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Open Access Article
1 - Statistics of the Victims of the Bani Qurayzah Ghazwah: A Study Based on the Method of Document-Text Analysis
Mahdi Malek Mohamadi Mohammad Kazem Rahman SetayeshIslamic narrative sources provided different statistics on the number of Jews killed in the Bani Qurayzah battle, mostly between 400 and 900. Except for a few, the other narrations are “mursal” and not musnad. Some historians and scholars have looked at the MoreIslamic narrative sources provided different statistics on the number of Jews killed in the Bani Qurayzah battle, mostly between 400 and 900. Except for a few, the other narrations are “mursal” and not musnad. Some historians and scholars have looked at the statistics with confirmation, some have denied them, and some have remained silent about them. In this article, we intend to date the mentioned statements as much as possible based on the method of document-text analysis, and determine the period and context of their emergence. In the next step, using some other narrations related to that battle and related historical information such as the number of tribes, we will analyze and evaluate the statistics. From all the studies, we can conclude that the relevant narrations, at least after the killing of Bani Qurayzah was accepted among Muslims, spread to various Islamic regions such as Mecca, Medina, and Kufa in the first half of the second century, and a little later. It has spread to cities like Baghdad and Basra. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Hosseini Brahmins and the Battle of Karbala: A Historical Review
Mohsen MassumiMohiyals are a branch of Brahmins who are divided into seven clans. One of the Mohyal clans is the Dett, who are famous among the Shiites because of the popular stories about the presence of their ancestors in the Karbala. This clan of Brahmins believe that one of their MoreMohiyals are a branch of Brahmins who are divided into seven clans. One of the Mohyal clans is the Dett, who are famous among the Shiites because of the popular stories about the presence of their ancestors in the Karbala. This clan of Brahmins believe that one of their ancestors, named Sidh Datt Rai ir Rahib, participated in the Battle of Karbala with with seven of his sons. Rahib returned to Punjab after seven of his sons were killed during the uprising. From that time until now, the descendants of Rahib, in order to honor her and also the mourning of Imam Hussain, mourn together with the Shiites during the days of Muharram. Therefore, this group of Brahmins have been known as Hosseini Brahmins since the 19th century. In this article, the accuracy of this claim of the Hosseini Brahmins and the compatibility of the narratives in their history with the sources of Islamic history have been examined. Also, the reasons for the greater popularity of these Brahmins from the 19th century onwards have been investigated Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Crisis of Legitimacy in Salim I Sultanate and its Association with the Battle of Chaldiran
مهدی عبادیSince the early10th/16th century, religion developed into an effective factor in the relationshipbetween the Safavid and Ottomans. Although the effect of the political and religious changes in Iran and establishment of the Shiite as official religion was influential; th MoreSince the early10th/16th century, religion developed into an effective factor in the relationshipbetween the Safavid and Ottomans. Although the effect of the political and religious changes in Iran and establishment of the Shiite as official religion was influential; the internal developments within the Ottoman State had an important impact on the relationship between two governments. In fact, at the end of Bayizid II reign(918-926/1512-1520), the competition among the Ottoman princes to obtain the throne, influenced the process of developments in such a way that the Ottomans decided to use religion in their relationship with the newly established Safavid state. Salim I who had a little chance to get the throne, tried to prevail the power and so his father had to relinquish the throne. After seizure of power by Salim I, in addition to this process which involved him into a crisis of legitimacy, massacre of all the male members of the Ottoman dynasty, made the situation worse. Hence, aiming to resolve the crisis, Salim I took an offensivereligious policy against Shiites and Shah Isma’il. However, Shah Isma’il avoiding from military confrontation, Salim raided to the Safavid realm that led to the battle of Chaldiran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A Study on the Effects of Comparative Literature in "In the Waves of Sindh" and "The Assassination of Sultan Tajuddin"
Fereshteh NaseriPoems that narrate the events and historical happenings of a nation have a prominent place in literary texts since they have the proudness consequences in the culture of that nation. Meanwhile, Hamidi Shirazi's poem "In the Waves of Sindh", which has Iranian educational MorePoems that narrate the events and historical happenings of a nation have a prominent place in literary texts since they have the proudness consequences in the culture of that nation. Meanwhile, Hamidi Shirazi's poem "In the Waves of Sindh", which has Iranian educational, historical and epic components against Mongol’s assault, and on the other hand, a similar poem in Arabic literature entitled "The Assassination of Sultan Tajuddin" by Mohammad Al Quri – Sudanese poet – narrator of Masalit Tribes in Sudan with the French colonization in 1910, known as the Battle of Dorothy are of this category. In this research, two mentioned poems have been studied and adapted based on the American school of comparative literature to find out what arrangements these two poets have enjoyed in expressing the social relations of their poems and to what extent their words have been able and successful in creating a suitable poetic atmosphere, characterization of the heroes and applying various signs and symbols. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Dragon confrontation with other animals in Iranian and world mythology
