هخامنشیان

Open Access Article

1 - The Study of the Role of Women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid Periods Based on the Surviving Coins
Azizeh Yousefi Hossein Alizadeh Hassan Derakhshi

The present research aimed to study the role of women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid dynasties by examining the coins left over from those periods. The study universe included the written historical references and other related works about the status of women More

The present research aimed to study the role of women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid dynasties by examining the coins left over from those periods. The study universe included the written historical references and other related works about the status of women in the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid dynasties. The sample subsumed the coins left over from those periods. The research method was descriptive - analytical. To collect data library procedure by using written documents and authentic resources was implemented The data was analyzed via content analysis. The findings showed: while a coin is a tool for economic exchanges, a sign of independence, and the representation of the nationality of each ethnicity but at the same time it is a valid document that indicates the social, cultural, political, and ancient history of nations and provides useful information about the status of women. The images, names and titles of royal women, images of goddesses and related symbols that engraved on Parthian and Sassanid coins, indicated the high position of women in those periods. Although the surviving artworks from the Achaemenid period provide valuable information about the women of this era, but in the coins of this period, like other works, the image of a woman is not seen. Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian court women played a role in politics and society as examples of powerful, resourceful and strong-willed women. In general, women in these periods reached a position equal to that of men (kings), and their names and images have been preserved on coins. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Achaemenid City of Dahaneh Gholaman, its Ranking and Social Classes
Alireza Hejebri Nobari Hassan Ali Arab Nadereh Noor Ghasemi

Various processes in different scales and dimensions have caused the development of human societies and have changed and transformed their structure. The social classes that are born and nurtured by these societies have caused the complexity of their biological patterns More

Various processes in different scales and dimensions have caused the development of human societies and have changed and transformed their structure. The social classes that are born and nurtured by these societies have caused the complexity of their biological patterns and the interpretation of the data revealed from them constitutes our knowledge regarding these societies (in this research, ancient societies). The purpose of this research is to pay attention to the archaeological evidence with a social approach. Based on this, we tried to investigate the social structure - rank, role and social status - of the Dahaneh Gholaman site by interpreting and measuring their behavioral manifestations, which today have come as ancient deposits, in the framework of social patterns. In this article, the classification of societies, their diversity, how to interpret archaeological data from a social theoretical perspective, and various approaches used in the ranking of societies are presented. Besides, the social system of the site was analyzed by introducing the archaeological data of the Dahaneh Gholaman site and putting together the existing evidence and theories. In addition, it was tried to determine the different groups, ranks and classes of this site by economic strategies and to identify the arrangement of structures in direct relation with social classes and two separate neighborhoods in the city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Fire Ritual in Cappadocia
Şevket Dönmez Farshid Iravani Ghadim

The land of Cappadocia was one of the Achaemenid satrapies in the 6th century BC. During this period, the religion of Zoroastrianism, as well as the tradition of sanctifying fire, which is one of its symbols, became more popular in Cappadocia than in other regions of An More

The land of Cappadocia was one of the Achaemenid satrapies in the 6th century BC. During this period, the religion of Zoroastrianism, as well as the tradition of sanctifying fire, which is one of its symbols, became more popular in Cappadocia than in other regions of Anatolia. The prevalence of the fire worship tradition in Cappadocia can have natural causes. One of the most important archaeological evidences for the introduction of the fire sanctity tradition in Cappadocia is a stone fireplace that was found in the mountain region of Arjish (Erciş). The place of discovery of this fireplace is a volcanic territory. On the four sides of the fireplace found in Cappadocia, there is a carved image of a man whose type of clothing and Barsam in his hand indicate him as a Zoroastrian mystic. This fireplace does not have any inscriptions. Therefore, to date and determine its age, it should be compared with similar examples in Iran and other similar engravings. Then it is probably attributed to the end of the 6th century BC and the 5th century BC. The images of Moghan and fireplace and fireplace studied in this article are all archaeological documents and evidences that indicate the existence and prevalence of fire worship and Zoroastrianism in the Late Iron Age in Anatolia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Analytic View to Symbolic Designs and Religious Symbols in Achaemenid Art
Iraj Rezaei

