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Open Access Article
1 - Typology Research of the Northwest Iran’s Railway Stations’ Architecture (The Qajar Period to Present)
Habib Shahhoseini Fatemeh AsadzadehThe railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical imp MoreThe railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical importance by changing the intellectual horizon of the people. Today, railway stations do not only serve as a mean for people to travel and transport, but also, they are being constructed for their aesthetic and symbolic values. In this regard, old railway stations are the most significant ones as they increase the value of their surroundings and are capable to help practice sustainable architecture. The initial stations were mainly derived from endemic architecture styles and materials, resulting in enduring buildings. However, the typology of the architecture of the old railway stations in Iran has not been studied adequately especially in different periods of time and consequently, the need for a comprehensive study in this matter is striking. Therefore, by using the qualitative-analytical method and collecting data from various documents, old books, and field observations, this research aims to study and analyze the physical characteristics of 116 Iran’s northwestern railway stations (Tehran - Tabriz) in four periods of Qajar, first and second Pahlavi and The Islamic Republic to identify the physical patterns of the railway stations of each period. The main question that this paper tries to answer is: “what are the differences between railway stations’ architectural body during various periods of time in the northwestern line of Tehran-Tabriz?” First of all, railway stations of each period in the research area were identified one by one, and afterward, by a detailed analysis, the typology of the identified stations’ architectural body was classified for each period. The identified factors for evaluation were the plan’s type, number of floors, type of roof, the used materials in the station’s facade, and the number of ornaments. These factors were considered separately in the railway stations of each of the four periods. The results of the research indicate a significant reduction in the variety of patterns used over time, except for the number of floors in the period of the Islamic Republic with two and three-floors stations with more variety of uses, the type of materials used, roof type, type and proportions of the plan and the number of decoration patterns studied in this period, have lost their variety during the time. To construct railway stations in the period of the Islamic Republic, there has been a tendency towards flat roofs and a plan type that has a relatively monotone structure without decorations. The current research identifies the architectural body of historical railway stations, in order to plan for future development and reuse them while preserving their originality and historical identity, as part of the cultural heritage of Iranian society. Additionally, future studies can focus on a more detailed analysis such as determining differences between the various materials in each part of the building like façade, floor, walls, and ornaments during time periods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Temporal-Spatial Analysis of Rainfall Days Frequency Trend of Western Iran Regions
شهاب شفیعی غلامعلی مظفریPrecipitation including climatic elements in the dimension of time and space changes a lot. In the study of extreme precipitation because of the devastating effect it is of great importance. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze theslope of the western region MorePrecipitation including climatic elements in the dimension of time and space changes a lot. In the study of extreme precipitation because of the devastating effect it is of great importance. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze theslope of the western regions of extreme precipitation, which is to achieve this goalprecipitation data of 69 synoptic stations and climate (province of Kerman, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Ilam, Lorestan and Kurdistan), in during the statistical period (2010-1961) were used and the annual threshold of extreme precipitation West generalized method of distributing a limit to the western regions of the country to 22 mm respectively. The extreme precipitation for each month during the period under study western regions using Mann-Kendall method identified and analyzed. and in December this increase was observed in the western half of Kermanshah province and in February this positive trend observed in the northwestern province of Kurdistan conceptual framework, these areas are consistent with the Zagros mountains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Temporal and spatial analysis of thunderstorms in southwestern Iran
asal falak Reza Borna farideh asadianOne of the most important factors influencing human life is the weather. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial temporal features of the occurrence of thunderstorms in the southwest of the country. States (Khuzestan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Kohkiluyeh and B MoreOne of the most important factors influencing human life is the weather. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial temporal features of the occurrence of thunderstorms in the southwest of the country. States (Khuzestan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad) During a statistical period from 1985 to 2015, And then the analysis of the synoptic conditions of the thunderstorms obtained from the synoptic stations of the region. The results of the annual analysis of the frequency of thunderstorms at Dezful station with 479 phenomena and Ramhormoz with 252 events have recorded the lowest in the stations. And in the seasonal analysis, the highest hurricane occurred in the spring with the number of 137 and in the summer with the lowest storm with the number 10. In the monthly analysis of the frequency of thunderstorms, April was the most 75 days and August was the least with 2 days. In terms of the frequency of thunderstorms during the eight-hour observation period, the highest frequency of the thunderstorm is 12 o'clock (3.30 o'clock). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Sensitivity Analysis of Evapotranspiration to Change in Meteorological Parameters in North-West and West of Iran