Mohammad Abbaszadeh Seyed Mahmoud Seyed SadeghiDragon is a mythical and strange creature that is depicted almost in the form of a lizard or a giant snake and has a prominent role in all the myths of the world. This mythical creature in the culture of all nations except China, is a symbol of filth and impurity that s MoreDragon is a mythical and strange creature that is depicted almost in the form of a lizard or a giant snake and has a prominent role in all the myths of the world. This mythical creature in the culture of all nations except China, is a symbol of filth and impurity that spews fire out of its mouth and it is the enemy of man and other creatures, and intends to destroy man and the world and in this role, Its demonic aspect becomes more apparent. Accordingly, in the myths and legends of the world, heroes are constantly in battle with this ugly animal to rid the world of its existence.Research shows that this ugly and demonic animal not only fights with heroes, but also does not have a good relationship with other creatures and animals, and evidence and images remained from the past indicate that it has also been fighting with other mythical animals such as Simorgh and Loin. In the remained images, even the battle of the two dragons has been seen. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Nationwide resistance against colonialism in the poetry of Lebanese poet Ibrahim al-Munzer
seyyed Aboalfazl Sajadi mohammad jorfi zahra kogheki nyyatThere is no doubt that colonialism forces resistance and protection that the defenders endeavor to achieve freedom; This poem has harmonies and ideas that inspire others to resist and protect against the colonialists.Ibrahim Munzer, a Lebanese poet, is one of the most p MoreThere is no doubt that colonialism forces resistance and protection that the defenders endeavor to achieve freedom; This poem has harmonies and ideas that inspire others to resist and protect against the colonialists.Ibrahim Munzer, a Lebanese poet, is one of the most prominent poets who stood up against the colonialists; he was a superpatriotic poet whose poetry retains the spirit of resistance.The outcomes of this study indicate that this poet is a resolute poet who has the spirit of patriotism and nationalism, irritation and rebellion against the colonialists and communication for brotherhood among the Arabs, and martyrdom for the cause of the motherland and the evolution of science and the conservancy of the Arabic language in There is his poetry.There is no doubt that colonialism forces resistance and protection that the defenders endeavor to achieve freedom; This poem has harmonies and ideas that inspire others to resist and protect against the colonialists.Ibrahim Munzer, a Lebanese poet, is one of the most prominent poets who stood up against the colonialists; he was a superpatriotic poet whose poetry retains the spirit of resistance.The outcomes of this study indicate that this poet is a resolute poet who has the spirit of patriotism and nationalism, irritation and rebellion against the colonialists and communication for brotherhood among the Arabs, and martyrdom for the cause of the motherland and the evolution of science and the conservancy of the Arabic language in There is his poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Jurisprudential Explanation of the Theme in the Third Verse of Surah al-Nesā’ and Analysis of the Disagreement over its Exact Date
Reyhaneh Emamjomeh Jafar Nekoonam Mehrdad AbbasiThe purpose of the present study is to explain the jurisprudential theme in the third verse of Surah an-Nesā’ and to review disagreements over its exact date. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results show that the approximate revelation date of MoreThe purpose of the present study is to explain the jurisprudential theme in the third verse of Surah an-Nesā’ and to review disagreements over its exact date. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results show that the approximate revelation date of the verses under study is related to after the battle of Uhod, the late third and the early fourth year of Hijrah. The subjects raised in these verses are mostly about social relations among Muslims. This type of relationship is related to the era after Hijrah and the 10-year time period during the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) prophethood. Another subject mentioned in these verses is related to the custody of widowed women and orphan children and taking care of them and that upon the marriage of those widowed women, a supporter and instructor would be provided for their children. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Feasibility of a Civilization Battle in the Syrian Crisis: the Causes and Consequences