Although many things about Achaemenids’ religion are vague and not clear, the evidences we have at hand show that, like other era in the Middle East, religion and religious traditions have played an important role in people’s life in this era too. As objects More

Although many things about Achaemenids’ religion are vague and not clear, the evidences we have at hand show that, like other era in the Middle East, religion and religious traditions have played an important role in people’s life in this era too. As objects remained from this period show, lots of Achaemenids’ reliefs were symbolic and undeniably related to religious concepts and believes. On the other hand, since many of these reliefs have been common among other people in Near East and have clearly had a religious theme in pre Achaemenid period, it is supposed that their reappearance in Achaemenid period in a new form is related to their Mazdaism believes. The most important religious and symbolic reliefs looked at in this paper are: Winged disc, Sun, Moon, Star, Fire altar and Barsam. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - ambassadorand embassy the achaemenid period
hashem aghajanei elizh

Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period HashemAkhajani, (academic staff Payame Noor University Manjil) TahmoresMehrabi, (MA graduate student of History of Ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University Mashhad) Abstract Diplomacy has a long history in political world, part More

Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period HashemAkhajani, (academic staff Payame Noor University Manjil) TahmoresMehrabi, (MA graduate student of History of Ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University Mashhad) Abstract Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the war and its dire consequences on the other side were effective in the creation and development of diplomatic relations in the Achaemenid period. In Achaemenid period life depended more on the war and diplomatic relationship than on the economy, so there was a wide diplomatic relationship between the Achaemenid and other countries. Ambassador and embassy had a significant and sensitive role. The Achaemenid ambassadors had to arrive to their destination after passing difficult roads and endangering their lives; beside this the ambassadors had to be familiar with the destination country language. They should have obtained information of different roads and inform the kings of Achaemenid after returning. Although manifold research papers have been conducted about the Achaemenid history and its political, economic relationship with other countries, no comprehensive paper has been done on the role of embassies, ambassadors and its powers in Achaemenid period. This paper attempts to investigate the embassies and ambassadors and their position in Achaemenid period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The induction of death of Cambyses and Bardia and its impact on how the arrival of Darius the Great
parviz hosseintalaee seyed mohamad tayebi

Death of Cambyses and Bardia Achaemenid history is one of the darkest junctures. So, because of the importance of this issue, the main focus of the study period until the death of Cambyses and Darius takes Bardia. In this regard, we have tried to outline the course of h More

Death of Cambyses and Bardia Achaemenid history is one of the darkest junctures. So, because of the importance of this issue, the main focus of the study period until the death of Cambyses and Darius takes Bardia. In this regard, we have tried to outline the course of historical events, this time limit should be according to the original sources, Then to analyze data and historical sources of information about the mystery death of Cambyses and Bardia also be addressed murder. As a result of what has been presented in the final section, refers to this issue which is not only based Bardia conspiracy led by Darius seven family is exhausted, But according to the information available resources, can not be considered accidental death of Cambyses's because Cambyses and Bardia policy was based on consolidating his power against the aristocracy. So great nobility and the family did not want to, loss of privileges, so it reacted to the murder of Cyrus king of the branches were. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The historical geography of Zarang (seestan) in the epochs of history
mehdi keykhaei mohamad taqi fazeli

There are some disagreements between historians about the exact place of Zarang city. Historians have pointed at, at least, three different places: first of all Nad-i-Ali, then Dahan-i- Gholaman, and at last Zahedan-i-Kohne. All these parts are located in the south-east More

There are some disagreements between historians about the exact place of Zarang city. Historians have pointed at, at least, three different places: first of all Nad-i-Ali, then Dahan-i- Gholaman, and at last Zahedan-i-Kohne. All these parts are located in the south-eastern part of Iran, in Seistan (later, after the division of Seistan, Nad-i-Ali stayed in the Afghani part of the region). What the evidences show is that this name, Zarang or Zaranj, is still used to name an obscure geographical place, the one that has been either a borough or a region, or sometimes a town or a province. Therefore, it seems that the same obscurity has been about the exact location of Zarang, even in historical epochs. The research in hand tries to define the exact south-eastern Satrapi position of Achaemenid era according to the written documents and archeological evidences, and by means of which to show the transitions of Seistan name in the old geographical and written historical texts. qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period
hashem aghajanei elizh

Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period HashemAkhajani TahmoresMehrabi Abstract Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the wa More

Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period HashemAkhajani TahmoresMehrabi Abstract Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the war and its dire consequences on the other side were effective in the creation and development of diplomatic relations in the Achaemenid period. In Achaemenid period life depended more on the war and diplomatic relationship than on the economy, so there was a wide diplomatic relationship between the Achaemenid and other countries. Ambassador and embassy had a significant and sensitive role. The Achaemenid ambassadors had to arrive to their destination after passing difficult roads and endangering their lives; beside this the ambassadors had to be familiar with the destination country language. They should have obtained information of different roads and inform the kings of Achaemenid after returning. Although manifold research papers have been conducted about the Achaemenid history and its political, economic relationship with other countries, no comprehensive paper has been done on the role of embassies, ambassadors and its powers in Achaemenid period. This paper attempts to investigate the embassies and ambassadors and their position in Achaemenid period. Keywords: Ambassador, Embassy, Messenger, Achaemenid. Member of the academic staff Payame Noor University  MA graduate student of History of Ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Email: t.mehrabi91@gmail.com Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The study of the legitimacy of ancient Iranian governments based on inscriptions: Achaemenid Empire
Ehsan Akbari karim yousefjamali naser jadidi Shokouh Arabi

Abstract The legitimacy and acceptance are modern and new words. Although these words not used during ancient ages but its concepts had special significance for the kings. The terms " admissibility or qualify " can be described as the best alternative for concept of leg More

Abstract The legitimacy and acceptance are modern and new words. Although these words not used during ancient ages but its concepts had special significance for the kings. The terms " admissibility or qualify " can be described as the best alternative for concept of legitimacy during ancient times. The Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest empires in the ancient world, ruling over ancient large urban centers of civilized world that had long history in the governing and managing, was much more than the Achamenians. The fact that the Achaemenids how was able to satisfy the civilized nations under their reliance, and take legitimacy for crown prince among other princes. Second matter is as important as first. These cases wasn’t studied before our research. Based on the study of the inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings, it was found that a complex set of factors played a role in this matter, such as: Divine Verdict, Descent, Positive Moral Characteristics, Intelligence and Politics, Warrior Victory and Avoiding lying. These most important factors lead that after war and military conquering other regions, people accept victor kings as theirs, and obey the commands without military pressure or forces. Manuscript profile

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10 - The military structure and practices of the Achaemenid Army during the reign of the Cyrus imperial
Afsane goli naser jadidi Feizollah Boushasb Gousheh

The Achaemenid Empire was undoubtedly the greatest ancient empire and governed 220 years on the whole of the Middle East and beyond it. According to historians and also historical documents ,the Achaemenid Army was also one of the largest and most complex armies of anci More

The Achaemenid Empire was undoubtedly the greatest ancient empire and governed 220 years on the whole of the Middle East and beyond it. According to historians and also historical documents ,the Achaemenid Army was also one of the largest and most complex armies of ancient times. Achaemenid in two centuries dominated the vast empire that covered the old civilized world of Asia and Europe. No doubt that coping with strong powers like Babylon and Greece, that had all the military capabilities to build power and protect and maintain the territory required organized and regulated troops and special war and military tactics. Therefore, we intend to address in this paper the way of formation of the Achaemenid army and military tactics and practices at the time of the Cyrus monarchy. The findings of the research show that Cyrus was able to form strong and massive army using defeated Nation's military techniques. Indeed, one of the characteristics of the Achaemenid corps and army, which was considered especially as one of their strength points in the early years of the reign was collection forces of all dominant territories. Manuscript profile

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11 - The Explanation and Analysis of Sacred Numbers in Iranian culture from Achaemenid Empire to fall of Sasanids Empire (559B.C-651A.D) (Case Study the numbers: three, seven, twelve, forty and seventy-two)
Hasan Atash Ab parvar karim yousefjamali Esmaeil sangari Shokouhossadat Arabihashemi