Yagob Dinpashoh Saead Jahanbakhsh asl masoumeh foroughiSensitivity analysis of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is crucial for improving water management in the arid and semi-arid country as like Iran. However, it is important to analyze the sensitivity of ET0 to meteorological parameters, since the climate globally MoreSensitivity analysis of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is crucial for improving water management in the arid and semi-arid country as like Iran. However, it is important to analyze the sensitivity of ET0 to meteorological parameters, since the climate globally has been changed to some extent. In this study, sensitivity of ET0 by varying the climatic parameters at 36 selected stations in the West and Northwest of Iran was investigated. The priority and effect of the climatic parameters in different months at the selected stations were found by sensitivity analysis. The ET0 is calculated based on the most recommended form of the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. To analysis the sensitivity, variations of ET0 depends on the changes in minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum temperature (Tmax), wind speed (u2), minimum relative humidity (RHmin) and maximum relative humidity (RHmax), in the range of ±20% with the step of 5% was calculated. Finally, the parameter with higher importance for each station was obtained. Results showed that ET0 was more sensitive to the variation of Tmax at the 13 stations (36.11%) in annual time scale. The maximum change of ET0 by increasing of Tmax with+20% was found at Ardebil (15.54%) and the minimum change in the same situation was found to be 6.05 % at Meshkinshahr. The range of the changes by varying T min was between -47 % (in Sanandaj) to 0.91 % (in Khalkhal). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Monitoring seasonal tourism at the northwest of Iran using Tourism Climate Index (T.C.I)
Behroz Sobhani Vahid Safarian ZengirAbstract Background and Objective: Recognizing the climatic potentias, as a basis for human activities, provides the predominant foundation for environmental and land use plannning. Most of the tourists follow climate considerations to choose the destination. The aim of MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Recognizing the climatic potentias, as a basis for human activities, provides the predominant foundation for environmental and land use plannning. Most of the tourists follow climate considerations to choose the destination. The aim of this study was to evaluate and render the zoning of seasonal tourism at the northwest of Iran using tourism climatic index (T.C.I). Method: In this study, to assess the climatic conditions from the tourism perspective, the climatic data from 22 synoptic stations in the northwest Iran for a period of 20 years (1990-2010) were collected. In this model, a 7-parameter system was used. These parameters included mean maximum temperature, average temperature, average minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, total monthly precipitation, sunshine hours and daily average wind speed. The TCI index was used for data analysis and the tourism climate maps were drawn for four seasons using GIS. Findings: The results show that the TCI index has a large variety of topography in the northwest because of conflicts over the years. Summer with the conditions as infinite ideal: 7, ideal condition: 10, excellent quality: 3, acceptable: 1 and very good condition: 1 ranked the first among other three seasons. Autumn with the conditions as perfect: 4, very good: 11, good: 3 and acceptable: 4 ranked the second. Spring season with the spesifications as very good: 2, good: 2, acceptable: 11 and insignifcant: 7 ranked. Winter with the conditions as acceptable: 1, insignificant: 14, poor: 5 and very poor: 2 ranked the fourth place and the most unfavorable condition among the other seasons. Discussion and Conclusion: Northwest of Iran with great tourist attraction can be pioneer in local and foreign tourism. Beautiful scenery and unique and varied climate conditions in all seasons can greatly contribute to the development of this industry and lead to great benefits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - بررسی نقش ساختار فضایی شهرها در پیشگیری از آلودگی غبار در مناطق غرب کشور
صدیقه لطفی -
Open Access Article
7 - دورنمای تخمین انرژی مورد استفاده برای گرمایش و سرمایش سکونتگاههای انسانی در اقلیم آینده (مطالعه موردی: استانهای شمالغرب کشور)
غلامرضا روشن علیرضا خواجه شاهکوئی محمد سعید نجفی -
Open Access Article
8 - بررسى نقش موقعیت لرستان از نظر ژئوپلیتیکى در رابطه با امنیت ایران
سیاوش مرادی پور عزت اله عزتی حیدر لطفی -
Open Access Article
9 - Designing and explaining the effective model of education quality in units of Islamic Azad University of Northwest Iran (By combination method)
kheyrollah SarbolandThe purpose of this study was to design and explain the effective model of education quality in units of Islamic Azad University. The research population in the first stage (qualitative approach) was 24 educational experts who were selected using purposive sampling meth MoreThe purpose of this study was to design and explain the effective model of education quality in units of Islamic Azad University. The research population in the first stage (qualitative approach) was 24 educational experts who were selected using purposive sampling method. In the second stage (quantitative approach), the teachers and experts of Islamic Azad University of Northwest Iran were selected by random sampling according to Grigs and Morgan table 196 people were selected by random sampling method. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by content validity Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0.89. The research data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling by third-order confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and PLS statistical software. The qualitative findings of the study indicated that the conceptual model fitted well and in the quantitative stage also the factors related to the master have the most effective factor of 0.90. And after that, environmental factors with a factor of 0.84 and student factors with a factor of 0.79 were ranked next. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Spatio-temporal Variations of Snow-covered Days in the Northwest of Iran using Remote Sensing Data