Mehdi Hedayati Shahidani danyal rezapoorIn the Syrian crisis, there is an increasing spread in the territorial geography of the conflict, and the manner in which violence is perpetrated is more and more different than in other contemporary conflicts. However, alongside these two inner dimensions, an exterior MoreIn the Syrian crisis, there is an increasing spread in the territorial geography of the conflict, and the manner in which violence is perpetrated is more and more different than in other contemporary conflicts. However, alongside these two inner dimensions, an exterior feature also gives this distinctive chaotic environment a clash of several different civilization systems. The direct and indirect presence of a large number of regional and international actors is one of the most important features that makes the analysis of why and its implications in different dimensions essential. For this reason, the main issue of research is to analyze and analyze the causes of the collision of several civilizations in the Middle East and specifically in the Syrian crisis. This article focuses on fundamental research and has utilized documentary, library, and online resources that have been written using inferential analysis in the context of a descriptive and analytical approach.The findings of the research have shown us that today we are witnessing a full-blown civilization war involving three civilizations (Islam, Orthodox and Confucius) in the field of civilization battle with Western civilization. The battlefield is the world of Islam, and Syria is now the main testing ground for these four civilizations. Given the structural decline of the Western world's ability to contain global chaos and instability in various economic, social and military spheres, and with the increasing progress of Eastern civilizations such as Slav-Orthodox and Confucian civilization, what is now happening in Syria and Iraq can be He considered the latest efforts of Western civilization to maintain its former status and the resistance of Eastern civilizations to its demands in the battle of civilizations. In addition, in these conflicts, a new culture, with the emergence of Islam, advocates movements of Islamic resistance influenced by this new cultural geography, thereby expanding Western influence from its security and cultural environment while expanding its sphere of influence. The ultimate goal of this crisis for the Muslim world is to liberate and liberate all the oppressed nations of the Islamic world and the world from the oppression and domination of the oppressors. Hence, the bloody conflict in Syria is a reflection of the civilizations' war and the changing geopolitical status of the region and the birth of a new order on the international scene. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - A Symbolic Investigation of the Story of Keykhosrow’s Great Battle Characters with the Psychological Approach of Carl Gustav Jung
Toktam Niyazmand Hamid Reza Soleimanian Ali SajediA character is a collection of psychological characteristics and psychological characteristics are expressing the psychological differences and similarities of people with each other. The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a work, that the great attention to the character h MoreA character is a collection of psychological characteristics and psychological characteristics are expressing the psychological differences and similarities of people with each other. The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a work, that the great attention to the character has been paid to. What distinguishes Ferdowsi from other authors is the attention to the psychological and acting characters who are appropriate to the subject of the epic. consciously utilization of symbols indicates an action which is so important and it is related to the psychology. In addition, human also created unconscious and conscious symbols and in order to figure out the function of human’s mind well, we require to achieve those symbols inevitably. This study is conducted by using (descriptive-analytical-comparative) methods and employing library data. This study attempts to investigate symbolic characters who are in the story of Keykhosrow’s Great battle with psychological approach of Carl Gustav Jung. Since Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a national epic of Iranian, it has roots in their ethnic and national unconsciousness and this property provides the ability to investigate it based on Jung’s view. The most important result of this present study is: shadow, evil side is incompatible and vile of the human’s psyche and caught in the darkness of inside is realizing the shadows. In order to liberate from shadow, we require to know the dark sides of our character by having a reflection on our inner self. In the process of individualism (self-regulation) with the awareness of true self, the darkness of shadows moves away and individual reaches the true self. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Look at The Campaign of Hussein ibn Ali (AS) and The Combination of Mohtasham Kashani
Fereydoun Koure’ei Abbas Mahyar -
Open Access Article
11 - Comparative Analysis of Sa'adi’s and Al-kufi’s Odes on the Mogul's Invasion
