0.001) and serum levels (P=0.01). Conclusion: It seems that aerobic training along with the use of nano-eugenol has more favorable effects on improving UPC3 gene expression levels and MDA serum levels than the either one alone in diabetes. Keywords: Aerobic Training, Nano Eugenol, UPC3, Malondialdehyde, Diabetes   Extended Abstract Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common and growing global health issue. According to the American Diabetes Association, there are about 400 million people with diabetes in the world and it is expected to be increased to more than 600 million people in 2035. In recent years, exercise has been used as a non-pharmacological strategy to control diabetes and its complications. Exercise improves inflammatory diseases such as diabetes by reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (3). Unpaired protein 3 (UPC3) catalyzes adaptive calorific value in muscle due to the increase of proton transfer from the inner mitochondrial membrane. Numerous studies have shown decreased expression of UPC3 mRNA and UPC3 protein in the skeletal muscle of subjects or as a result of aerobic training (4). Currently, the main effective treatment for diabetes is the use of insulin and synthetic drugs that lower blood glucose; but these compounds have several side effects. Given that medicinal plants have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs, therefore, researchers are looking for herbal compounds to treat or prevent this disease. Eugenolor 4-ally1-2-methoxyphenol is an aromatic molecule that is textured in the oils and in the essential oils of various plants, including cloves and cinnamon (6). Various studies have shown that natural antioxidants with phenolic structure play an important role in protecting body tissues against free radicals. According to the presented evidence, eugenol has an important protective effect against lipid peroxidation originated from free radical (7). Therefore, the present study was done to shed light on the ambiguities in this field due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes and its harmful effects on health and the incidence of its complications as well as the effect of antioxidant supplements and the specific type of physical activity on its control and lack of studies on the interactive effects of aerobic training and the use of nano-eugenolon the expression of UPC3 gene and MDA serum levels in diabetic patient.   Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats were purchased and transferred to the laboratory. Subsequently, 20 rats underwent intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). After confirming the rats as diabetic, fasting glucose-based diabetic rats were divided into four groups of five series including 1) training, 2) eugenol, 3) training + eugenol and 4) control. To investigate the effects of diabetes induction on research variables, the remaining five rats were placed in a healthy control group. For eight weeks, groups 3 and 4 received 2 mmol nano-eugenol daily by gavage (10) and groups 2 and 4 performed aerobic training at a speed of 30 m/min, five days a week according to Table 1 (11). It is noteworthy that eugenol was purchased specifically from Sigma and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Nanoparticles were prepared according to the protocol with a concentration of 10% (10). Forty-eight hours after the last training session and after 14 hours of fasting, rats were injected intraperitoneally with a mixture of ketamine (10% at a dose of 50 mg/kg) and xylazine (2% at a dose of 10 mg/kg) were anesthetized and pancreatic tissue and serum of all rats were extracted. Then, UPC3 gene expression levels were measured by Real Time PCR method and MDA serum levels were measured by ELISA method using zellbio kits made in Germany. The sequence of primers of the present research is presented in Table 2. Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests, one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post- hoc test were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05).   Findings The results of one-way analysis test showed that there was a significant difference in UPC3 (P=0.001) and MDA (P=0.001) levels of the studied groups. The results of Tukey post- hoc test showed that UPC3 in diabetic control (P=0.001), training (P=0.008), and eugenol (P=0.02) groups was significantly higher than healthy control group. UPC3 in the training + eugenol group was significantly lower than the diabetic control group (P=0.001) and training group (P=0.001). MDA serum levels in diabetic control groups (P=0.001), training group (P=0.02), and eugenol group (P=0.03) were significantly higher than healthy control group. In addition, UPC3 in training + eugenol group was significantly lower than the control group (P=0.02).   