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Open Access Article
1 - Reviewing the evaluation methods for determining aquifer vulnerability in Iran using the Drastic method
Mohammadreza Pakbaz Mehran IranpourDetermining the vulnerability and risk of groundwater is necessary for groundwater management. Cleaning up polluted groundwater is a costly undertaking. Various factors degrade groundwater quality, including point sources and diffuse sources of pollution, often linked t MoreDetermining the vulnerability and risk of groundwater is necessary for groundwater management. Cleaning up polluted groundwater is a costly undertaking. Various factors degrade groundwater quality, including point sources and diffuse sources of pollution, often linked to human activities that allow pollutants to enter aquifers. Therefore, it is necessary to use suitable and affordable methods to prevent pollution of ground-water resources at the source. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the methods of determining the vulnerability of aquifers using the drastic model in 12 regions located in some parts of Iran. The evaluation of each region is presented based on different indicators which help the removing pollution executors of underground water systems in order to choose, reuse or present new methods. In addition, the challenges and research gaps of the existing plains were evaluated in the explanation of each method, which can be the subject of future research works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Survey of Flood water Spreading on quantitative changes of Vegetation Cover and Groundwater Recharge by Remote Sensing and GIS in Tasouj Aquifer in East Azarbayjan
Hossein Saadati Maghsoud KhayyamOne of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated bet MoreOne of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated between 45°18 to 45° 33E and 38° 15 to 38° 24 N,with an average annual precipitation of 362.3 mm, and average annual evaporation of989.5 mm. The study basin has an area of 5590 km2 with 3000 km2 on which floodspreading is possible. The aims of this research are investigation of efficacy of FloodSpreading Project (FSP) on vegetation cover and recharge of groudwater in Tassujstation. Remote sensing and GIS systems are effective and efficient techniques inwatershed management and investigation flood distribution in plains. After preparingmentioned parameters in GIS environment (using Arc GIS software), digital maps andtwo satellite images TM (1992) and ETM (2002, 2006) of the study area from floodspreading of Tassuj was used. Images were interpretated by Hybrid or optic method oncomputer monitor. The results were indicated that vegetation cover increased afterFlood Spreading Project equal 18% to 34% in 1378 to 1384 year. Bare soil decreasesin 9 years at last too. Deposit of drying, groundwater level does not decrease but alsodischarge of wells was increased. Study of unit hydrograph of Tassuj plain wasdeterminated that groundwater level decreases equal 10 meters in 1373 to 1380 butafter flood spreading in the1380 year it increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigation role of tectonics and lithology on slope instability, in the highlands north of Orumieh Lake, Using GIS (A case study of the north basin of water spreading schemes Tasuj)
Malek Rafiei Farideh Asadian Jamshid Yar AhmadiThis study was designed to investigate the role of tectonics and lithology of the major parameters affecting slope instability in the study area is examined. The study revealed that about 90% of the body surface elevations north basin sedimentary formations are composed MoreThis study was designed to investigate the role of tectonics and lithology of the major parameters affecting slope instability in the study area is examined. The study revealed that about 90% of the body surface elevations north basin sedimentary formations are composed of water spreading Tasuj. Performance of heavy tectonic especially to resistant and non-resistant, creating congestion fault-up (km2 / km) 2/2 with rule systems, Periglacial erosion, especially at altitude 1700 meters high makes up the physical degradation of rocks and receding cliff streams Banks typically isolated, drawn very widely in the region to form. To study aims to investigate the software Arc GIS and remote sensing data used and eventually plans to map geological tectonics and lithology and sensitivity of mass movements in the unstable range, the combination of combine the. The results show that the instability prevailing in the region, mainly debris slope range (Debris slide) and debris valley (Debris flow) and their dynamics have also mostly of natural origin, which are among the factors to be effective the role of tectonics and lithology, geological structure associated with susceptibility to type such important parameters affecting their pay. The results of quantitative analysis showed that the most unstable range (mass movement) due to faults in the region and formations susceptible to erosion has occurred. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Identification suitable areas of flood Spreading for artificial recharge groundwater using AHP method in GIS environment Case study:Abied- Sarbishe 0f Gotvand
Nezam Asgharipour Dasht Bozorg Mohammad Reza Servati Pervez Kardavani Siavash ShayanIndiscriminate exploitation of groundwater aquifers in the arid and semi- arid regions plains0f Iran has been causing a sharp drop in groundwater levels. artificial recharge groundwaterby flood spreading Method is a procedure that applicable for increasing the volume of MoreIndiscriminate exploitation of groundwater aquifers in the arid and semi- arid regions plains0f Iran has been causing a sharp drop in groundwater levels. artificial recharge groundwaterby flood spreading Method is a procedure that applicable for increasing the volume of thetank and prevent the severe drop in groundwater levels. In this Study Identificated suitableareas of flood Spreading for artificial recharge groundwater by using integrated GeographicInformation System(GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy process(AHP) in Abied- Sarbishe 0fGotvand region. For this seven effective indices - slope, infiltration, electrical conductivity,alluvial thickness transmisivity, drainage density and land use was prepared in GISenvironment and weighted by Analytical Hierarchy process(AHP). In next step with usingGIS analytical function and weight of each layer in AHP Method integrated effective indicesmaps and prepared finally map in four classes from suitable to unsuitable. The results of thisstudy showed That areas with high suitability for artificial recharge projects Often in alluvialfan geomorphological units and often located in less than 3 percent slopes.. Ground controlsshowed that high compliance between site selection and projects implemented in the studyarea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Site selection flood Spreading for artificial recharge in the north of Andimeshk
Nezam Asgharipour Dasht Bozorg Mohammad Reza Sarvati Farideh Azimi Zeinab zahrei AbdehvandIndiscriminate exploitation has been of groundwater aquifers in recent years causinga drop groundwater levels in the plains. Water storage in aquifers by flood spreadingon alluvial fans is a procedure that applicable in many area of Iran. In this Method,with floodwaters MoreIndiscriminate exploitation has been of groundwater aquifers in recent years causinga drop groundwater levels in the plains. Water storage in aquifers by flood spreadingon alluvial fans is a procedure that applicable in many area of Iran. In this Method,with floodwaters to infiltrate into the aquifer in addition to increasing the volume ofthe tank and prevent the severe drop in groundwater levels that are flood control andsoil conservation. Study area is Jarmh watershed this area of 314 square kilo meters innorth of Andimeshk. Alluvial zone is a 4356 ha that distinct by satellite imageprocessing and field works. Effective indices in flood spreading site selectionincluding slope, infiltration, alluvial thickness, transmisivity, flooding and electricalconductivity, selected and measurement in the study area and classified maps for all ofthem was prepared in GIS environment. In next step the maps incorporated by Booleanlogic and weighted overlay index finally the alluvial zone ordered in two classes, highsuitability 2059 ha in Boolean logic and 2485 ha in the weighted overlay index andmoderate suitability 2297 ha in Boolean logic and 1971 ha in the weighted overlayindex. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The evaluation of effect of increase irrigation efficiency along with increased acreage on the return water and underground water storage using SWAT model