(Case Study the numbers: three, seven, twelve, forty and seventy-two)AbstractNumbers have a special place in the culture and beliefs of the people of Iran and the world in terms of symbolism or sanctity and sinister, so that some of them are considered good and holy and More

(Case Study the numbers: three, seven, twelve, forty and seventy-two)AbstractNumbers have a special place in the culture and beliefs of the people of Iran and the world in terms of symbolism or sanctity and sinister, so that some of them are considered good and holy and some are considered bad and sinister. In Iran, especially after the religion of Zoroaster, numbers play an important role in the myths and traditions of society. The continuity of sacred numbers in historical periods and the transfer to their later cultures and civilizations has made the role of many of these numbers visible in life today.Some of these numbers have a long connection with their beliefs and their etymology introduces them to the reasons for their acceptance and prevalence. These reasons are sometimes religious and sometimes mythological. Knowledge of the environment, magical powers, religions and religions seem to have played a role in the sanctification of numbers. This research has been done with a descriptive and analytical approach and the results of this study indicate that the sanctification of numbers has been largely influenced by religions, faiths, beliefs and seasonal changes. Manuscript profile

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12 - The position of Zoroaster’s religion among Achaemenid and their western satraps
ali akbar shahbadi

Religiously, Iran in the Achaemenid period had Religious tolerance was manifested. At that time massacre and destruction were Assyrian kings honor, Achaemenid kings presented friendship and attention to human, to world, what related to their beliefs. Achaemenid inscrip More

Religiously, Iran in the Achaemenid period had Religious tolerance was manifested. At that time massacre and destruction were Assyrian kings honor, Achaemenid kings presented friendship and attention to human, to world, what related to their beliefs. Achaemenid inscription have explained events more, but they have not paid attention to common ordinary ceremonies and believe of Iranian and Achaemenid western satraps. So whit researches based on survey of historical sources and reports of ancient historian, the Zoroastrian position would be clarified among Achaemenid and their western satraps approximately. The findings of researches shows western satraps worshiped three essential Gods of the Avesta, Ahuramazda, Nāhīd and Mehr for the reason of being in harmony with their past Gods, having with political power and religious for bearance. Achaemenid religion has been studied by scholars in religion and history of Ancient Iran in plenty, but it has paid the fewer attention to the analysis of religious Position of western satraps in viewpoint of zoroastrian. This article dose research about religious system of the Achaemenid Empire with laying emphasis on Zoroastrian and its position in western satraps. In this way. It has been used of documents, remained sources and historical research methodology. Manuscript profile

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13 - Goor Dokhtar Mausoleum: Reasons for & Time of Construction, Naming Reason, Archeological Style, & Reasons of Abandonment
abbas ashuri nezhad mahdi bsardeh

During Achaemenian Period, Bushehr province enjoyed special significance owing to its strategic location on Persian Gulf coast and the exceptional attention Achaemenians paid to marine commerce. Being adjacent to Fars province and having abundant natural resources had m More

During Achaemenian Period, Bushehr province enjoyed special significance owing to its strategic location on Persian Gulf coast and the exceptional attention Achaemenians paid to marine commerce. Being adjacent to Fars province and having abundant natural resources had made Bushehr province even more important. As marine courses developed, Achaemenians found it more necessary than before to be present at the western frontier of Pars area, where Bushehr port is located now. Existence of three palaces inland Persian Gulf – especially at Dashtestan – and many other works found at different parts of Bushehr province is a clear indication of Achaemenians’ ruling over Persian Gulf. One of the valuable Achaemenian historical works at Southern Pars region and Bushehr province is the monument known as Goor Dokhtar Mausoleum (literally meaning the girl’s tomb), which is structurally very similar to the Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae. The only two places in Iran where this type of architecture is used are Pasargadae and Bozpar region in Dashtestan. Through content analysis, comparison, and field research, the present study shows that this valuable monument was constructed about 5 centuries B.C; its name – which was given to it after Arabs’ invasion – probably signifies its being untouched and inaccessible to the strangers. Moreover, considering its sharp roof, the structure is of Elamite architecture. Finally, the reason behind its abandonment might have been that the route of the main road changed. Manuscript profile