nemat o llah beh ragham yahia ataeiThe Catastrophe of Mongol invasion is regarded to have its most tragic impact on Iranian and Arabic history. It led to a painful grief and agony among the people of that era. It seems natural that the writers and poets with delicate tastes and sensation were more sensit MoreThe Catastrophe of Mongol invasion is regarded to have its most tragic impact on Iranian and Arabic history. It led to a painful grief and agony among the people of that era. It seems natural that the writers and poets with delicate tastes and sensation were more sensitive than the common people with respect to cruelty and assaults. Shams al-dinAlkufi and Sa'adiShirazi were among the first poets who reflected the consequencesof this tragic attack in their poems and accordingly affected the audience highly, with respect to the fact that both poets lived in the same period. The authors of this Comparative endeavor based on New Criticism studied the structure and subject matter of two odes analytically. Therefore,study ofthe communalities and differences reveals that the ambiguity and complexity in Sa'adi’s poems are not to the extent of those of Alkufi. This is due to the fact that the sentence and phrase structures are natural not artificial although both poets enjoyed a straight forward and narrative style as reflected in Mogul invasion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Narrative techniques in “The Battle of Rostam and Ashkbous” (focusing on dialogue)
Masoud SarhadiThe Battle of Rostam and Ashkboos is among the most prominent narrative literature and one of the best-written heroic battles of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings). Some features of narrative texts can be observed in this battle. Among such features is conversation or dialog MoreThe Battle of Rostam and Ashkboos is among the most prominent narrative literature and one of the best-written heroic battles of Shahnameh (The Book of Kings). Some features of narrative texts can be observed in this battle. Among such features is conversation or dialogue, one of the most important and difficult elements of narrative literature. Ferdowsi draws on this technique in this short epic. He unfolds the story through a humorous interaction and dialogue between the protagonist and the antagonist in a way that, while enriching the plot, develops the action, the suspense, the one-on-one battle, the climax, and the resolution-death of Ashknoos. Taking into consideration the character development and the tone of the narrative, this paper takes a look at how Ferdowsi has drawn on dialogue techniques to present this battle and tries to illustrate his dramatic artistry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Role of Umm Al-Salma's Management in the Battle of Jamal
Reza Moeini Roudbali Mohammad Keshavarze (Beyzaie) Ali NajarporianThe aim of the present study was the role of Umm al-Salma's management in the Battle of Jamal. The research universe included all the texts related to Umm al-Salmah; one of the Prophet's wives. The sample of the research was the managerial role of Umm al-Salmah in the B MoreThe aim of the present study was the role of Umm al-Salma's management in the Battle of Jamal. The research universe included all the texts related to Umm al-Salmah; one of the Prophet's wives. The sample of the research was the managerial role of Umm al-Salmah in the Battle of Jamel. The research was designed as descriptive-historical. Data was collected based on library information, documents and index note taking. The results showed that Umm Salma was aware of her significant and sensitive role among Muslims not only in the important events of the Prophet's era; but also during the era of Hazrat Ali (AS). She also supported him during the caliphate of Ali (AS). While rejecting the proposals of the initiator of the Battle of Jamal in the war against Hazrat Ali (a.s.), she tried to prevent Ayesha from going to Basra by reminding the Prophet of Islam speech that denoted Ali (AS) was the guardian of every believer. Umm Salma gave a speech to the Mohajarin(the emigrants) and Ansar(the supporters), asking for their support to Hazrat Ali (AS) and succeeded in dissuading many groups from accompanying the Jamal troops. Her dilouges with Ayesha before and after the Battle of Jamal emphasized her foresight towards the unity of Muslims. She revealed their plots and conspiracies by writing numerous letters to Hazrat Ali (AS). Referring to the words of the Messenger of Allah, who spoke about women staying at home during war, she sent her son Amr bin Abi Salama to help him in the war against the enemies. This issue made Umm Salma to be praised by Hazrat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Imam Ali and Zubayr:from Convergence to divergence
ali nazemiyan yasamin hatamAli b. Abi Talib and Zubayr b. Awwam who were the forerunners in accepting Islam and the elites of their era, spent a part of their ideological and political life- from Meccan times until the Uthman’s Caliphate- with good understanding and convergence but in the f MoreAli b. Abi Talib and Zubayr b. Awwam who were the forerunners in accepting Islam and the elites of their era, spent a part of their ideological and political life- from Meccan times until the Uthman’s Caliphate- with good understanding and convergence but in the first days of Imam Ali’s caliphate,their relationship inclined to coolness and finally went to war near Basrah. The question which the current study tries to find an answer to it -under the descriptive and analytic method- is: How did their convergence change into divergence?The findings of this study shows: The material nobility resulting from Islamic conquests changed the ethics and morals of some companions and directed them to mammonish.Finally,the claims of Zubayr were increased but as Imam Ali did not provide them,their relationship became disturbed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Abdullah Ibn Zubair's view on the government of Hazrat Ali (AS)