فرشته بتوخته Farhad Misaghi Hossein DehghanisanijThe continued increase in demand in arid and semi-arid countries, increasing the gap between supply and demand for water in the future. Therefore, in these areas, especially in the agricultural sector an urgent need for water resources management, demand management and MoreThe continued increase in demand in arid and semi-arid countries, increasing the gap between supply and demand for water in the future. Therefore, in these areas, especially in the agricultural sector an urgent need for water resources management, demand management and allocation is to avoid critical situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing irrigation efficiency along with the development of cultivation on return water, and the reserves of underground water using SWAT model. SWAT model is a conceptual and half- distribution model at the basin scale that has high computational efficiency. After the simulation basin during the period 2005 to 2014 in base conditions and perform calibration and validation of model outputs, two scenarios of increased irrigation efficiency without increasing the area under cultivation and increasing irrigation efficiency along with increased cultivation was introduced to the models. Based on the results, by increase irrigation efficiency, the water used in agricultural production decreased from 330 million cubic meters per year to 186 million cubic meters per year in base conditions. Also the volume of return flow to the area decreased of 133 million cubic meters per year in base scenario to 0.22 and 1.96 million cubic meters per year in the scenario of increased irrigation efficiency without increasing the area under cultivation and increasing irrigation efficiency along with increased acreage respectively. The return of the amount of water feeding the aquifer from 29.6% in basic conditions with increasing irrigation efficiency reaches zero. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Impact Assessment of Operating Agricultural Management Scenarios on Quality and Quantity of Surface Water Resources Using Semi-Distributed Model and Checking the Vulnerability of the Aquifer (Case study: Hashtgerd Plain)
Mahmoodreza Nooralinejad Islamloo Mojtaba Shourian S. Sadjad MehdizadehBackground and Aim: The source of many qualitative and quantitative problems of water resources is the activities that are done in a watershed. Therefore, reviewing the planning strategies of watershed can lead to the reduction of these challenges therefore it is necess MoreBackground and Aim: The source of many qualitative and quantitative problems of water resources is the activities that are done in a watershed. Therefore, reviewing the planning strategies of watershed can lead to the reduction of these challenges therefore it is necessary to assess the effects of operating of these strategies before implementing them. Method: This research is carried out in the Hashtgerd basin is located in the central part of Alborz province. After making the semi distributed hydrological model (SWAT), this model has been developed to convert quantity and quality of surface water resources. For this purpose, the statistics of hydrometric stations Fashand, Dehsomeh and Najmabad and qualitative data of nitrate of the index station were calibrated and validated as control points. After model sensitivity analysis, its calibration process was conducted using SWAT-CUP software with SUFI2 algorithm and 500 iteration and the best values of selected parameters were obtained. Then, impact of implementing management scenarios are required such as modifying cropping pattern and improving irrigation methods to enhance the agricultural efficiency for improving agricultural state and reducing the contaminations. At last assessing the vulnerability of the Hastgerd aquifer using seven DRASTIC parameters by overlaying layers, ranking and weighing was assessed. Results: The results of the monthly surface runoff simulation were tested by Nash-Sutcliffe indicators and coefficient of determination. The results above 0.7 which showed that the simulation was done with good precision showed that simulation was done with proper precision(results over 0.7). The results of the Nitrate calibration and validation show that the NS was 0.83 and 0.7 and the R2 was estimated .87 and 0.89. These values indicate the proper performance of the model and approve high correlation between the observed and simulated data. After determining the vulnerability map of the Hashtgerd aquifer along the density of wells correcting the weights of the model layers, the central part of the plain is the most vulnerable. Conclusion: Two management scenarios were modeled including the change in the cropping pattern and improvement of the irrigation efficiency to assess the quality and quantity variation in surface resource. It was indicated, by modifying the cropping pattern and reducing water exploitation, the amount of surface runoff was increased. However, the density of Nitrate was reduced by 5 to 20 percent in different months. With implementation of scenarios, the water consumption in the agriculture sector will be reduced from the 85.3 MCM to 59.8 MCM. The final vulnerability index of the aquifer varied between 44 to 90 by using DRASTIC method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Evaluating the effect of supplying drinking water and agriculture water of Sari-Neka aquifer on the salinity movement with the utilization of Gelvard dam
mina nasiri mehdi hamidi Hamid Kardan moghaddamWith the fast-growing economy in the coastal regions, the demands for water resources and the exploitation of groundwater have been increased. Consequently, the established balance between freshwater and seawater has been disturbed and hence resulted in extensive seawat MoreWith the fast-growing economy in the coastal regions, the demands for water resources and the exploitation of groundwater have been increased. Consequently, the established balance between freshwater and seawater has been disturbed and hence resulted in extensive seawater intrusion into groundwater. In this paper, the flow model and saltwater intrusion in the Sari-Neka aquifer is simulated using the GMS model. The model is calibrated for four years Between October 2010 and September 2014, both in terms of groundwater levels and TDS concentration. The calibrated model is validated for the next year in terms of groundwater levels and TDS concentration with the available data for October 2014 and September 2015. The values of the correlation coefficient in the steady-state model, transient model and validation model in the flow model are obtained 0/99, 0/98 and 0/97 respectively. The values of the correlation coefficient in the transport model are obtained 0/83 and 0/87 in the transient model and validation model, respectively. After the validated model and assuming all the hydrogeologic conditions remain, a predictive 6-year simulation run indicates that further seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer can occur in the study area. The effects of the Gelvard dam on the quality of groundwater in the Sari-Neka aquifer in normal, drought and wet conditions also were investigated. The results show that under drought conditions the 50% iso-concentration contour movement for TDS will increase by 5/98 %. In wet conditions, the 50% iso-concentration contour movement will be reduced by 2/94%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigation of Optimum Cropping Pattern Proportional to Allocable Water and Balancing Aquifer (Case Study of Qom-Kahak Study Area)
Saeed Emamifar Farshad Mohammadian Reza Mohammadi Ahmad Abadi Mojtaba Ali-MadadiThe high share of agricultural water consumption compared to other sectors and the serious crisis of dehydration in recent years reform and offer optimal crop pattern that reduces water consumption and increases the efficiency of its use, the requirements of most forbid MoreThe high share of agricultural water consumption compared to other sectors and the serious crisis of dehydration in recent years reform and offer optimal crop pattern that reduces water consumption and increases the efficiency of its use, the requirements of most forbiddens and critical plains of the country. The purpose of this study was to provide optimal cropping pattern in relation to Allocable Water agriculture communicated by the Ministry of Energy and the long-term cumulative accumulation deficit of aquifers and the emphasis on agricultural sustainability indicators in the twenty-year planning horizon, Qom-Kahak study area. To simulate rainfall component behavior, outcomes of A2 scenario for the HADCM3 climatic model were used and using the continuity equation balance,the volume of water allocated to the crop sector was estimated each year. Then, using fuzzy utopian planning models, sustainable agriculture patterns were presented within the framework of technical constraints. The results showed that the implementation of the proposed agronomic models will in addition to offset the deficit of 536 million cubic meters and aquifer balance in the study area over the planning horizon, It will increase labor force and physical productivity of water, fertilizers and pesticides consumption will increase by 10.7%, 106%, 4.1% and 8.8% respectively, and water resources, fertilizers and chemicals consumption will reduce by 48.2%, 3.9%, 8 respectively.. Therefore, it is suggested to regional authorities to prioritize the implementation of proposed agro-projects, which requires the development of legal requirements, incentive and punitive policies, and conducting training and extension courses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Estimation of the Well’s Dynamic Water Level Using Empirical Formulas, Dimensional Analysis, and Energy Conservation Law (Case Study: Alborz Province)