Abbas Kashani Bromand Salahi Amirhossein Halabian Batool ZeinaliIn this research, the spatiotemporal variations of snow-covered days (SCDs) in this region were analyzed using the data of the sixth version of MODIS Terra and MODIS Aqua sensors on a daily basis in the period of 2003-2020. In order to reduce the cloud cover effect, thr MoreIn this research, the spatiotemporal variations of snow-covered days (SCDs) in this region were analyzed using the data of the sixth version of MODIS Terra and MODIS Aqua sensors on a daily basis in the period of 2003-2020. In order to reduce the cloud cover effect, three algorithms were applied to the data. For the digital elevation model, the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the Japan Space Exploration Agency was used. The relation between two snow-cover phenological components (SCAs and SCDs) and the relation between the SCDs and the altitude were investigated. The findings show an increase in SCDs in the months of November, December, and January. Maximum SCDs are observed in January in Sabalan Mountain and then Sahand. The reduction of SCDs in the spring and summer months is also affected by the two factors of latitude and altitude. The absolute maximum of SCDs in this region is observed at 160 days/ year in the mountain of Sabalan. Examining the changes in SCDs in March and April shows a decrease in SCDs in high-altitude classes. At the same time, it shows the increasing pattern of SCDs in November and December at many altitude levels. Analysis of the relation between SCA and SCDs in different months illustrated that SCAs has decreased in regions with more SCDs (heights) due to the reduction of topographic areas. The relation of SCDs and altitude also showed that the minimum of SCDs occurred in all altitude levels (even altitudes above 3500 m with 4 days) in August and the maximum occurred in December with 22 days at the altitude of 3500 m. SCDs decrease with increasing altitude in mountainous areas of 3500 to 4000 m, due to the increase of land slope and instability of SC in steep areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The effect of infection of Arceuthobium oxycedri on Juniperus excels species in North West forests of Iran
Mir Mozaffar Fallahchaei Yousef Torabian Majid Maani Farzaneh AhmadiOne of the most important destruction reasons of Juniperus aged and Long Lived trees in Jaysh Abad sits of Tarom township is a semi-parasitic plant from Dwarf Mistletoes group of viscaceae family. Biological study done in Jaysh Abad area of Tarom Township and other Juni MoreOne of the most important destruction reasons of Juniperus aged and Long Lived trees in Jaysh Abad sits of Tarom township is a semi-parasitic plant from Dwarf Mistletoes group of viscaceae family. Biological study done in Jaysh Abad area of Tarom Township and other Juniperus sits in Zanjan province of Iran revealed that this semi-parasitic plant is Arceuthobium oxycedri. For determining the infection percent, intensity, quality and quantity on the host species half hectare sample pieces were randomly selected in 4 geographical directions. The results of this study showed that Dwarf Mistletoes mostly influences trees with bigger crown size, crown area, height and diameter breast height. Also result showed that Juniperus trees in south directions are more infected in comparison with other directions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - تحلیل و پیشبینی امواج گرمایی شهرهای منتخب شمال غرب ایران با استفاده از ریزگردان SDSM و شاخص بالدی
مجید رضایی بنفشه رقیه ملکی مرشت -
Open Access Article
13 - Tracking Severe Dust Storms Phenomenon in Southeast Iran by using HYSPLIT
Seyed Abdolhossein Arami Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini Mehri DinarvandRegional dust storm events are the prime concern of many countries located within the arid belt of the world. Nowadays, dust is a serious challenge in the world, especially in the Middle East. In recent decades, dust storms is known as the most damaging and inclusive en MoreRegional dust storm events are the prime concern of many countries located within the arid belt of the world. Nowadays, dust is a serious challenge in the world, especially in the Middle East. In recent decades, dust storms is known as the most damaging and inclusive environmental crisis in Iran due to the impacts of climate and land use changes. The aim of this study is to detect and simulation of dust storms in southwest regions of Iran. For this purpose, changes in dust were analyzed during a 22-year period (1995-2016) for six provinces southwest of Iran including Khozestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Lorestan and Kohgiluyeh, and Boyerahmad with an area of about 169266 square kilometers. For this study were using the HYSPLIT model. The data used covered and include GDAS data, view field, velocity and direction of a wind, temperature, and geopotential height in the atmosphere, which are different at various levels. GDAS data for tracking the winding path in the HYSPLIT model were used. Simulation studies of dust particle movement paths have shown that most of the tracks are from the northern and central parts of Iraq and Syria and the source of dust storms are deserts and dry regions of the northern and central parts of Iraq and Syria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Evidence of Use of Sever and Impassable Caves in the West of Iran in the Dalma Period
Amir Saed Mucheshi Alireza AzarshabThis article is an attempt to introduction and studying if dozen caves that used of them in the period of Dalma (Middle Chalcolithic). The use of caves is one of the sign of the pastoralism (both permanent and temporary), nomadism and especially transhumance pastoralism MoreThis article is an attempt to introduction and studying if dozen caves that used of them in the period of Dalma (Middle Chalcolithic). The use of caves is one of the sign of the pastoralism (both permanent and temporary), nomadism and especially transhumance pastoralism. In the base of available evidences in this study area could be posed the transhumance pastoralism strategy in the life in this period. The position of the caves and the sever accessibility of them is showed that use of this caves is probably impermanent and limited in the special season and when the nomadic pastoral have taken their flocks to the mountains. One of the property of these caves are their height, sever accessibility and narrow entrance and seems that safety (wild animal of cold temperature at night), accessibility of different pastures have been involved at the use of them. There caves include the Kona Shamsham in the highlands of Marivan county and Samangan and Koolan Gawra in the county of Divandareh in the Kurdistan province in the west of Iran that surveyed in the late archaeological investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - An Overview of the Chalcolithic Period in North West Iran and some Suggestions for the Basin Extends Dalma Tradition