Discussion The results of the present study showed that induction of diabetes had a significant effect on increasing UPC3 gene expression in pancreatic tissue and MDA serum levels. However, aerobic training had no significant effect on pancreatic UPC3 gene expression levels and MDA serum levels in diabetic rats. The findings of some studies show that UPC3 has significant changes due to the consumption of fatty foods, weight gain, as well as under the influence of training and weight loss. Fallahi et al., examined an eight-week period and an acute phase of high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on UCP2 and UCP3 in heart tissue of rats and reported an increase in UCP3 expression following the acute phase. They also reported that UCP2 and UCP3 gene expression decreased after a period of HIIT (14). To sum up what was mentioned above, it seems that response to UCPs expression is not related to the type of training; because HIIT was used in the study of Fallahi et al., but it is probably the intensity of the activity that plays a role in the expression of their genes. The researchers said that adaptation to exercise caused the reduction in the expression of UCPs, though; they showed an increase in UCP3 expression after an acute activity. Anyway, increasing or decreasing UCP3 gene expression has been reported inconsistently in various studies (14) and requires further discussion. The results of the present study also showed that eight weeks of eugenol use alone did not have a significant effect on pancreatic tissue UPC3 gene expression levels and MDA serum levels in diabetic rats. However, eight weeks of eugenol consumption along with training had a significant effect on reducing gene expression levels of UPC3 in pancreatic tissue and MDA serum levels in diabetic rats. Moreover, consumption of eugenol with training has a more favorable effect on reducing the expression levels of UPC3 gene in pancreatic tissue and MDA serum levels of diabetic rats than the training alone. In this regard, a significant decrease in the MDA index was observed in the research of Aziz Beigi et al., following incremental resistance training (21). Fetors et al., and Carabolt et al., in their studies also reported a significant decrease in MDA due to the training, the results of which are consistent with the present study (22, 23). Lack of control total calorie intake and calorie consumption of rats along with the measurement of metabolic- cellular parameters is one of the limitations of the present study; therefore, it is suggested that the effect of aerobic exercise with different intensities along with taking nano-eugenolsupplements with different doses on these variables be investigated in the future studies.   Conclusion It seems that aerobic training accompanied by nano-eugenol consumption has more beneficial effects than each of them alone on the improving UPC3 gene expression levels and MDA serum levels in diabetics.   Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch of Islamic Azad University with ethical code: IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1398.178.   Funding Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch of Islamic Azad University   Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Khosro Jalali Dehkordi and Farzaneh Taghian; Methodology and data analysis: Shirin Fotovvat; Supervision and final writing: Khosro Jalali Dehkordi and and Farzaneh Taghian.   Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Manuscript profile
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  2 - Evaluation of Eugenol effect, active compound of clove oil, on growth inhibition of methicillin resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus through potential interaction with PBP2 and downregulation of mecA gene
  Nahid Khodadadi Somayeh Ataei-e Jaliseh
  Background and Objectives: Eugenol is the major constituents of clove oil, which is known as an anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant agent. Staphylococcus aureus is most common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections and some bacterial infections death. In this study, the More

  Background and Objectives: Eugenol is the major constituents of clove oil, which is known as an anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant agent. Staphylococcus aureus is most common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections and some bacterial infections death. In this study, the effect of Eugenol on the expression of mecA gene and the interaction with mecA protein (PBP2a) was evaluated in methicillin resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods: Antibacterial activity of Eugenol was investigated in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with DISC diffusion, MIC and MBC. Interaction between Eugenol and mecA protein (PBP2) was evaluated with bioinformatic approaches. The expression of mecA gene was assessed in Eugenol treated and untreated isolates by Q-RT-PCR. Results: results of this study showed that Eugenol inhibited bacterial growth in the DISCs in 80% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. MIC and MBC of Eugenol in the most isolates were determined 5.22 mg/ml and 10.44 mg/ml, respectively. In silico analysis showed interaction between Eugenol and mecA protein (PBP2). mecA gene downregulated in Eugenol treated isolates (5.22 mg/ml) in compared to control. Conclusion: It seems that Eugenol led to growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus isolates through both interaction with PBP2 and mecA gene downregulation. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Antifungal effect of aqueous extract and eugenol of clove on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. sesami, the causal agent of sesame yellows and wilt