Sara Fakouri Mohammad BijankhanBackground and Aim: Over-groundwater exploitation leads to severe water table decline and critical consequences in Iran’s fields. Water level at wells (dynamic water level) has reduced due to groundwater table decrease. It may reach the pump level and would result MoreBackground and Aim: Over-groundwater exploitation leads to severe water table decline and critical consequences in Iran’s fields. Water level at wells (dynamic water level) has reduced due to groundwater table decrease. It may reach the pump level and would result in air entrance into the suction pipe. Such two-phase flow would damage the electromotor finally. On the other hand, field measurement of the dynamic water level is always very difficult. Hence, it is aimed at this study to present a model to estimate the dynamic water level indirectly. Method: Water well Videometry is a useful tool to read the dynamic water level. It is however costly and not always possible. Therefore, a method to find the dynamic water level is of great practical importance. In this regard, energy balance equation is applied to a well pumping system to formulate the dynamic water level. Also, the empirical Jacob’s (1947) and Rorabaugh’s (1953) equations describing the well and aquifer losses are employed to develop a mathematical model of the dynamic water level. Finally, Buckingham analysis was employed to present a dimensionless model of the dynamic water level. Dimensional analyses could be applied using the information on the well discharge, well depth, and pump performance curve to estimate the well loss. The models were calibrated using the observed data of 17 water wells in Karaj, Kamalshahr, and Garmdareh of Alborz province. Results: The results indicated that the performance of Jacob’s (1947) and Rorabaugh’s (1953) methods are similar with the associated mean relative error of 5.1% compared to the measured dynamic water well values. Also, employing the dimensional analysis and energy balance methods the dynamic water level could be estimated with the mean absolute relative errors of 4 and 12.39% respectively. The results indicated that the three first models were much better than the energy balance model to predict the dynamic water level. Well performance is directly connected to the position of the dynamic water level, hence, the proposed methods could be used effectively to evaluate the well efficiency. Conclusion: To evaluate the relative error of estimating the dynamic water level RMSE values of different methods were calculated for the areas under study. The results indicated the proposed methods could be used more accurately for Kamalshahr area. The associated RMSE values of 6.58, 6.5, and 16.87 m was found for Jacob (1947) and Rorabaugh (1953), dimensional analysis, and energy balance models respectively. The method proposed based on the energy balance could not predict the observed dynamic water levels correctly. The reason might be attributed to the fact that there was no information about the pressure values at the outlet pipe. Also, there was no significant difference between the performances of Jacob (1947), Rorabaugh (1953) models. Among all, with the advantage of having dimensionless parameters, the model proposed based on the dimensional analysis was the best with the least mean absolute relative error. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Point Sources Pollution Index Development in Well Capture Zones with Mathematical Modeling Approach (Case study: Meshgin Shahr plain)
Mohsen Heidarogli Hossein Saadati Ebrahim FataeiBackground and Aim: It is possible to identify the areas of plains that are highly vulnerable to contaminating wells by modeling, integrating, and developing indicators. The presence of polluting points in these areas will bring and intensify the risk of contamination o MoreBackground and Aim: It is possible to identify the areas of plains that are highly vulnerable to contaminating wells by modeling, integrating, and developing indicators. The presence of polluting points in these areas will bring and intensify the risk of contamination of wells. The main goal of this research is to develop and provide a new index to determine the vulnerable levels around the wells that can cause the pollution of drinking and agricultural wells and, consequently, the pollution of the aquifer. In this research, the combination of point pollutant sources density was used as a risk index and well capture zones as a vulnerability index. This method is more accurate than other methods because it takes into account features such as discharge, natural damping, soil, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, land use, landcover, and distribution of wells, and it is a combination of vulnerability index and risk index.Method:In the present research, the vulnerability of Meshginshahr’s plain’s aquifer with an area of 614 square kilometers is estimated using the combination of two factors of the density of polluting sources in the areas of the rivers and the well capture zones.First, the density of point pollution sources such as industries, villages, gas stations, as an index of potential polluting sources in Mashgin Shahr’s plain’s rivers is determined by Karnal method in GIS environment. Then, numerical modeling is done to determine the well capture zonesusing MODFLOW and MODPATH models.The statistical data of 10 years from 2011 to 2020 is divided into three categories.The first 8 years are used for the calibration, and the last 2 years were used for model validation.Modeling was performed for stable state.Then the parameters of hydraulic conductivity, recharge and anisotropy are subjected to sensitivity analysis.In the next step, using the MODPATH model and based on the results of the MODFLOW model, well capture zonesor areas with high vulnerability are estimated in different periods.By combining the density layer of point pollutants in the rivers’ protection area and well capture zones, the developed pollution index of the plain is obtained.Results: The density of pollutants in the region varied from zero to 0.998 items per square kilometer, so that the highest density is in the southwest of the plain, around the important cities of the region. In 16% of the total surface of the plain, there is no capture of pollution by wells. The final capture with 25% of the plain has the largest share and the 10-year capture with less than 1% of the plain has the lowest share. The results of the final index shows that the entire level of the plain is in the range of low risk, and about 50% of the level of the Meshgin’s plain is in the range of low vulnerability. The results of this index are validated based on the density of two important pollutants, nitrate and chloride, which have a positive correlation with the vulnerability index. Two potential pollutants are selected as accuracy parameters to confirm the result of the index developed in this research. Nitrate is considered in rural and agricultural areas, which are affected by agricultural fertilizers and sewage. Chloride also indicates pollution in industrial and commercial places. The results show that the relationship between the two parameters of chlorine and nitrate is almost linear, so that the Pearson correlation coefficient for nitrate is 0.58 and for chloride is 0.49.Conclusion: The results of this research indicated that in the plains’ management in order to protect the wells’ water quality, the combination of the risk index of point pollutants in the rivers and the vulnerability of the well capture zones can play an important role, and in the industrial development of Mashgin Shahr plain, priority should be given to areas with lower risk. Due to the fact that there are no industrial towns or units in Mashgin Plain, it is not possible to evaluate the risk classes of this index with the spatial changes of groundwater pollution, and it is recommended that this index be used and evaluated in industrial plains. The index presented in this research is simpler compared to other developed indices in the field of aquifer pollution, however; for more accuracy, the weight of the effect can be determined for any point or non-point pollutant, or other parameters can be used Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Assessing pressurized irrigation systems development scenarios on groundwater resources using system dynamics modeling