heydar abbasi far ghafar porbakhtiar Mansor amaniAli Ibn Abi Talib was appointed as the fourth caliph after the Muslim uprising against the third caliph Uthman by the people of the Islamic community. During this election, the opposition front immediately stood in front of it. The alliance of Quraysh nobles was at the MoreAli Ibn Abi Talib was appointed as the fourth caliph after the Muslim uprising against the third caliph Uthman by the people of the Islamic community. During this election, the opposition front immediately stood in front of it. The alliance of Quraysh nobles was at the head of these opponents. In this front, the role of Abdullah bin Zubair, along with his father and his father's partner, Talha and his aunt Aisha, is very evident. How was Abdullah Ibn Zubair in confronting the caliphate of Imam Ali (a.s.)? Proposed hypothesis: Abdullah Ibn Zubair stood up against the political and economic plan of Imam Ali (AS) based on his stubbornness, jealousy, obstinacy, ambition and power-seeking, but he failed in this matter. The result of the article: Abdullah Ibn Zubayr, as an ambitious person who sought power and reached the top of the caliphate pyramid, put all his efforts into creating a united front to overthrow Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib from power, and wage a war against Imam arranged. He was defeated in this war and failed in his goals Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Representation of the Prophet’s Battles in the Iranian Books on the History of Islam from 1980 Till Now
Zarifeh Mir farinaz Hooshyar Soheila Torabi FarsaniAbstractAfter migration to Medina, the prophet of Islam (PBUH), was inevitably forced to have fights with the enemies of Islam, namely, pagans and Jews. According to great Maghazi (Raids) reporters in the Islamic World, the battles that the prophet had to have were for MoreAbstractAfter migration to Medina, the prophet of Islam (PBUH), was inevitably forced to have fights with the enemies of Islam, namely, pagans and Jews. According to great Maghazi (Raids) reporters in the Islamic World, the battles that the prophet had to have were for the following reasons: for the breach of promise as in the battle of Banu Qaynuqa in Medina; for the prevention of aggression as in the battle of the Trench; for the retaliation and reciprocation; for the economic blockade imposed, the battle of which is by today’s standards quite legitimate and authorized, as in the battle of Badr; and finally for the prevention of expansion of wars as in the battles against the sporadic raids the Romans had along the borders, and as in the battle of Tabuk. Such battles consisted of ‘Qazvahs’ and ‘Saryehs,’ which were often defensive. . By using a descriptive-analytical method, this study aimed to explore the different approaches and the ways of representation of the Prophet’s battles by the Iranian scholars publishing different books on the history of Islam from 1980 till now. The findings of the study revealed that the Prophet’s battles have been represented by using religious-ideological, chronicling, and descriptive-analytical approaches in such books. . The research results show that all the prophet’s Ghazwas (the battles the prophet was personally all reported from a narrative, descriptive, analytic, religious, and faith perspective. Key Words: battles, authors, books on the history of Islam, the Prophet Muhamm Manuscript profile -
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17 - Al-Wāqidī’s Influence of Quranic Exegesis Study Case, the Verses related to Uhud Battle
tayyebe khazaee hassan naghizade soheila pirouzfar Sahebali AkbariAbū Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Wāqidī was a 2nd century AH historian, who in his book “Al-Maghāzī” at the end of studying each battle of the Prophet based on the Quran’s Surahs, commented on the details of the story and clarified the words like a commentato MoreAbū Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Wāqidī was a 2nd century AH historian, who in his book “Al-Maghāzī” at the end of studying each battle of the Prophet based on the Quran’s Surahs, commented on the details of the story and clarified the words like a commentator who explained the meaning of the verses. Repeated references of different commentators to his book in various times in the history shows that it is not only an important source in the Islamic history, but also a trusted reference for the commentators. The present study, with an analytical – descriptive approach case study of the Battle of Uhud, tried to find different forms of Wāqidī’s explanations in interpretation and the stances of other commentators from the third to the tenth century AH in three different areas of narrating, referencing, and rejecting his explanations. Based on the findings of this study, Wāqidī’s narrations in commentaries of 17 verses from 22 verses especially in illustrating historical details based on Quran’s verses, Hadiths, and verses form were accepted by commentators. His narrations are traced in other references according to the time and the audiences, as his interpretations are more significant in narrative and Ijtihādi commentaries of the sixth century AH. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Distortion in the Narration of "Taqtuluhu al-Fi'ah al-Bāghiyah" (He will be killed by the rebel group) by Ṣahih al-Bukhāri