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فرزانه دشتی محمد رحیم عیوضی

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15 - Study of style and method of Achaemenid period's architecture
mahmoud seyed mahnaz babaee

In Achaemenid period, a special style of architecture evolved, in which traditions and customs of different nations settling in Achaemenid country came into view. One of the earliest monuments of Achaemenid architecture is Cyrus palace which was built at the first domic More

In Achaemenid period, a special style of architecture evolved, in which traditions and customs of different nations settling in Achaemenid country came into view. One of the earliest monuments of Achaemenid architecture is Cyrus palace which was built at the first domicile of the government at Pasargadae and involved a number of buildings among a garden surrounded by walls. The art of Achaemenid kingdom in 6th to 4th B.C is divided into two categories: first is the art of Persian kings, which best represented in Pasargadae; the other is the art of kings after Darius. Although, in architecture and decorative designs of Pasargadae, Cyrus attempted to integrate different elements from the conquered territories in its artistic design, but in Persepolis, one more step was taken where Achaemenid kings created a unique court style by combining artistic elements from Egypt, Babylonia, Ilam, Lullubi, Medus, Urartu, and Ionia/Ludia. The innovation brought by Darius persisted until the end of Achaemenid reign. This new style was not only reached its peak in architecture of Persepolis, but also was applied in architecture of kings' buildings in Susa, Ecbatana and Babylonia. In fact, Achaemenid architecture is an art integrated from architecture styles of Babylonia, Assur, Urartu, Lullubi (rocky architecture), Greek, Egypt, minor Asia nation- states… which by showing artistic skills and Iranian innovation has created an independent kind of architecture. By building this huge buildings they wanted to show the greatness of their kingdom to the world. In this research it is attempted as much as possible to deal with all aspects of Achaemenid period's architecture and using other tribes' art in it. This article is mostly about the architectures of Pasargadae, Persepolis and Susa. In this direction, an overview of this period's architecture is presented. At the end, we presume that although the architecture art of this period has been an integration of the art of tribes and neighboring countries, however, the spirit and manifestation of Iranian art in this period's architecture is remarkable and undeniable. In other words, its Iranian aspect is more prominent than its other foreign manifestations.   Manuscript profile

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16 - Ambassador and embassy in the Achaemenid period
HASHEM AGHAGANI tahmores mehrabi

Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the war and its dire consequences on the other side were effective in the creation and development More

Diplomacy has a long history in political world, particularly in Iran. Tendency to achieve power and maintenance of the interests and achievements on the one side, fear of the war and its dire consequences on the other side were effective in the creation and development of diplomatic relations in the Achaemenid period. In Achaemenid period life depended more on the war and diplomatic relationship than on the economy, so there was a wide diplomatic relationship between the Achaemenid and other countries.  Ambassador and embassy had a significant and sensitive role.  The Achaemenid ambassadors had to arrive to their destination after passing difficult roads and endangering their lives; beside this the ambassadors had to be familiar with the destination country language. They should have obtained information of different roads and inform the kings of Achaemenid after returning. Although manifold research papers have been conducted about the Achaemenid history and its political, economic relationship with other countries, no comprehensive paper has been done on the role of embassies, ambassadors and its powers in Achaemenid period. This paper attempts to investigate the embassies and ambassadors and their position in Achaemenid period.   Manuscript profile

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17 - The impact of Urartu architecture of Achaemenid architecture
amir akbari ameneh fatahi

About 1500 BC, Urartu civilization took power in West Azerbaijan, East Anatolia and North Kurdistan. They were contemporaneous with the Assyrians in northern Iraq and the Elamite civilization in the West of Iran. Further details of the civilization of Urartu, were found More