Hamzeh Ali Alizadeh Abdolmajid Liaghat Teymour SohrabiDevelopment of pressurized irrigation systems is of great important from optimal water resources point of view. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of pressurized irrigation systems development scenarios on agricultural sustainability in Varam MoreDevelopment of pressurized irrigation systems is of great important from optimal water resources point of view. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of pressurized irrigation systems development scenarios on agricultural sustainability in Varamin, and to study the effect of government facilities on development of these systems. This study developed a system dynamics model for water resources management in Varamin, Iran. Results indicated that unplanned development of pressurized irrigation systems not only didn’t save the water resources, but it resulted in damaging groundwater resources. Result also indicated, while using surface water resources, if cultivated area did not increase, then development of sprinkler systems leads to increase national income and groundwater level, otherwise with increase of cultivated area results in reduction of gross national income. Development of sprinkler systems leads to improvement of groundwater quality and quantity level with and w/o cultivated area increment, thus, development of sprinkler systems can help to sustainable development only if cultivated area remains constant and water consumption reduces. To achieve sustainable agriculture, it is proposed that the granted governmental facilities to farmers be prioritized. This means that governmental facilities for irrigation development be granted to groundwater users in first priority, the development of micro irrigation systems (type and diameter) due to reduce evaporation, in second priority, mechanized surface irrigation systems, new sprinkler irrigation systems as LESA in the next priority. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Modifying DRASTIC model to determine groundwater vulnerability in a coastal region
Niloofar Khoshdooz-Masooleh Hossein Babazadeh Seyyed-Hassan Tabatabaei Mehdi NaderiCoastal aquifers have a high potential for contamination by seawater intrusion. Thus, the vulnerability of groundwater resources can be very effective in identifying vulnerabilities and sensitive groundwater aquifers. This study was conducted to evaluate Kish island aqu MoreCoastal aquifers have a high potential for contamination by seawater intrusion. Thus, the vulnerability of groundwater resources can be very effective in identifying vulnerabilities and sensitive groundwater aquifers. This study was conducted to evaluate Kish island aquifer vulnerability. The DRASTIC model was employed and modified based on the coastal aquifer conditions. Two additional parameters were included to the model which describes the balance between seawater and aquifer water level. The vulnerability maps were produced by DRASTIC and M-DRASTIC models. The comparison of these maps was performed using EC and TDS as the main indicators. The required data were collected from the existing reports as well as some extra direct water sample measurements. The overlaying of the vulnerability map was obtained by the DRASTIC method. Comparison of M-DRASTIC with EC and TDS maps showed that the mean differences for DRASTIC map with EC map is 17.41 and 10.24, respectively and for M-DRASTIC is 0.69 and 0.55, respectively. This indicates that the M-DRASTIC model is more adapted to coastal zones. The vulnerability index in DRASTIC method is generally lower than M-DRASTIC range. Based on the M-DRASTIC vulnerability analysis, it was found that 17.8, 48.1 and 34.1 percents of Kish island area is under average, high and very high risk of groundwater contamination, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Study of Local and Temporal Changes of Groundwater Quality Standards of Hamedan-Bahar Plain Using (GIS) over a 10 Year Period
Sahar Eghbalian omid BahmaniBackground and objective: Groundwater is the valuable resources for drinking, agriculture and industry uses in the most regions of Iran. Groundwater qualitative changes can be created by human activity and industrial development. Study of these resources is necessary in MoreBackground and objective: Groundwater is the valuable resources for drinking, agriculture and industry uses in the most regions of Iran. Groundwater qualitative changes can be created by human activity and industrial development. Study of these resources is necessary in order to maintaining and improving their quality. The objective of this study is zoning and regional the specification parameters point of the case study. Finally determined the best method for zoning the each of the variables and permitted and infect areas in agricultural uses. In addition behavior variables were investigated in the 10 year period of time. Method: Qualitative data of Hameda-Bahar plain in Ten-year period were used in this study. Variables such as EC, TDS, SAR, HCO3, PH, Cl & Na evaluated by Geostatical methods include of Ordinary Kriging(OK),(by Circular, Gaussian, Exponential and spherical Semivariogram Modeling) and the specific methods include inverse distance weights (IDW), radial basis functions (RBF), global polynomial interpolator (GPI) and local polynomial interpolator (LPI), were zoning with ARCGIS9.3. Findings: Results indicated that the best method to zoning the qualitative parameters were IDW (EC), RBF (TDS), OK exponential semivariogram (HCO3), IDW (PH), RBF (Cl), OK exponential semivariogram (Na) and RBF (SAR) in Hamedan-Bahar plain. According to the best method the zoning of parameters was done for 2005, 2009 and 2014 years. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that Na had the maximum changes in ground water during the study period. The area percent for this parameter increased 3.21% from 2005 to 2014. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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نعمت اله خراسانی عباس افشار -
Open Access Article
16 - Ground Water Modeling to Estimate Nitrate Dispersion in Critical Aquifers (A Case Study: Mashhad City)
Akbar Baghvand Ali Vosoogh Saeed Givehchi Ali Daryabeigi ZandAt present, due to inefficient and incorrect management, most domestic aquifers in Iran, particularly in dry regions, including the Mashhad plain, face lowering levels of lakes and ponds in water storage and are sometimes subject to various pollutants. In fact, a main a MoreAt present, due to inefficient and incorrect management, most domestic aquifers in Iran, particularly in dry regions, including the Mashhad plain, face lowering levels of lakes and ponds in water storage and are sometimes subject to various pollutants. In fact, a main and significant index which shows the aquifers infections is that nitrate is found in water. In this research, an attempt has been made to prepare a mathematical model for qualitative and quantitative value of the Mashhad plain aquifer. Consequently, the aquifer’s behavior is predicted and simulated based on nitrate ion during the last twelve years. In order to develop a mathematical model for qualitative and quantitative value of Mashhad plain’s aquifer, meteorological, hydrological and hydro geological data and statistics were analyzed using Surfer Ver. 8 software, computer code Modflow 2000 and GMS processor. After calibration settings and verification, this mathematical model is achieved. Results indicate that in the year 2022 the problematic issue of nitrate infections will remain intact for most central and eastern parts of the Mashhad aquifer and its density in these regions varies from 10 to 90mg. Based on this information, in most regions nitrate density is more than the permitted amount (45mg per liter) and the annual mean drop value for this aquifer (0.90 meter) shows its critical situation. The main reason for this aquifer’s pollution during recent years is non-standard waste gathering and sewage burying methods and combination with water wells, thus its penetration through these water wells into the aquifer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Investigation of Environmental Impacts of Artificial Injection Aquifer Plan in Yazd Province (Case Study: Yazd - Ardekan Plain Sub Watershed)