Mohsen HeydariOne of the periods and culture in northwest of Iran which is of little attention is the period of Chalcolithic and Dalma pottery tradition. Unfortunately our information about this period is so slight and it is limited to some brief essays and reports. This pottery trad MoreOne of the periods and culture in northwest of Iran which is of little attention is the period of Chalcolithic and Dalma pottery tradition. Unfortunately our information about this period is so slight and it is limited to some brief essays and reports. This pottery tradition have relatively vast extension basin from northwest to central Zagros, and it includes painted, manipulated decoration (Incised, Impressed, Punched and Adjunct), plain pottery with red slip. It seems that painted potteries are the continuation of previous period, Hjifiruz, and potteries with manipulated decoration don’t have any record in the area and probably entered this area from another area. Unluckily, although various models and views about the extension of Dalma tradition has been presented, there is no information about how it has been extended. Has the extension of this pottery been occurred by the migrations or nomad? Has the transmission of Lightness The idea been influential in the meantime or other factors? This obscurity still remains in force because of the lack of accurate territorial and extraterritorial investigations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Writing and Language in Ninth and Eighth Centuries BC in Gilan
Rasoul Bashash,KanzaqThis article has reviewed after years the previous readings of those two cylinders containing new Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions, unearthed in archaeological excavations in 1340-41by E. O. Negahban in Tepe-Marlik in Northern Province of Iran, Gilan. The both inscriptio MoreThis article has reviewed after years the previous readings of those two cylinders containing new Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions, unearthed in archaeological excavations in 1340-41by E. O. Negahban in Tepe-Marlik in Northern Province of Iran, Gilan. The both inscriptions already read by G.Cameron and I. J. Gelb, have been revised by the author, and a new reading has been suggested for the one having more words. Of course, this revision happened after the unearth of the metal Urartian bracelet in Tool-e Talesh, Malayan excavation, in1380 ,by M. R. Khalatbari and reading its Urartian inscription that, the auther decided to write this article by the up mentioned title, with regards to the extant unearthed inscribed artifacts in Gilan, belonging to the C8 and C9 BC , and also to nearly all other inscribed artifacts, relating to the mentioned period of time, including two other Urartian inscribed pieces of metal horse laces. Beside these archaeological inscribed documents, namely: Two Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions of Marlik cylinders,one urartian cuneiform inscription of Tool-e Talesh metal bracelet, and the other two Urartian inscribed pieces, the author has bored in mind the historical literature about the Indo-Iranian immigration in the early centuries of the 1st Millennium BC into Iran, and their settlements in the north and northwest of Iran, by the name of Caspies, Kadusies, Gils, Gutians, Lulubians and etc., who later, they stablished the small local kingdoms like Andiu, Manna, Parsua, Zamua , Gilzan, which at last their unions led to the foundation of Medes great government. The author at the end of article has come to this conclusion that, since from the Medians, despite their powerful empire, not a single inscription has ever been found, therefore most probably, because of lacking of writing, they also, like their united, above mentioned small kingdoms, have used the neighboring lingo-franca Aramaic or other cuneiform writings, like Assyrian or Urartian. This is what, the mentioned inscribed artifacts, based on the extant documents, which tell us how the peoples in north and northwest of Iran ,who later founded the Medes Empire, in 8th and 9th centuries B.C. were also deprived of any indigenous, and independent, writing system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Tepe Gavor Qaleh Si a Settlement of Kura-Aras Culture in Chaldoran, Northwest Iran
Afrasiab Gravand Akbar Abedi Gader Ebrahimi Fatemeh MalekpourTowards the end of the fourth millennium BC, a culture was formed in the Caucasus, northwest Iran and eastern Anatolia, which extended to Central Zagros, central Iran, and northern Iran, and present-day Palestine. Or the culture of Kora-Aras is famous. In this period, n MoreTowards the end of the fourth millennium BC, a culture was formed in the Caucasus, northwest Iran and eastern Anatolia, which extended to Central Zagros, central Iran, and northern Iran, and present-day Palestine. Or the culture of Kora-Aras is famous. In this period, northwestern Iran is witnessing an increase in the size of the sites, a sudden change in pottery, and also an unprecedented increase in the number of settlements, which indicates the influence of a new cultural tradition. The tradition of painted chickpea pottery of the previous period (Chalcolithic) is almost obsolete and black-gray pottery is replaced by engraved pottery. Simultaneously with the influence of Kora-Aras culture to the northwest of Iran, the Chaldoran region is also affected by the influence of Kora-Aras culture. Tepe Gavar Qalehsi is a settlement in the middle mountain plain of Chaldoran, which has evidence of Kora-Aras culture. This place, which is located 23 km northwest of Chaldoran city, was identified and examined to visit the city's monuments. The results of archaeological research indicate that this place is a single settlement that was formed in the late fourth millennium and early third millennium BC and has traces and evidence (stone architecture and gray pottery) of this cultural period. The pottery of this area has the most similarities with the pottery of Yaniq Tappeh, Kohnshahr Chaldoran, Baruj Marand, Dozdaghi Khoy, and Kol Tappeh II of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In this study, the collected pottery in the archeological study of Gavar Qaleh Si is studied and archaeological analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Evaluation on Morphological Characters of European Mole cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Orth.: Gryllotalpidae) in the North-west of Iran