Jalal Rezayi Tiji seyed Mohsen MusaviThere are several motives for distorting the hadith in the religious sources of Sunni Muslims, and one of them is to eliminate the slips and mistakes of the companions of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and the disputes between them. In Ṣahih Bukhāri, there is a hadith in w MoreThere are several motives for distorting the hadith in the religious sources of Sunni Muslims, and one of them is to eliminate the slips and mistakes of the companions of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and the disputes between them. In Ṣahih Bukhāri, there is a hadith in which the Messenger of God (PBUH) uttered a sentence about ‘Ammār ibn Yāsir and prophesied his future with the phrase "Taqtuluhu al-Fi'atu al-Bāghiya" (He will be killed by a rebellious group) according to this prediction, ‘Ammār ibn Yāsir would be martyred by a rebellious group. This phrase does not appear in some printed versions of Ṣahih Bukhāri today. This article seeks to answer the questions that, first of all, whether the phrase in question existed in the text of the narration of Ṣahih Bukhāri from the very beginning or not? And secondly, is there a reason to prove the distortion of the phrase in some versions? According to the studies, this phrase was removed from the text of the hadith by Bukhāri, and later it was included in the text of the book in some versions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Violence in Iranian Paintings of Battle Scenes: A Study Based on Slavoj Žižek's Ideas
Sārā o-Sādat nouri Ashraf-o-Sādat MousavilarIn the Iranian belief, battle has a long history and fighting has always been one of the most important challenges facing Iranian heroes. This challenge has first been presented with constant struggle between good and evil and then has been represented in different form MoreIn the Iranian belief, battle has a long history and fighting has always been one of the most important challenges facing Iranian heroes. This challenge has first been presented with constant struggle between good and evil and then has been represented in different forms in different periods of Iranian art. The contemporary Western thinker, Slavoj Žižek discusses violence in his books and articles and reveals its hidden aspects. By using analytical-comparative method, the present research, first, tries to answer the following question: In Iranian painting, how and with what concepts is violence portrayed? Then, we examine Žižek’s view on violence and compare his view with Iranian paintings. The article compares three examples of Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh paintings with the theory of mythical violence and considers the ideas of Žižek and Walter Benjamin. The findings show that the theory of mythical violence can be compared with Iranian paintings and can be used as a way to critique Iranian art. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Review of the Legal Challenges in Front of Iran and USA on the Airbus File
Seyed Davood AghaeeAbstract On July 3, 1988, the American Vincennes battleship, based in Persian Gulf, moved to the outskirt of Persian Islands, Qeshm and Hengam, in response to the report of another American battleship present in the zone stating that a Pakistani commercial ship had been MoreAbstract On July 3, 1988, the American Vincennes battleship, based in Persian Gulf, moved to the outskirt of Persian Islands, Qeshm and Hengam, in response to the report of another American battleship present in the zone stating that a Pakistani commercial ship had been attacked. Following this action, as claimed by the Iranian authorities, a few Iranian military boats shot at Vincennes which was followed by the reaction of the American cruiser. During the conflict, the said battleship shot two missiles at the airliner of Iran Air Company. Flight No. 655 who was carrying 290 passengers and crew from Bandar Abbas airport to Dubai and the airliner crashed. Immediately after the occurrence of that accident, the Iranian government brought up the case to ICAO. ICAO just condemned the case and did not blame America. Therefore, Iran’s objective was not fulfilled in that investigation. Therefore, after the crash, the US government refused to accept any responsibility or to indemnify Iran Air Company. Rather, it declared its preparedness to directly indemnify the survivors of the accident. The Iranian government rejected the proposal and filed a petition at the International Court of Justice on May 17, 1989 and subsequently submitted its plead to that court. In its suit, Iran sought for the following objectives: - Reconsideration concerning ICAO’s decision dated March 17, 1989 that had expressed that the US government had not violated Chicago Convention; - Making a decision on violation of the convention for prohibition of illegal measures against the security of civil aviation (Montreal Convention) by the US government due to the crash of Iran Air airplane; - Determining the compensation which should be paid by the US government subject to the proof of the violation contained in the above clause; Therefore, this Article aims to read out the case on the crash of Iranian airbus by the American Vincennes battleship, to find about how the accident happened as well as about legal claims of Iran, to review the legal challenge between Iran and America and finally to find how and why that case was closed at the International Court of Justice before review. Manuscript profile -
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21 - Iran and Saudi Security Deconstruction Controversy (2001-2014)