Masoud Monavari Maryam Morovati AmirHesam Hassani Parvin Farshchi Zara RostaIran is a semi-dried country. Although the volume of surface water is high, lack of appropriate control of water sources has resulted water shortage. The plain of Yazd- Ardekan is located in the Yazd province, with an area of 11393 km2 and has a high volume of water con MoreIran is a semi-dried country. Although the volume of surface water is high, lack of appropriate control of water sources has resulted water shortage. The plain of Yazd- Ardekan is located in the Yazd province, with an area of 11393 km2 and has a high volume of water consuming for agricultural, industrial mineral and drinkable exploitation. The region contains Yazd, Ardekan, Meybod, Taft, Sadugh and Mehriz, has the most population of the province. Regarding several negative and positive environmental impacts of performing the development plants, studying the evaluation of environmental impact the method of Monavari 2001 has been used for evaluating the impacts of artificial injection plans in the plain of Yazd-Ardekan. In this Method physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural environment values have been investigated. Expecting the impacts studied in two items of lack of performing the plan and performing the plan in the constructional and exploitation phases. According to the results, constructional phase and 117 positive impacts in operational phase, compared to the item of lack of performing the plan with 21 negative impacts in constructional phase and 74 positive impacts in operational phase showed that performing the plan in Yazd plain ofArdakan is possible by applying reformatory measures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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مجید احتشامی عبدالوحید آغاسی علیرضا رضایی رویا -
Open Access Article
19 - Spatial-Temporal Modeling of Groundwater Level Variations of Urban and Rural Areas in Kashan Aquifer Using GIS Techniques
Javad Samadi Javad SamadiBackground and Objective: The hydrograph and maps of groundwater level variations in Kashan aquifer demonstrate that during 2002-2011 the level of groundwater with depth moderate of 72.06 meter has decreased about 5.5 meter. When dealing with the quality of water resour MoreBackground and Objective: The hydrograph and maps of groundwater level variations in Kashan aquifer demonstrate that during 2002-2011 the level of groundwater with depth moderate of 72.06 meter has decreased about 5.5 meter. When dealing with the quality of water resources for defferent uses, collecting samples from all parts of a study area is not economically possible, In this regard zoning methods are powerful tools in the providing the data based on spatial-temporal variations. This research aimed, modeling of level, depth and spatial-temporal variations Kashan aquifer groundwater table based on Cross validation technique of different methods of deterministic and geostatistic interpolation in GIS environment. Method: water level data of 67 observational wells in the region have been surveyed and compared to mapping of Kashan groundwater level during 2002-2011. Cross validation techniques have been employed and some criteria such as mean biased error (MBE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and R2 have been used to assess the performance of different methods and choosing the best one. Findings: The results indicated that the local polynomials method with MBE = 0.444, MAE = 13.19, RMSE = 20.29 and R2 = 0.999 possessed the highest accuracy. Discussion and Counclusion: As well as the results of this study showed that residential areas with high population due to the high aggravation of net recharge and forest areas increased groundwater level and activities in the industrial, agricultural and water extraction have caused a drastic reduction in groundwater level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - An investigation on the impacts of chemical fertilizer on aquifer of Hashtgerd plateau
Amirhesam Hassani Ali Torabian Amir hosseyn Javid Faezeh AminianHashtgerd field (area: 650 Km2) is located in Tehran province which include mountainous region in south of central Arborz, alluvium area in west of Karaj field and east of Qazvin field. Hashtgerd field’s climate is cold and dry. The samples were collected from 18 MoreHashtgerd field (area: 650 Km2) is located in Tehran province which include mountainous region in south of central Arborz, alluvium area in west of Karaj field and east of Qazvin field. Hashtgerd field’s climate is cold and dry. The samples were collected from 18 wells in winter (1387) and spring (1388) and analyzed for the amount of nitrate, phosphate and potassium in samples. Extra uses of nitrate fertilizer cause the rise of nitrate through out the valley. The most amount of nitrate was observed in north east of Hashtgerd valley (19 mg/L) that was upper than standard amount (10 mg/L). Considering the movement direction of underground water in Hashtgerd field (from the north east to south west) the main resource of nitrate increase is the use of chemical fertilizer in agricultural activities. Although the most amount of phosphorus was in south west of Hashtgerd field (1.5 mg/L), it was less than standard amount (2 mg/L). Despite the low movement of phosphate in soil, it penetrated in to underground water. The main reason was the movement direction of underground water, up level of underground water and lack of unsaturated layer. Phosphorus of fertilizer enters the underground water and cause pollution. The amount of potassium in most of the wells was about 0.39- 1.96 (mg/L) that was lower than standard amount (2 mg/L). The most amount of potassium was in east north of the field to aquifer is predictable, because of the washing effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - A review of groundwater human diseases and the role of hydrogeological factors in counteracting them
Nejat Zeydalinejad Zohreh RamakBackground and Objective: Even though surface water is more susceptible to pollution and pathogens than groundwater, nowadays, it has been affirmed that groundwater may not only cause diseases in humanity, but also contaminate surface water. However, few studies have hi MoreBackground and Objective: Even though surface water is more susceptible to pollution and pathogens than groundwater, nowadays, it has been affirmed that groundwater may not only cause diseases in humanity, but also contaminate surface water. However, few studies have hitherto taken into account the groundwater diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the pathogens and diseases apropos of groundwater and to assess the key role of hydrogeological factors in alleviating them. Material and Methodology: In this study, different articles, especially case studies, related to groundwater diseases were reviewed. Findings: Groundwater may be the origin of many diseases affecting different parts of the body. Gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, cerebral, respiratory, skeletal, dental, ocular, and psychological diseases along with typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, goiter, metaglobin, bronchitis, poliomyelitis, anemia, internal bleeding, aging, allergies, sore throat, conjunctivitis, anosmia, inflammation and burning of the mouth, anesthesia, learning disabilities, behavioral and hyperactivity disorders in children, impaired fertility and fetal development, methemoglobinemia, congenital defect, cancer, and even death may occur in lights of groundwater. Discussion and Conclusion: Acquiring knowledge about the groundwater systems might be advantageous to a thorough understanding of issues relating to pathogens, and their refinement. Indeed, dissimilar groundwater systems having various hydrogeological characteristics exist. Considering features such as the type of geological formations, the aquifer's depth, and the anthropogenic influences, viz. groundwater over-exploitation, can complicate the issue, and impose requirements on hydrogeological studies in terms of self-purification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - An Analytical Study of the Groundwater Rehabilitation and Balancing Plan of the Country and the Challenges of Its Advancement
Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi Sayed Morteza Mousavi Ali Reza Tavakoli Mohsen Barahimi Amirali FatahiBackground and Objective: Significant decline of groundwater reservoirs in all plains of the country and its adverse consequences are intensifying day by day, so the purpose of this study is to comprehensively assess the trend of favorable and unfavorable changes in the MoreBackground and Objective: Significant decline of groundwater reservoirs in all plains of the country and its adverse consequences are intensifying day by day, so the purpose of this study is to comprehensively assess the trend of favorable and unfavorable changes in the national plan to rehabilitate and balance the country's groundwater resources. Material and Methodology: According to the purpose of this research, from all upstream documents in water science and engineering, including water resources balance reports of the country's study areas, summary reports and feedback of regional water companies in all provinces after the implementation of this national plan and extracting information from library resources and face-to-face talks with Experts from the Ministry of Energy were used. Findings: According to the latest available information (Ministry of Energy), there are more than 858,000 active wells in the country, of which about 50 billion cubic meters are discharged for various purposes. During the last half century, as a result of depletion of groundwater resources more than the feeding of aquifers and consecutive droughts, more than 410 out of 609 study areas of the country have been banned. With the aim of balancing water withdrawal with natural discharge capacity and repairing lost groundwater reserves over a period of 20 years, the plan to rehabilitate and balance groundwater resources in 2014 was approved by the Supreme Water Council and control the average annual deficit 5.6 billion cubic meters of aquifers (leading to the water year 2015-16) have been defined and planned in the 5-year period of the Sixth Plan in the country. In this regard, the Ministry of Energy has developed an action plan at the level of provinces and study areas covered. Discussion and Conclusion: With the passage of a decade since the implementation of this national plan, in this study, the results of the field performance at the level of the country's provinces were extracted and compared with the annual goals. Considering the trend, it becomes clear that the extent of water governance for the protection of underground water resources is in an unfavorable situation. The results show that not supporting this plan will face the country with irreparable challenges and consequences in the not too distant future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Effect of the Construction of Mamloo Dam on Land Subsidence in Varamin Plain
Sadegh Ghavami Jamal Hamed Gholami Mehrdad Rajabi Mohammad Hossein MobiniObjective: Mamloo dam in Tehran province has been built to meet the needs of agricultural water in Varamin plain, but due to the drinking water supply in Tehran, a limited amount of stored water is supplied to the plain. One of the most important effects of the insuffic MoreObjective: Mamloo dam in Tehran province has been built to meet the needs of agricultural water in Varamin plain, but due to the drinking water supply in Tehran, a limited amount of stored water is supplied to the plain. One of the most important effects of the insufficient supply of surface water in Varamin plain is the reduction of groundwater aquifers and land subsidence. In this study, the effect of the Mamloo dam on land subsidence in the Varamin plain was investigated. Analysis method: The changes in groundwater level and the unit hydrograph of the plain and quantitative changes of groundwater in the study area of Varamin plain located downstream of the dam were studied and analyzed in two periods before and after the operation of the Mamloo dam. Findings: Based on the results obtained from the selected piezometric network and according to the division of the study area into northern and southern regions, the greatest amount of decline was in the northern part. After the construction of the Mamloo Dam, new evacuation points were created based on the potential maps in the northern and central parts, where the population and agriculture centers were located. In the south, due to the type of geological structure and less alluvial thickness, the emptying of the pores of the aqueous layer has led to subsidence in some areas. Finally, the adaptation of the areas with the greatest decrease in groundwater discharge to the areas with the highest vertical displacement in the southern and central regions in the radar maps was quite clear. Discussion and Conclusion: By investigating the results obtained from the analysis of the drop of piezometers in the study area of Varamin plain and the expansion of the number and depth of deep wells in the mentioned plain, the change in the underground water flow regime and the reduction of the aquifer volume are clear. After the construction of the Mamloo dam, the amount of this drop has increased, especially in the lands of the northern part. In addition, the lack of proper planning in meeting the needs of the agricultural sector of the plain, which has a major share in the consumption of water obtained from underground sources, has caused major challenges in the climatic and social conditions downstream of the dam. Due to the construction of the Mamloo dam at the entrance of the Jajrood River to Varamin plain, the level of the water table has decreased over time due to the significant reduction of surface flow to the region. This decrease had higher values in the northern half of the plain and in the areas where the thickness of alluvium is greater. Based on the output of satellite and subsidence maps, the areas that experienced more discharge and drop during the statistical period correspond to the areas with more subsidence in the subsidence maps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Feasibility study of application of sewage for arti!cial injection of aquifer in the plain of Yazd-Ardakan
maryam Morovati masoud Monavari amir hesam Hasani zahra RostaOne of the aims of consuming urban purified sewage is using it for artificial injection of the plains without surface water flows. Using the sewage, specially in the plains where there is slump of underground water surface because of the irregular take of these waters, MoreOne of the aims of consuming urban purified sewage is using it for artificial injection of the plains without surface water flows. Using the sewage, specially in the plains where there is slump of underground water surface because of the irregular take of these waters, are more essential. The plain of Yazd-Ardakan as one of the main plains of Yazd province has the main population, industrial and agricultural activities. Since 40 years ago, there has been a slump of underground water surface because of the irregular take of water in the plain, so that the plain was forbidden since 1967 by ministry of Energy in order to prevent more slump in the water surface. Statistics indicate that the slump is continous. Low quality of some wells water and settling of the ground in some land of the region show that the situation is critical. So using any kind of water resources especially refined sewage in order to reduce and compensate the slump of Yazd-Ardakan plain is suggested Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Feasibility study of application of sewage for artificial injection of aquifer in the plain of Yazd-Ardekan
maryam Morovati seyed masoud Monavari amir hesam hassanOne of the aims of consuming urban purified sewageis using it for artificial injection of the plains withoutsurface water flows. Using the sewage, specially inthe plains where there is slump of underground watersurface because of the irregular take of these waters,are m MoreOne of the aims of consuming urban purified sewageis using it for artificial injection of the plains withoutsurface water flows. Using the sewage, specially inthe plains where there is slump of underground watersurface because of the irregular take of these waters,are more essential. The plain of Yazd-Ardekan asone of the main plains of Yazd province has the mainpopulation, industrial and agricultural activities. Since40 years ago, there has been a slump of undergroundwater surface because of the irregular take of water inthe plain, so that the plain was forbidden since 1967by ministry of Energy in order to prevent more slumpin the water surface.Statistics indicate that the slump is continous. Lowquality of some wells water and settling of the groundin some land of the region show that the situation iscritical.So using any kind of water resources especiallyrefined sewage in order to reduce and compensatethe slump of Yazd-Ardekan plain is suggested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Applying fundamental geostatistical approaches to determine potential zones of groundwater recharge of Tehran-Karaj Plain Aquifer
Behzad RayeganiGroundwater, especially in arid and semi-arid is one of the main sources of drinking water. Contrary to public perception in these areas the water quality is more important than quantify. Therefore, monitoring of water quality and identification of pollution sources is MoreGroundwater, especially in arid and semi-arid is one of the main sources of drinking water. Contrary to public perception in these areas the water quality is more important than quantify. Therefore, monitoring of water quality and identification of pollution sources is one of the main concerns of researchers in this area. In this study, in order to identify sources of groundwater contamination, areas are likely aquifer recharge sources of Tehran-Karaj plain detected. So, after extraction of groundwater level data different interpolation and geostatistics methods are used to create surface images. The Gstat software and Geostatistical Analyst were used for this study then performance and ability of each one to produce surface images are evaluated. According to the results, the Geostatistical Analyst software has better flexibility to do the special analysis. Based on the training and test data interpolation methods were very similar, but the surface images regarding groundwater direction flow and histogram look very different. According to the results, universal kriging showed better performance. Accordingly, surface images of different time created by an appropriate method to simulate groundwater flow direction and eventually areas were identified which are more likely ground water recharge source of Tehran-Karaj aquifer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - سطحبندی ریسک منابع آب آشامیدنی روستاهای دشت سرخون بندرعباس (مطالعه موردی: دهستان سرخون - بخش قلعه قاضی شهرستان بندرعباس)