M.H. Kazemi Sh. Jafari H.A. Lotfalizadeh M. Mashhadi-JafarlooThe European mole cricket is considered to be of the most important insect pests of Iran, especially in Azerbaijan province. Its damage in some area economically is very high. In this study, morphological characteristics, including the length of various parts of the pes MoreThe European mole cricket is considered to be of the most important insect pests of Iran, especially in Azerbaijan province. Its damage in some area economically is very high. In this study, morphological characteristics, including the length of various parts of the pest body, were evaluated. Analyzing of the size of fore and hind wings results of the adults in this species, showed that there were seasonal dimorphism as long-winged (L.W.) and short-winged (S.W.) among the insects. Based on the literature available seasonal dimorphism in this species is the first report in the world, and probably each morph of this species is various in different both in the biology and behavior. Sexual dimorphism can be distinguished by study pattern of venation in the forewings of sexes. One of the important characteristics in distinguishing mole cricket species is arrangement spines in the fore and hind tibia where their numbers and sizes of these spines in various species are different. The fore tibia of insect has four wide and strong dactyls in its apex, but lateral margin of the hind tibia armed with five sharp spines with seven spines at the end of its tibia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Evaluating the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella isolated from a number of laying poultry flocks in the northwest of the country during 2021 and investigating its relationship with the performance of the mentioned farms
Zahra Mahdavi Adel Feizi younes anzabiInfection with the Salmonella genus of bacteria causes chronic and acute diseases in poultry leading to significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated f MoreInfection with the Salmonella genus of bacteria causes chronic and acute diseases in poultry leading to significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from a number of laying poultry flocks in the northwest of the country and to investigate its relationship with the performance of those farms. Eighty samples were taken from 20 flocks suspected of salmonellosis .The samples were cultured in selective and differential cultures of Salmonella. After isolation of Salmonella serotypes, the antibiogram test was performed to determine the antibiotic sensitivity. In order to check the performance of suspicious flocks, the history of the flock was obtained and the amount of mortality and production drop was calculated by statistical methods.The results indicated that 40% of the flocks were positive in terms of the presence of Salmonella, with 30% of the flocks affected by Salmonella gallinarum, 5% by Salmonella enteritidis, and 5% by concurrent presence of both Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella gallinarum. The highest antibiotic sensitivity of Salmonella serotypes was recorded from fosfomycin and danofloxacin with a frequency of 100% and soltrim with a frequency of 78.6%. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against erythromycin with a frequency of 75% and chlortetracycline with a frequency of 53.6%. Based on the results, there was a statistically significant difference in the amount of flock mortality and production drop between Salmonella negative and Salmonella positive herds (p<0.05). Also, more vigilant use of antibiotics is required due to the high levels of resistance shown by Salmonella against various antibiotic drugs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - A histomorphometric study of pancreatic islets in the mature domestic duck of western Iran
بهزاد Mobini The aim of this study is to determine the diameter and number of pancreatic islets of the duck. Histomorphometric studies were carried out on the pancreas of adult male and female domestic ducks of western Iran with an average age More The aim of this study is to determine the diameter and number of pancreatic islets of the duck. Histomorphometric studies were carried out on the pancreas of adult male and female domestic ducks of western Iran with an average age of 26-30 weeks using hematoxylin-eosin and special stainings, light microscope and ocular micrometer. The islet diameters were found to be between 65.7 and 115.2 microns. The ducks had fewer islets (42.87%) yet with greater diameters (95.9 microns) but in the drakes there were more islets (57.13%) with smaller diameters (83.5 microns). The least number of islets with the greatest diameter were observed in the ventral pancreatic lobe of female ducks while the most number of islets with the smallest diameter were seen in the ventral pancreatic lobe of male ducks. Overall it can be concluded that the diameter and number of pancreatic islets of the duck varies in different parts of the gland and between the sexes and there is an inverse relationship between them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Synoptic Survey of the Largest and Most Continuous Glaciers in Northwest Iran
Batool Zeynali Mahdi Frotan Sahar OkhovatFrost is one of the natural events whose early and late occurrence can affect different aspects of human life. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of predicting the atmospheric factors of this phenomenon with an environmental approach. For this pu MoreFrost is one of the natural events whose early and late occurrence can affect different aspects of human life. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of predicting the atmospheric factors of this phenomenon with an environmental approach. For this purpose, the environmental data related to the daily minimum temperature of 2001-2017 for 9 synoptic stations located in Ardabil, Urmia and Tabriz provinces were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the whole country and the days with temperature below 0 degrees Celsius that cover 40% of the studied area in were selected and using the ward hierarchical clustering method that was applied on the average sea level pressure maps related to ice days, the classification of the free days was done. In order to determine the representative of each class using scripting in the MATLAB environment, Lund's correlation was calculated between the maps of different days of each class of 2 to 5 groups with a coefficient of 0.5; And the days that had a correlation coefficient of 0.5 and the most similarity with the majority of days of that class were introduced as the representative of the group. After determining the representative day, atmospheric data was prepared from the Nova site and maps of sea level pressure, geopotential height, wind vector, temperature of 500 hPa and atmospheric thickness were drawn in Gurdes software. The results of the 4 patterns for ice days showed that the most effective systems on the northwest of Iran were high pressure systems in Siberia, low pressure systems near the Arctic and high pressure systems in Northern Europe, and the studied areas were located in the front of Faraz and the negative circulation of air brought stable conditions. In most of these patterns, the western winds that have moved in the polar ice channel have brought cold air from the northern latitudes into the atmosphere of the study areas and caused low air temperatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - تحلیل همدیدی مخاطره امواج گرما در شمال غرب ایران
علی محمد خورشیددوست سعید زنگنه یوسف زارعی سعید محمودیدما از عناصر اساسی اقلیم است لذا تغییرات ناگهانی یا کوتاه مدت و درازمدت آن میتواند ساختار آب و هوای هر محلی را دگرگون سازد. در این پژوهش تحلیل سینوپتیکی امواج گرمایی هجده ساله اخیر(1999-2016) در شمال غرب ایران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با استفاده از دادههای دمای روزانه، م Moreدما از عناصر اساسی اقلیم است لذا تغییرات ناگهانی یا کوتاه مدت و درازمدت آن میتواند ساختار آب و هوای هر محلی را دگرگون سازد. در این پژوهش تحلیل سینوپتیکی امواج گرمایی هجده ساله اخیر(1999-2016) در شمال غرب ایران مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با استفاده از دادههای دمای روزانه، موجهای گرما را که با افزایش ناگهانی و هماهنگ دما در همه ایستگاههای انتخابی منطقه شمال غرب ایران رخ داده بود، بر روی نمودار به صورت ماهانه(72 نمودار) مشخص گردید، که با این روش 14 موج گرما با شدتهای مختلف شناسایی گردید. سپس با استفاده از داده های NCEP-NCAR و نرم افزار GRADS و چهار سطح تراز دریا، 850، 700 و 500 هکتوپاسکال، انتخاب گردیدند و نقشههای سینوپتیکی تهیه گردید و مورد تحلیل همدیدی قرار گرفتند. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده با قرار گرفتن پشته حاصل از مراکز واچرخندی بر روی نیمه غربی ایران در روز اوج موج گرما، و با همگرا شدن هوا سبب فرونشینی و نشست هوا و در نهایت گرم شدن آن به صورت آدیاباتیک میشود. بررسی موج گرما از 48 ساعت قبل از شروع آن تا پایان موج و گذشتن از روی منطقه نشان میدهد که مراکز پرفشار جنب حاره ابتدا بر روی عربستان و شمال شرق آفریقا بسته میشوند و از روی دریای سرخ و عربستان عبور کرده و تا پایان موج گرما از شرق ایران گذشته و بعد از آن ضعیف شده و به عرضهای پایین جابجا میشوند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - شناسایی و تحلیل الگوهای همدید موجد کولاک فراگیر برف در شمال غرب ایران
جواد خوشحال دستجردی اصغر کامیارکولاک برف مخاطره­ای جوّی است که رخداد آننظمسامانه­های حمل و نقل وانتقال انرژی را برهم می­زند. از اینرو هدف این پژوهش شناسایی الگوهای همدید و بررسی کمیّت­های پویایی و گرماپویایی مؤثر در رخداد کولاک فراگیر برف در شمال­غرب ایران، که از مناطق مستعد رخداد Moreکولاک برف مخاطره­ای جوّی است که رخداد آننظمسامانه­های حمل و نقل وانتقال انرژی را برهم می­زند. از اینرو هدف این پژوهش شناسایی الگوهای همدید و بررسی کمیّت­های پویایی و گرماپویایی مؤثر در رخداد کولاک فراگیر برف در شمال­غرب ایران، که از مناطق مستعد رخداد این پدیده است، می­باشد.ابتدا روز نمونه با کولاک فراگیر روزیدر نظر گرفته شد که در آن بیش از 50 درصد ایستگاه­های همدید منطقه کدهای هوای حاضر بین 36 تا 39 را در آن روز ثبت کرده­ باشند.در ادامه پس از شناسایی روزهای رخداد این پدیده طی دوره زمانی 2009-1987، جهت تحلیل همدید داده­های 4 بار در روز فشار، دما، اُمگا، رطوبت ویژه، مؤلفه­های مداری و نصف­النهاری در تراز دریا، 1000، 850 و 500 هکتوپاسکال از پایگاه­هایNCEP/NCARدریافت و نقشه­های آن با نرم­افزار GrADSترسیم گردید. نتایج بررسی چشمی 11 مورد کولاک فراگیر،دو الگوی متفاوت را نشان داد. در ترازهای زیرین جو شیو فشار بین پرفشار شمال اروپا و کم­فشار مدیترانه سبب ایجاد ناپایداری می­گردید و در ترازهای بالایی جو گسترش ناوه شمال روسیهشرایط واگرایی بالایی را فراهم می­کرد.در پایانبررسیشاخص­های ناپایداری در سه ایستگاه جو بالای منطقه(ایروان، تبریز و کرمانشاه)نشان داد کهشاخصTTشرایط ناپایداری را بهتر از سایر شاخص­ها آشکار­می­کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The Role of Topography in Intensification of Precipitations in the south and South-west of Iran((Case Study:3 December 2015))
zynab mohammadi hasan lashkariIn this study, 10 precipitation systems were selected as prototypes between October and June 2016-2015. Then, 70 stations from the country's satellite stations were divided into four general groups in the south, southwest and center of Iran. The daily precipitation of t MoreIn this study, 10 precipitation systems were selected as prototypes between October and June 2016-2015. Then, 70 stations from the country's satellite stations were divided into four general groups in the south, southwest and center of Iran. The daily precipitation of the stations was extracted from each platform. To determine the patterns of precipitation occurrence in the Sudan low pressure region, atmospheric data from 1000 to 500 HPa are extracted from the NCEP / NCAR site and in the GRADS the maps of these ten systems were mapped. One of the most important systems that provide rainfalls in the Middle East is Sudan low pressure Lashkari (1996). The results showed that the systems entering Iran and the Middle East from the mentioned Sudan low pressure have a special mechanism. These systems have strong convection mechanisms because of having a thermal nature in their source and receiving a huge amount of moisture from the surrounding warm seas. They form deep boiling clouds and cause intensive and torrential showers when accompanied by deep waves in layers 700 and 850 HPa. Therefore, the cloud always forms in a convective way, and the height does not play a significant role in the intensification of its precipitations. In other words, it does not have a significant role by itself, at least in the windward slopes of the Zagros Mountains. The intensity of precipitation is, therefore, sometimes higher in the plains compared to the mountain summits. It seems heights play a more effective role in elevations above 1,500 meters in both windward and leeward slopes. However, in the Alborz mountain chain, there is a very clear and impressive correlation between precipitation and height because of re-creation of systems Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Zoning SPI and DI Drought Indices Using Rainfall Network Data in Northwest of Iran