Reza SimbarSecurity Struggle between Iran and Saudi in the Middle East rather than by competing national interests of both countries will be affected by the symptoms it is linguistics competition.Two Governments seek to dominate the Islam world through the lens of their own knowle MoreSecurity Struggle between Iran and Saudi in the Middle East rather than by competing national interests of both countries will be affected by the symptoms it is linguistics competition.Two Governments seek to dominate the Islam world through the lens of their own knowledge.Due to fundamental differences in the Linguistic symptoms competition and conflict between the two countries' bilateral not lessened but rather highly developed forms of militant groups affiliated.Syria crisis , the battle between the Lebanese Hezbollah group and Dash (ISIL) in Syria, clashes in Iraq's Sunni and Shiite sectarian militias, sectarian clashes in Lebanon's internal governance of the crisis, some Persian Gulf countries including Bahrain Syndrome battle hardened ideological foundations of linguistics in the Middle East. n other hand, Noting that the two countries' foreign policy will be strictly limited to the ideological foundation of linguistic elements thatPossibility of a quick solution to control terrorism in the Middle East region is subdued in the short term.With these qualities you should look at the struggle of the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia and Iran, the will power to develop different forms of fundamentalism text to see both sides to the terror leader is.Thus, what is needed in part to linguistic analysts of international relations in the Middle East conflicts and problems to simply consider issues not such as the balance of power? Manuscript profile -
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22 - Imam Ali (AS)'s justice-oriented leadership in the Battle of Jamal
Akram Al Sadat HosseiniAbstract Understanding the justice-oriented behavior of Imam Ali (AS) after taking over the government can explain the level of his honesty in his subsequent actions and make it more prominent. Ali (a.s.) does not shout for justice when he is removed from pow MoreAbstract Understanding the justice-oriented behavior of Imam Ali (AS) after taking over the government can explain the level of his honesty in his subsequent actions and make it more prominent. Ali (a.s.) does not shout for justice when he is removed from power, but when he is at the head of the government. Imam Ali (a.s.) declares justice and equality as his first step after taking over the government, and he insists on this important matter until the end of his rule. He first tries to prevent war in Jamal War; After the war, he tried to show with the decree of general amnesty that justice has nothing to do with forgiveness and self-sacrifice. This research seeks to investigate justice-oriented leadership and Imam Ali's (a.s.) solutions in dealing with the Companions of Jamal War. In this article, the author has reached the following conclusions by descriptive-analytical method and citing reliable historical and hadith sources: the implementation of justice using appropriate strategies to prevent war and bloodshed, forgiveness when in power, preservation of human dignity and protection The rights of dissenters help to develop justice in the society and repel the factors of corruption and deviation. Manuscript profile -
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23 - Studying the Characteristics of Rostam Farrokhzad's Tragic Story in The Gadesiyyeh battle Based on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
Narges Asghari Govar Ali RamazaniAbstract We've tried, in this article, to study the Gadesiyyeh battle in the Shahnameh which is different from what is narrated in the " Tarikhe Tabari " and the " Tarikhe Ya'goobi ". Ferdowsi narrates the event in a patriotic MoreAbstract We've tried, in this article, to study the Gadesiyyeh battle in the Shahnameh which is different from what is narrated in the " Tarikhe Tabari " and the " Tarikhe Ya'goobi ". Ferdowsi narrates the event in a patriotic and epic way. So, the tragic events like the forecasting, the role of fate, the element of character, conflict and ultimately the tragedy are observable in the story. By descriptive-analytic method, we can conclude that Ferdowsi has endowed a tragic aspect to the theme of Gadesiyyeh battle and it is the last tragedy composed in the Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Arctic geopolitical position and future game scene preparation (Emphasizing the role of Russia)
soleiman asadiThe purpose of this research is to study the geopolitics of the Arctic as a new scene of geopolitical confrontation in the future and the beginning of a new alignment of powers to dominate new energy sources with emphasis on Russia's role in the region. This research ha MoreThe purpose of this research is to study the geopolitics of the Arctic as a new scene of geopolitical confrontation in the future and the beginning of a new alignment of powers to dominate new energy sources with emphasis on Russia's role in the region. This research has been done using descriptive and analytical methods and collection tools such as library and documents. The Arctic is increasingly at the center of disputes between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark over its vast underground resources due to its vast oil and gas reserves. Increasing the temperature and decreasing the diameter of the ice becomes more accessible. The five countries, especially Russia, intend to expand their sphere of ownership in this region.But in the meantime, Russia, in addition to having the largest border with the pole and the largest volume of estimated resources in this region and the largest ice-cold fleet in the world due to the unique geographical position of the North Pole in terms of aristocracy over different regions of the country for each The type of possible military attack also has a strategic and strategic position, and based on this, it is possible that considering the geo-economic and geo-strategic position of this region, the North Pole can be a lever for the rise of this power (Russia). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The analytic study of battle with dragon from myth and epic to religious poetry emphasizing upon the dragon being killed at the cradle by Imam Ali