احمد نوحهگر فاطمه ریاحیچلوانی ناهید اکبریسامانی -
Open Access Article
28 - Assessing groundwater vulnerability in Ramhormoz aquifer using a GIS and DRASTIC Techniques
Pouriya Moradi Hassan Rouhi Kazem Rangzan Nasrollah Kalantari Nazanin GhanbariAquifer vulnerability assessment to identify areas that have a potential contamination of water re-sources management, is very important. One of the rudimentary and important ways to prevent groundwater contamination is the identification of vulnerable areas and applied MoreAquifer vulnerability assessment to identify areas that have a potential contamination of water re-sources management, is very important. One of the rudimentary and important ways to prevent groundwater contamination is the identification of vulnerable areas and applied its results for land use management. In this study, the vulnerability of Ramhormoz aquifer evaluated by an Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and Modified DRASTIC based on GIS. In the DRASTIC model the map of seven hydrogeological characteristics affecting groundwater pollution (depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil type, topography, the impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conduc-tivity) was combined using Geographic information system (GIS) and aquifer vulnerability map was prepared. In order to overlaying the data layer tree methods (DRASTIC-DRASTIC, DRASTIC-AHP and AHP-AHP methods) have been used. Nitrate concentration data of groundwater have been used for model validation. The results show that, except the southeast that have a high vulnerability, other parts of plain have a low to moderate vulnerability. In the study area, DRASTIC-DRASTIC and DRASTIC-AHP methods have a better results rather than AHP-AHP method. The correlation coefficient between Q index and nitrate concentration in DRASTIC-DRASTIC, DRASTIC-AHP and AHP-AHP methods is obtained 0.97, 0.96 and 0.81, respectively, which confirmed the results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Identification of villages at risk of subsidence in Ardabil plain using fuzzy-network analysis in GIS
Bahram Imani Jafar JafarzadehBackground and Objective In recent years, due to climate change and drought, as well as the lack of supervision in digging agricultural wells, many of the country's aquifers have been harvested improperly, which has led to a negative balance of these aquifers to the ext MoreBackground and Objective In recent years, due to climate change and drought, as well as the lack of supervision in digging agricultural wells, many of the country's aquifers have been harvested improperly, which has led to a negative balance of these aquifers to the extent that, according to the Geological Survey, most of the country's plains have experienced a drop in groundwater levels. Today, the study, planning and planning to reduce the risks of natural hazards is one of the main issues of officials and planners of countries. One of the hazards that are less considered due to gradual performance is the phenomenon of subsidence, which in recent years due to increased use of important aquifers in the plains of the country has become a pervasive problem. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the possibility of subsidence and its possible dangers as a threat to human projects as well as rural settlements in the Ardabil plain.tpMaterials and Methods The study area of Ardabil plain is located between the latitude of thirty-eight degrees and thirty minutes north latitude to thirty-eight degrees and thirty minutes and the longitude of east geography forty-eight degrees and fifteen minutes to forty-eight degrees and thirty-five minutes in the northwestern part of Ardabil province. To investigate the groundwater status of the plain, data from 38 observation wells prepared by the Ardabil Regional Water Organization and located at the plain level have been used. First, using 30-year statistics of 65 observation wells and GIS, a water potential drop map for the region was prepared. Then, using fuzzy Dematel model, experts' opinions were collected and modeled. This method is one of the conceptual methods for structuring decision problems. The Dematel technique is based on graph theory, and in this way we can divide the criteria into two groups of cause and effect criteria to gain a better understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship and finally be able to create a network of interrelationships. Finally, after creating the general relationship matrix and according to the defined threshold size, we create the final relationship matrix in which the number zero means no relationship and the number one means the relationship between two criteria. Using the final relations matrix, we conduct a survey of experts on the extent to which factors affect each other with respect to their interdependence. After the data was obtained from the relevant organizations, a database was created for the information in the ArcCatalog software environment, and then maps related to this data were created in ArcGIS software. After the weights of the different layers were obtained using the fuzzy network analysis method, they entered the ArcGIS software and multiplied the weights of each sub-criterion in the map we created for each layer and finally gathered the maps together to get a final map Came. The final map shows the areas of Ardabil plain that are classified in terms of subsidence risk and in five categories in terms of danger status were shown with color spectrum. Then, the area with severe water loss was selected and compared with the scattering map of deep wells. In the last step, using advanced and fuzzy hybrid models and network analysis in the software environment of GIS, each of the layers of sediment sensitivity and water level drop membership is determined and using fuzzy linear overlap, the area sensitivity map to subsidence in five classes of very sensitivity High, high sensitivity, medium sensitivity, low sensitivity and very low sensitivity were prepared. To prepare the final map of subsidence risk status in Ardabil plain, first the obtained weights for each sub-factor were multiplied in the fuzzy maps of that sub-factor and then these weighted maps were aggregated using the Raster Calculator tool. The final fuzzy map of subsidence risk assessment of Ardabil plain is changing with the color spectrum changes from blue, which represents the lowest, to red, which represents the highest. The blue color indicates low risk areas and the red color indicates high risk areas in terms of subsidence risk in Ardabil plain and villages located in this area.Results and Discussion After obtaining the initial plan to assess the subsidence risk status and areas at risk of subsidence in Ardabil plain, the final map to assess the status of Ardabil plain in terms of land subsidence risk has been prepared according to the weights and layers obtained. Since all the base layer maps were reclassified into five layers and the weight corresponding to each layer was given according to the condition of the layers, the final map was classified and weighted into five layers, which according to experts and professors is as follows; 1) Low risk areas, 2) Medium risk areas, 3) High risk, 4) Damaged areas, 5) Critical areas. Finally, using the final map of Ardabil plain subsidence risk assessment, as well as the ranking obtained from the opinions of relevant experts, the final map of Ardabil plain subsidence risk analysis was prepared. Also, the map of deep wells in Ardabil plain and its distribution in rural areas, it can be seen that the highest distribution and concentration of deep wells in the eastern part of the plain is in Wilkij e Markazi and Fooladloo e Shomali villages. This situation shows the scattering position of deep wells showing the proportionality of the scattering of deep wells in areas at risk of subsidence.Conclusion Wilkij e Markazi, Fooladloo e Shomali, and Fooladloo e Sharghi have the highest levels of vulnerability in terms of subsidence risk status. The critical situation of landslide risk is the highest in these three villages. Also, Kalkhoran and Aghbalagh Aqajan Khan villages are moving from a moderate to a vulnerable situation, which requires more care in managing and planning the water resources of these villages. Also, there is a strong relationship between the distribution of deep wells in the Ardabil plain and areas at high risk of subsidence. Also, according to the results obtained the groundwater status sub-criterion with a weight of 0.38 has the greatest impact on the subsidence risk of Ardabil plain. This weight shows the high impact of this sub-criterion by examining other layers related to groundwater status and population dispersion layer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Automated processing based on interferometer technique with permanent dispersers for subsidence monitoring (Case study of Herat and Marvast aquifers)