About 1500 BC, Urartu civilization took power in West Azerbaijan, East Anatolia and North Kurdistan. They were contemporaneous with the Assyrians in northern Iraq and the Elamite civilization in the West of Iran. Further details of the civilization of Urartu, were found in the Assyrians writings. Urartu kingdom after years of war and competition with Assyria, in the 8th century BC were vanished and the remaining came under the power of the Medes. in the land that was widespread from shore west of the Caspian Sea to Modern Syria and the Mediterranean Sea, Urartu built cities and palaces, castles and numerous temples, gardens and orchards and created many rivers and canals to provide their water needs, and they were skillful in metal-working. They were neighbors with the Medes and the Persians for two hundred years. It seems because of that, and after the Persians took power, they have learned lots of methods and ways of constructing buildings from Urartu and used them in the creation of magnificent palaces such as the Apadana in Susa and the Persepolis. This article attempts first to look at the history and architecture of Urartu, and then based on analytical-comparative method, study the influence of the Urartu architecture on the Apadana Palace of Darius in Susa. The results show that although the Achaemenid civilization benefited from all their Past civilizations to form their glorious buildings, but more significant role is the role of Urartu. The role that less than it is remembered.     Manuscript profile

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18 - The induction of death of Cambyses and Bardia and its impact on how the arrival of Darius the Great
parziz hosien mohamad tayebi

Death of Cambyses and Bardia Achaemenid history is one of the darkest junctures. So, because of the importance of this issue, the main focus of the study period until the death of Cambyses and Darius takes Bardia. In this regard, we have tried to outline the course of h More

Death of Cambyses and Bardia Achaemenid history is one of the darkest junctures. So, because of the importance of this issue, the main focus of the study period until the death of Cambyses and Darius takes Bardia. In this regard, we have tried to outline the course of historical events, this time limit should be according to the original sources, Then to analyze data and historical sources of information about the mystery death of Cambyses and Bardia also be addressed murder. As a result of what has been presented in the final section, refers to this issue which is not only based Bardia conspiracy led by Darius seven family is exhausted, But according to the information available resources, can not be considered accidental death of Cambyses''''s because Cambyses and Bardia policy was based on consolidating his power against the aristocracy. So great nobility and the family did not want to, loss of privileges, so it reacted to the murder of Cyrus king of the branches were. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - The historical geography of Zarang (seestan) in the epochs of history
mehdi keykhaei mohamadtaghi fazeli

There are some disagreements between historians about the exact place of Zarang city. Historians have pointed at, at least, three different places: first of all Nad-i-Ali, then Dahan-i- Gholaman, and at last Zahedan-i-Kohne. All these parts are located in the south-east More

There are some disagreements between historians about the exact place of Zarang city. Historians have pointed at, at least, three different places: first of all Nad-i-Ali, then Dahan-i- Gholaman, and at last Zahedan-i-Kohne. All these parts are located in the south-eastern part of Iran, in Seistan (later, after the division of Seistan, Nad-i-Ali stayed in the Afghani part of the region).What the evidences show is that this name, Zarang or Zaranj, is still used to name an obscure geographical place, the one that has been either a borough or a region, or sometimes a town or a province. Therefore, it seems that the same obscurity has been about the exact location of Zarang, even in historical epochs. The research in hand tries to define the exact south-eastern Satrapi position of Achaemenid era according to the written documents and archeological evidences, and by means of which to show the transitions of Seistan name in the old geographical and written historical texts.   Keywords:Achaemenid, Seistan, Dahan-i-Gholaman, Zarang Manuscript profile

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20 - Society and governance in the era of Achaemenid (Discussion about the nature and power of the Achaemenid kings
M.R Golizadeh M.H Rahnema

Abstract: In this paper, according to the mechanisms, political structure, foundations and legitimacy of exercising power in traditional societies; specific and differentiated aspects of Achaemenid rule system of government than other traditional societies are discuss More

Abstract: In this paper, according to the mechanisms, political structure, foundations and legitimacy of exercising power in traditional societies; specific and differentiated aspects of Achaemenid rule system of government than other traditional societies are discussed. Also relying on the religious and territorial policies Achaemenid, is shown that founder of the Achaemenid kings, influenced by notions such as "Izadi splendor"(Farah-e Izadi) and “DAD” (justice) were   formed the Thought "Iranshahr". To avoid harm to collapse and cosmic order, sacred, and the uncontrolled exercise of power outside the above concepts are settled away. Resorting to attention and follow the concepts, norms and customs of society, distinct way the Achaemenid   rule was, with "Eastern dictatorship" and "tyranny" Iranian government "Motghlbh" (dominant). Manuscript profile