Khadijeh Javan Mohammad Reza Azizzade Hoshang Bashiri Fariba ShahriarDrought is one of the natural hazards that humans are constantly exposed. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and analyzed. Drought indices, in fact Indicate the normal limits of droughts occurred during Time period to do possible to evaluate different spatial and t MoreDrought is one of the natural hazards that humans are constantly exposed. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and analyzed. Drought indices, in fact Indicate the normal limits of droughts occurred during Time period to do possible to evaluate different spatial and temporal scales. Daily precipitation data in a 57-year period (1951-2007) were received. Data in this database is in form of cell 0/25× 0/25 degree arc to the Middle East. To convert the database to a text file (TXT) format, it converted to useable formation MatLab software by programming in Grads software. The next step is the calculation of the indices described in MatLab software. To map the output data, the Surfer and ArcGIS software were used. In this study the data output is seasonal and annual, ultimately standard rainfall index shows the drought rate and has been compared with DI index. Comparison annual maps of deciles Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index shows that the eastern part in Northwest of Iran is Wetter than the western part according to a period of 58 years and The western and central regions of Azerbaijan have drought Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - آشکارسازی تغییرات پوشش سطح زمین ناحیه شمال غرب ایران به عنوان نمایه ای از بیابان زایی
قاسم کیخسروی زینب محمدیبیابان زایی مشتمل بر فرایندهایی است که در نتیجه عوامل طبیعی و عملکرد نادرست انسان ایجاد می گردد. در این پژوهش جهت بررسی روند بیابان زایی شمال غرب ایران، ابتدا تصاویر ماهواره ای سنجنده مادیس مرتبط با محصول پوشش زمین(MCD12Q1)، در فواصل زمانی 2001 تا 2013 دریافت گردید. برا Moreبیابان زایی مشتمل بر فرایندهایی است که در نتیجه عوامل طبیعی و عملکرد نادرست انسان ایجاد می گردد. در این پژوهش جهت بررسی روند بیابان زایی شمال غرب ایران، ابتدا تصاویر ماهواره ای سنجنده مادیس مرتبط با محصول پوشش زمین(MCD12Q1)، در فواصل زمانی 2001 تا 2013 دریافت گردید. برای تبدیل به فرمت نقشه های پوشش زمین از استاندارد IGBP و الگوریتم های Decision tree و Change Detection استفاده گردید در مرحله بعد نیز سطح تراز ارتفاعی دریاچه ارومیه از سنجنده های TOPEX،Jason-1 ، OSTM و JASON-3 دریافت شد. بر اساس استاندارد IGBP، در طی این 13 سال در منطقه حدود 14 طبقه پوششی زمین تشخیص داده شد. بیشترین مساحت منطقه را پوشش های گیاهی پراکنده، مراتع، زمین های زراعی و نواحی آبی تشکیل می دهند. با این وجود که پوشش منابع آبی 64 درصد وسعت خود را از دست داده است. اما وسعت پوشش های گیاهان پراکنده 57 درصد، مراتع 4 درصد و پوشش زمین های زراعی حدود 9 درصد نسبت به سال 2001 افزایش یافته است. نتایج تغییرات پوشش سطح زمین بر اساس الگوریتم Change Detection بیانگر آن است که 8 طبقه پوششی در طی 13 سال درچار تغییر در نوع پوشش گردیده اند. که این طبقات شامل(طبقه بوته زارها، طبقه زمین های زراعی،طبقه پوشش های گیاهی پراکنده،طبقه جنگل های برگ ریز پهن برگ ، طبقه جنگل های مخلوط، طبقه پوششی مراتع،طبقه پوششی ساوانا و طبقه پوششی آب) می باشند، که بخشی از مساحت این طبقات تبدیل به پوشش های از قبیل زمین های زراعی، مراتع، پوشش های گیاهی پراکنده و .... شده اند. بنابراین با توجه به تغییرات پوششی شمال غرب ایران می توان اینگونه نتیجه گرفت که فقط 9 درصد مساحت منطقه( عمدتاً در اطراف دریاچه ارومیه) دچار دگرگونی در نوع پوشش گردیده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - الگوهای جوی تداوم بارش های غرب ایران
شیدا منصوری رضا دوستانالگوهای جوی تداوم بارش های غرب ایرانبر مبنای 268 تداوم دو روزه و 162 تداوم سه روزه و بیشتر باروش تحلیل مولفه اصلی و خوشه بندیباداده ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل متر تراز 500 هکتوپاسکال از مرکز ملی پیش بینی محیطی و تحقیقات جویدر دوره 1961-2010 تعیین گردید.چنانکهدر تداوم دوروزه بارش Moreالگوهای جوی تداوم بارش های غرب ایرانبر مبنای 268 تداوم دو روزه و 162 تداوم سه روزه و بیشتر باروش تحلیل مولفه اصلی و خوشه بندیباداده ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل متر تراز 500 هکتوپاسکال از مرکز ملی پیش بینی محیطی و تحقیقات جویدر دوره 1961-2010 تعیین گردید.چنانکهدر تداوم دوروزه بارش، حرکت نصف النهاری بادهای غربی در خاورمیانه جدای از آرایش مداری بادهای غربی درعرض میانی غالب است.،اما آرایش نصف النهاری یکدست بادهای غربی از عرض بالا تا دریای سرخ، وقوع سردچال آناتولی و عمیق تر شدن فرود شرق مدیترانه در سطوح میانی جو، همراه با ترکیب دو پرفشار سیبری و جنوب اروپا تا شمال آفریقا در دو طرف کم فشارهای مدیترانه شرقی و سودان در سطح زمین، شکل گیری سیکلون های قوی تر و تداوم بیشتر بارش های غرب ایرانرا موجب میگردند.چنانکه در الگوهای جوی،جریانات مرطوب با جهت جنوب و جنوب غربی با موقعیت واچرخند غالب در عمان و چرخند های مدیترانه شرقیو غرب ایران، با گذر از جلگه عراق و خوزستان بر ارتفاعات بلند زاگرس صعود و بیشترین ریزش ها مداوم را در غرب ایران به همراه دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Evaluation of diversity in some morphological characteristics and essential oil antioxidant activity among of wild-growing populations of Golpar Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer، from Northwest of Iran
maryam rezapour Mohammad FattahiHeracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer. Is belongs to Apiaceae family, which has been used as a spice and food flavor, pickles agent and anti-worm, carminative, appetizer, and diuretic properties in Iranian traditional medicine. Morphological variation among eight wild-gro MoreHeracleum persicum Desf. Ex Fischer. Is belongs to Apiaceae family, which has been used as a spice and food flavor, pickles agent and anti-worm, carminative, appetizer, and diuretic properties in Iranian traditional medicine. Morphological variation among eight wild-growing populations of Heracleum persicum including Ahar, Kalibar, Marmishou, Silvana, Gardane hairan, Asalem, Aynalou, Meshkinshahr were studied in west North of Iran. In present work, 16 traits of this plant were applied for classifying samples by means of cluster and principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover phytochemical indices including essential oil (EO) % and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP methods) were evaluated. The seed essential oil was obtained by water distillation (Clevenger apparatus), based on cluster analysis populations and were categorized in three groups. The results were showed that the highest and lowest percentage of essential oils was recorded in Aynalou and Meshkinshahr (5.8%) and Silvana (3 %) respectively. Also, the Maximum and the lowest antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP was belonged to Meshkinshahr and Gardaneheiran with 67.09% and 58.98 (µmol Fe++ /g DW) and Aynaloo and Asalem with 47.30 % and 15.52 (µmol Fe++ /g DW) respectively. Considering that the Meshkinshahr population with the highest antioxidant activity, maximum number of umbel and essential oil percentage, it was introduced as the elite genotype for priority projects of breeding and alsoas medicinally valuable source to local market consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Political Relations of Manna and Assyria based on the Assyrian Annual Reports