  Seddiqe Mohammadi
  Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami, the causal agent of  sesame yellows and wilt is one of important and destructive pathogens of Sesame indicum. Management methods are mainly based on chemical control with sever environmental problems, because resistance cultivars a More

  Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami, the causal agent of  sesame yellows and wilt is one of important and destructive pathogens of Sesame indicum. Management methods are mainly based on chemical control with sever environmental problems, because resistance cultivars are not introduced for this disease. In this study, to reach to sustainable agriculture goals, extract and eugenol of clove were used as a biological materials to control of the pathogen. Based on the results, application of 25, 50, 75 and 100 percentage concentrations of clove extract reduced the pathogen growth rate by 10.33­%, 11.36­%, 13.75­% and 51.1­%, respectively. Also, eugenol application at above mentioned concentrations reduced the pathogen growth rate up to 75­%, 76.47­%, 79.83­% and 81.85­%, respectively. It seems that eugenol is the major and effective components of clove to control of pathogen. The biological material used in this study did not have any negative effect on sesame seed germination and all treatment were placed in one statistical group with the control. This study is the first research for world on control of F. oxysporum. sp. sesami by biological compounds from clove and so more studies are recommended on their effect on the pathogen in greenhouses and fields. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Investigating the effect of eugenol on the pancreas of Wistar rats with polycystic ovary syndrome induced by estradiol valerate
  Zahra Kokabiyan Z Hajebrahimi P Yaghmaei S.B Jameie
  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age. The cause of PCOS is still unknown, however, studies have shown that insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. In addition to insulin resistan More

  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age. The cause of PCOS is still unknown, however, studies have shown that insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. In addition to insulin resistance, it has been shown that some women with PCOS have changes in the function of beta cells. Eugenol is a substance with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of eugenol on pancreatic tissue in female Wistar rats with PCOS. In this experimental study, 30 Wistar rats weighing 200±20 grams were used. To induce polycystic ovary syndrome, estradiol valerate at a dose of 4 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally for 28 days. Animals were divided into 5 groups. The control group and PCOS received normal food, the sham group received solvant, and two treatment groups with intraperitoneal injection of eugenol with doses of 12 and 24 mg/kg. Then, the pancreas of the animals was examined histologically after being fixed, prepared and stained by the H&E method. Pancreas tissue studies showed an increase in inflammatory cells, an increase in necrotic cells and an increase in destroyed islets in the PCOS group. Administration of eugenol improved the histological characteristics of the pancreas. Treatment with eugenol with doses of 12 or 24 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of inflammatory cells, necrotic cells and destroyed islets (p≤0.05). The findings showed that eugenol can be effective in improving PCOS disease and reducing its harmful effects. Manuscript profile
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  5 - Phytochemical characterization and biological properties of Ocimum sanctum L. and its active phytocomponents: Eugenol and β-caryophyllene
  Krupali  Trivedi Nilam Parmar Khairah  Ansari Vaibhavi  Srivastava Nishi  Modi Devendrasinh  Jhala
  This study explored the pharmacognostical and biological properties of Ocimum sanctum L., focusing on its hydromethanolic (HME) and aqueous (AQE) extracts, as well as the bioactive compounds eugenol (EUG) and β-caryophyllene (BCP). Phytochemical analysis revealed a dive More

  This study explored the pharmacognostical and biological properties of Ocimum sanctum L., focusing on its hydromethanolic (HME) and aqueous (AQE) extracts, as well as the bioactive compounds eugenol (EUG) and β-caryophyllene (BCP). Phytochemical analysis revealed a diverse range of compounds, with HME showing higher levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins compared to AQE. Both extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, while EUG and BCP displayed significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. Molecular docking studies indicated that EUG has potential binding to catalase. The findings of this study underscore O. sanctum as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant and anticancer properties. Notably, the extraction method played a crucial role in determining the phytochemical profile. However, further investigations are necessary to fully understand the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of EUG and BCP, particularly as potential catalase inhibitors. Manuscript profile