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21 - The role of the king in the structure of the Achaemenid court
zhamak khademi naser jadidi ahmad kamranifar

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads More

The structure of the court and the political organization that ruled the vast territory under Achaemenid rule were of great importance in the continuation of this rule. The Achaemenid court with a structure including: mother king, queen and crown prince, princes, heads of families, eunuchs, a position similar to the great minister - the spy system (known as the corners and eyes of the king) and ... in all political developments of this dynasty Was involved. One of the important issues in examining this structure is the role of the king in this organization. It seems that the Achaemenids in influencing the organization and structure of the court in their Achaemenid Empire were influenced by the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, especially Assyria and Babylon. In addition to the Assyrian civilization, the ancient Median and Elamite governments also provided suitable models for the rulers of this dynasty. It was and the power of the Shah was absolute and unlimited and the Shah was a symbol of the full ownership of the Iranian society and the owner of all the property and wealth of the people. What is certain is that the study of this structure will provide valuable information about the role of the Shah in the pyramid of political power of the Achaemenid court to historians. Manuscript profile

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22 - The Situation of Architecture in Sasanian Era and Its Difference with The Architecture of Achaemenid Era
Mehdi Ramezani amirteymour rafiei hossein mohammadi

The architecture of Sasanian era is, in fact, continuation and development of Parthian architecture and, at the same time, reminiscent of Achaemenid architecture. By the formation of Sasanian empire, Iran’s society began to thrive, and by articulation of a precise More

The architecture of Sasanian era is, in fact, continuation and development of Parthian architecture and, at the same time, reminiscent of Achaemenid architecture. By the formation of Sasanian empire, Iran’s society began to thrive, and by articulation of a precise, effective plan regarding urban development, architecture, and industrialization of the society, it absorbed the attention of civilized Roman and Hellenistic world. The culture and art of Sasanian followed those of Achaemenid and Parthian. Sasanians tried to catch up with the Achaemenid culture. They showed their hegemony relative to prior eras in the arts of architecture, sculpture, plastering, and building domical arches as well as pillarless, vast halls. In architecture, reliefs, and sculptures of Sasanian era, differences and similarities, particularly in the topic and content, are seen compared to those of Achaemenid era. Sasanian dynasty founder, Ardashir I was the governor of Darabgerd, Pars before taking the throne and founded it and Gaur city, also known as Firuzabad, circularly based on the traditional architecture of Parthian era. In this article conducted with analytical-descriptive method, questions like “what were the building method, materials, and functions of buildings in Sasanian era?” and “what was its difference with Achaemenid architecture?” will be answered. Manuscript profile

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23 - Analysis of Achaemenid agricultural economic policy in Babylon
Anahita Amani Yeganegi Ahmad Kamranifar Feizollah Boushasb Gousheh

With the conquest of Babylon,Cyrus and the Achaemenid court became acquainted with the structures of Babylonian and Mesopotamian agricultural economics.On the one hand,this structure was based on the rich temples of Babylon,which in addition to the vast agricultural lan More

With the conquest of Babylon,Cyrus and the Achaemenid court became acquainted with the structures of Babylonian and Mesopotamian agricultural economics.On the one hand,this structure was based on the rich temples of Babylon,which in addition to the vast agricultural lands belonging to the temples,played an important role in the economy and agriculture of Babylon by providing loans and agricultural inputs to small and large Babylonian farmers.In addition, wealthy Babylonian families competed with the temples of Babylon by setting up private agricultural credit enterprises and lending seeds,cattle,and land.Despite the abundance of wealth and facilities of the temples of Babylon,but with the Achaemenid domination of Babylon,the role and economic power of the temples of Babylon was greatly reduced and instead the role and economic power of the agricultural enterprises of Babylon,especially Egibi and Mura&scaron;u were greatly increased.But this process eventually stopped and the activities of these enterprises were abruptly ended at the beginning of Xerxes'reign.In this research,the causes of these issues and the policies of the Achaemenids in this regard are analyzed and also the results of these policies are analyzed.The results of this study indicate that the Achaemenids deliberately implemented such a policy in order to consolidate their dominance and the foundations of their authority in Babylon.There is also evidence of the failure of this Achaemenid policy in Babylon and its impact on the unrest and revolts of Babylon in the time of Xerxes.This article has been prepared based on the available evidence of the library and historical and analytical research methods. Manuscript profile