Reza shajari Elham Arabshahi kashiAbstractBattle with dragon is one of the most exciting adventures in the mythological and heroic history that had always been the center of attention. Little by little, it found its way into religious poetry being regarded as an important achievement for religious heroe MoreAbstractBattle with dragon is one of the most exciting adventures in the mythological and heroic history that had always been the center of attention. Little by little, it found its way into religious poetry being regarded as an important achievement for religious heroes, as many poets from the 7th century till present refer to the event of slaying the dragon by Imam Ali in the cradle. The oldest narrative source of this story is Manaqib Ibn Shahr Ashub in the 6th century Hijra. However, in other authentic Shi’a and Sunni texts and sources such as Shavahed al Tanzil by Haskani, Manaqib by Kharazmi, and Manaqib Ali Ibn Abi Talib by Aljallabi al Shafeei there are no references to this story. This research is concerned with the study and analysis of the theme of dragon killing in both myth and epic, paying particular attention to the slaying dragon by Imam Ali in cradle, also dealing with the reasons behind the frequent growth of this theme in religious poetry. The fame of this theme in the field of divine religions could be a symbolic discussion, dragon being the symbol of either external enemies including Ahriman, Anti religion enemies or internal enemies such as Nafs or lower soul. All saints could at some point overcome this latter enemy and in case of Imam Ali dragon can be regarded as both internal and external enemy. Due to having an epic prestigious form, this tale not only during human history but also within the domain of religious poetry have been tremendously received. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Moon of Hamavaran or King of Hamavaran?
Sajjad AydenlooIn the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar, Katayun in order to stop Esfandyar from going to Sistan and confront Rostam reminds him of Rostam’s heroic deeds and his services to save Iran and thus states: “He who killed the moon of Hamavaran/person had the audacity MoreIn the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar, Katayun in order to stop Esfandyar from going to Sistan and confront Rostam reminds him of Rostam’s heroic deeds and his services to save Iran and thus states: “He who killed the moon of Hamavaran/person had the audacity to question him”.In this couplet the moon of Hamavaran means Sudabeh and although this couplet appear in only one copy (in London, Britain 675Hijra) in all authentic and semi authentic editions of Shahnameh had been chosen. However in most manuscripts it is the king of Hamavaran which exists and this is encountered in merely certain stone and less authentic Shahnameh editions. Since in the report about the battle of Hamavaran in Shahnameh, the king of hamavaran begged Rostam for mercy and thus is not killed by him, editors regarded the version of King of hamavaran as incorrect and ignore this possibility whereas the study of various Farsi and Arabic sources indicate that from the story of the battle of hamavaran several versions at least three different reports exist in some of them the king of Hamavaran stays alive and in some other gets killed by Rostam. The reference for the aforementioned couplet above belongs to the second group of narratives related to the final destingy of King of hamavaran and is documented and based on the authentic and genunine source even earlier than Shahnameh which is also reflected in another couplet in the tale of Rostam and Esfandyar. Based on this latter evidence the register of “King of Hamavaran” which apparently seems incorrect, from the story’s point of view is reliable and also as far as criteria for the correction of the text are concerned since most editions agree and rely on the latter authentic source and the fact that it is more complex than the register “Moon of Hamavaran”,King of Hamavaran should be included in the final text of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - From Vazheh to Govazheh
Hamidreza Ghorbani Fatemeh JamaliOne of the most important strategies in the battle of champions and warriors in Shahnameh is Rajazkhani or harangue considered as a kind of soft war. Champions in most of their one to one battles speak highly of their heroic deeds and in this way try to belittle t MoreOne of the most important strategies in the battle of champions and warriors in Shahnameh is Rajazkhani or harangue considered as a kind of soft war. Champions in most of their one to one battles speak highly of their heroic deeds and in this way try to belittle their rivals. This verbal battle accompanied with humiliation and ridicule is sometimes directed towards the rival himself and sometimes extends to his family and his race. What is important is that Ferdowsi with utmost skill and mastery and with numerous tactics organized words in the form of couplets and with a sardonic and sarcastic tone lets his champions utter the words. There are not many champions who do not use this tactic. Rostam holds the principal role in declamatory defiance of his rivals. His nobility and dignity would not allow the slightest insult from his enemies. Accordingly, this research is concerned with the study and analysis of different aspects of the structure and the content of harangues in the heroic section of Shahnameh. Manuscript profile
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