mahta sheikhi alireza hojabrinobari mahmod tavoosi reza shabani samghabadiThe 7th to 10th centuries BC coincided with the rule of Assyrian Empire in the Mesopotamia, and the earliest instances of political confrontation in northwest Iran. These areas were home to the Manna tribes, who had gradually joined to gather in the region and establish MoreThe 7th to 10th centuries BC coincided with the rule of Assyrian Empire in the Mesopotamia, and the earliest instances of political confrontation in northwest Iran. These areas were home to the Manna tribes, who had gradually joined to gather in the region and established a monarchy following recurrent attacks by both Assyrian and Urartu governments. The rise and fall of Mannaean is marked by ambiguities and obscurities due to lack of Mannaean written resources, and so the reconstruction of its political relations with the powerful state of Assyria is only possible through exploration of Assyrian Annual reports. This study aims to elucidate the political relations between Manna and Assyria, and their role in regional control. The data was sourced from Assyrian Annual reports concerning the Manna people, whose history of political life, from the beginning until their integration into the Median government, has been classified into four periods. Finally, the study examined the role of Mannaean-Assyrian political relations in the Mannaean culture and society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran: Pahlavi's era
Shayan Karamirehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and Morerehabilitation program changed the old system of traditional irrigation. Theconsequences of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran are themain issue of the present paper. By studying this issue, the analysis of the reasons for themodernization and the explanation of the strategic conditions of the irrigation systemmodernization program, are as the objectives of this research. The present study has aqualitative approach. Data was collected from the archives of documents and otherlibrary resources, based on targeted sampling. To analyze the data, the grounded theorymethod is used. The findings show that, under the conditions of insufficient averageannual rainfall, it was imperative to use artificial irrigation techniques in agriculture. Thedevelopment of commercial agriculture, and the expansion of planting of crops, led tomore attention to artificial irrigation systems. The use of pressurized irrigation systems,along with other traditional irrigation techniques, is one of the most important strategicplans in modernizing the irrigation system. Modern damming, deep and semi-deepexcavation, irrigation network development and rehabilitation, and the integration oftraditional irrigation systems in regional irrigation administrations, including theactivities of an independent irrigation firm in western Iran. Increasing the level ofcultivation of cash products, such as opium, beet and cotton, was based on the importantimplications of modernizing the traditional irrigation system in western Iran, utilizingmodern irrigation knowledge, increasing irrigation efficiency, reducing tension andimproving social relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - بررسی نقش ساختار فضایی شهرها در پیشگیری از آلودگی غبار در مناطق غرب کشور
صدیقه لطفی -
Open Access Article
32 - دورنمای تخمین انرژی مورد استفاده برای گرمایش و سرمایش سکونتگاههای انسانی در اقلیم آینده (مطالعه موردی: استانهای شمالغرب کشور)
غلامرضا روشن علیرضا خواجه شاهکوئی محمد سعید نجفی -
Open Access Article
33 - بررسى نقش موقعیت لرستان از نظر ژئوپلیتیکى در رابطه با امنیت ایران
سیاوش مرادی پور عزت اله عزتی حیدر لطفی -
Open Access Article
34 - Identification of Tourism Climate Regions in West of Iran
Mehrdad RamzanipourClimate information is important for tourists especially before and during the vacation period. In this regard, for evaluation the local and time conditions for tourism climate regions in west of Iran (Lorestan, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Kurdistan provinces) TCI index and MoreClimate information is important for tourists especially before and during the vacation period. In this regard, for evaluation the local and time conditions for tourism climate regions in west of Iran (Lorestan, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Kurdistan provinces) TCI index and climate variables including mean of temperature, mean of max temperature, total of monthly precipitation, mean of relative humidity min, mean of sunshine hours and mean of wind speed (km/h) were used during a 15 year period (1990-2005). After analysis, the results showed that in most stations, May, June, July, September, October, and November month have ideal to good conditions for tourism. Throughout a year, Sarpol-e Zahab station has less favorable tourism conditions than other stations. The TCI coefficients zoning showed that in the cold seasons, i.e., in the entire studied area in December and January months, Lorestan province has not favorable climate for tourism, except a small southern part of this province, which has a good tourism climate in February and March months. In the warm seasons, i.e., in May, the central part of Lorestan province and small sections in the east and south of Kermanshah province and in June, the northern parts of Kurdistan province and south-east of the Lorestan province the ideal conditions dominate, and in September, the northern parts of Kurdistan and Hamedan provinces have the most ideal area compared to other areas, and in October, there is an ideal conditions for tourism only in the central part of Lorestan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - افیولیت ملانژهای شرق کرمانشاه (جنوبغرب بیستون)، غرب ایران
سیدحمید وزیری آتسوشی ماتسوکا
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