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24 - سیاست های راه سازی شاهان هخامنشـــــی
دکتر علاء الدین آذری مهناز بابایی توسکی

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25 - تاثیر مسکوکات هخامنشی در تغییر شرایط اقتصادی دنیای قدیم(قرن پنجم و چهارم ق.م)
دکتر سید اصغر محمود آبادی مرتضی زلقی

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26 - پژوهشی بر حقوق ، دستمزد و مواجب در دوران هخامنشیان
دکتر شکوه السادات اعرابی هاشمی مرضیه صدیقی هفشجانی

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27 - بررسی مقایسه سلطنت داریوش یکم(486 - 522ق.م)و خشیارشا یکم (465 -486 ق.م)
دکتر نادر میرسعیدی مجدآبادی فاطمه داودآبادی فتانه یوسفی

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28 - دانش حسابداری در فرایند امپراتوری هخامنش
دکتر سید عباس هاشمی دکتر کیوان لولویی محسن حسنی

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29 - بررسی تطبیقی حکومت هخامنشیان در دو دوره کوروش و داریوش یکم (تفاوتها و شباهتها)
دکتر سید اصغر محمودآبادی مریم شرافت

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30 - تاریخچه تحولات حسابداری و مالی در ایران
دکتر آذر مسلمی دکتر راحله همایونی داود فراهانی محمد علی باقری حجاز

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31 - .
حسن مرداسی نی سیاهی ناصر جدیدی فیض اله بوشاسب

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32 - مروری بر پارچه ها، پوشاک، نقوش و نمادهای آنها در دوره هخامنشی
علی اکبر ذوالریاستین سارا روحانی

AOI-2107-1114

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33 - Achaemenids in Shahname And National Traditions
amin babadi Arezoo Rasouli

AbstractSince there is no trace of Achaemenids in Shahnameh and Khodaynameh in the Sasanid era and since the beginnings of the studies on Sasanid dynasty the discussion revolved around whether Sasanian had any knowledge of Achaemenids or not.  Certain figures such More

AbstractSince there is no trace of Achaemenids in Shahnameh and Khodaynameh in the Sasanid era and since the beginnings of the studies on Sasanid dynasty the discussion revolved around whether Sasanian had any knowledge of Achaemenids or not.  Certain figures such as Noldeke, Memzan, and Yarshater denied this awareness and certain others such as Fry, Shahbazi, and Zarrinkoub persisted upon this knowledge.  Some like Daryaei, taking a more moderate approach, believe that Sasanian had consciously ignored Achaemanids memorial so that they could trace their genealogy to Kianis who were an ancient dynasty in the east Iran.  Certain evidence and documents show that the earliest Sasanians were definitely aware of the existence of Achaemenids and related themselves to them, however the later Sasanids by deliberate distortion of history and by transforming characters have changed the Achaemenid portraits due to their own taste to achieve their political and religious purposes.  Nevertheless, Achaemeinds new image and identity remained in the Sasanid historiography and found their way to Islamic era.   Deliberate distortions made in history of Iran by Sasanids are proved today, and upon studying the evidence one can discover the extent and the reason for this manipulation.  The purpose of this article is to prove the existence of outstanding figures in Achaemenids dynasty namely, Cyrus and Darius in the new Sasanid-Islamic historiography, and also to detect records that approve Achaemenids’ existence within the Sasanid sources.  This requires a thorough research into the thought processes of Sasanids during their reign upon adopting an apprehensive approach.   Manuscript profile

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