Abolfazl Mohammadi Fatehabad Seyed Ali Alhoseini AlmodaresiBackground and Objective One of the issues that occur due to groundwater abstraction is land subsidence. This situation is now reported in many arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, especially in Yazd province. In addition, in recent decades, heterogeneous development of MoreBackground and Objective One of the issues that occur due to groundwater abstraction is land subsidence. This situation is now reported in many arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, especially in Yazd province. In addition, in recent decades, heterogeneous development of agricultural lands and uncontrolled extraction of groundwater from the reservoirs of Herat and Marvast aquifers in Yazd province have caused the occurrence of land subsidence around agricultural lands. The rising metal wall of deep wells and the horizontal cracks on the ground directly indicate the degree of subsidence. It is necessary to identify and identify areas that are prone to subsidence due to the risk and danger to life. On the other hand, we must note that The effects of subsidence may be accelerated by other natural activities in the area such as volcanic activity, earthquakes and landslides, and due to the seismicity of many areas of our country, attention to this phenomenon is of particular importance. Today, one of the most accurate and cost-effective methods for detecting ground surface movements is the radar interference technique. By comparing the phases of two radar images taken from the same area at two different times, this method will be able to determine changes in the earth's surface with accuracy and spatial resolution in centimetres and even millimetres in that time interval. In this article, for the first time, we tried to monitor the subsidence of land subsidence in Herat and Marva's aquifers by using Sentinel-1 satellite images and open source software. In this research, we try to achieve the following goals by using the time series data of the Sentinel-1 sensor, which has not been used in the study of subsidence of the studied areas. The aim of this study is to implement the technique of interferometry with permanent distributors using the integrated SNAP2StaMPS package. Another goal can be to estimate the subsidence rate by processing a set of Sentinel-1 sensor images in the period 20/02/2017 to 10/02/2019, approximately two years of time series. The ultimate goal was to investigate the data potential of this sensor in time series analysis and monitoring of changes due to land subsidence.Materials and Methods Herat and Marvast aquifers, in fact, the study areas in this study include Herat and Marvast aquifers located in Yazd province. Herat and Marvast aquifers are geologically part of the Zagros (ophiolite, radiolarite) and Sanandaj-Sirjan zones. The study areas are located in the 2nd-degree catchment area of Abargoo and Sirjan deserts with code 44 and an area equal to 57125 square kilometres. In this study, 24 data related to Sentinel-1 sensor were processed in one-dimensional mixed image level, high pass, VV polarization and segment number 93 related over a period of approximately two years in both study areas. In general, most of the process of processing and analyzing the time series of interferometers with permanent distributors (PSI) in this paper was done by two open source software, Snap and Stamps. Finally, to automate the single-reference interferometry steps, a set of code written in the Python programming language called SNAP2StaMPS was used, which is well designed based on the graphs of the Snap software.Results and Discussion One of the results of interferometric processing based on the innovative SNAP2StaMPS algorithm in this research was the production of interference maps from which the topographic phase has been omitted. Other results of the standard deviation scatter index for the average displacement map of both Herat and Marva's aquifers were 4.19 and 3.65 mm per year, respectively. Also, the main results of this study are the estimation of the average displacement map of the Herat aquifer between -40.33 to 11.46 mm per year and for Marva's aquifer between-39.79 to 10.63 mm per year in terms of satellite visibility during the study period (2017 to 2019). For this purpose, areas were randomly selected and areas based on subsidence field evidence in both study areas were selected. Hajiabad Naseri and, 6) Marvast city, related to the Marvast aquifer can be named. In this paper, due to the lack of specialized tools to evaluate and validate the only way to review the results, its compliance with ground subsidence evidence, time series diagrams and hydrograph of the aquifer unit. According to the hydrograph results of Herat and Marvast alluvial aquifers, the groundwater level in the Herat aquifer has decreased by about 5.5 meters during the 8-year period from 2011 to 2019, based on data from 28 observation wells. This hydrograph shows a drop of groundwater of about 7 meters over an eight-year period. The time series results obtained from the interferometry of the images used in this paper show the slope of the fitting line, which actually shows the amount of displacement (up or down), indicating a downward trend in the second area (white aqueduct of Herat aquifer) and Fifth (Shuran aqueduct from Marvast aquifer) shows its amount equal to about 5 and 7 cm, respectively. These results have a significant relationship with the hydrograph of the unit of both aquifers.Conclusion In this study, for the first time, to estimate the rate of subsidence in Herat and Marvast aquifers in Yazd province, the technique of interferometry with permanent dispersants was used using Sentinel-1 sensor data and SNAP2StaMPS open source package. Also, the potential of Stamps and SNAP software for radar interferometry processing was investigated, and also the details of the implementation of the Step to Stamps software package were shown. In general, based on the processed outputs of this package and the results of validation, it is possible to understand the ability of the automated method presented in this study to monitor subsidence and use this algorithm in other study areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Evaluation of aquifer interaction behavior with land subsidence and its relation to groundwater level and vegetation changes using DInSAR technique
Fateme Rafiei Saeid Gharechelou Saeed GolianGlobal climate change and overpopulation increased the need for groundwater resources. Land subsidence due to groundwater extraction and water depletion is one of the environmental hazards that threatens the communities. This research has been done as a case study in Se MoreGlobal climate change and overpopulation increased the need for groundwater resources. Land subsidence due to groundwater extraction and water depletion is one of the environmental hazards that threatens the communities. This research has been done as a case study in Semalghan plain, one of the agricultural plains in North Khorasan province. According to the information of the Regional Water Organization of this province, most of the groundwater resources have been extracted from the deep wells of this plain and groundwater resources are in a critical situation. In this study, to investigate land subsidence due to groundwater depletion in Semalghan plain radar differential interferometry technique of Sentinel-1 satellite Descending data from 2014 to 2020 have been produced and analyzed. Also, to monitor vegetation changes Landsat-8 satellite images and study of aquifer interaction behavior was applied. Groundwater depletion maps have been produced using GIS and piezometric data of plain, and their relationship with subsidence was assessed. The result maps showed a direct relationship between water table head fall and subsidence in the Semalghan aquifer during the study period. The maximum subsidence which occurred in this plain in 2019 is equal to 34 cm and a minimum of 18 cm in 2015 and 2018 respectively. Finally, the relationship between groundwater level decline and land subsidence was studied and the behavior of the aquifer was investigated. The results showed the elastic behavior over the Semalghan aquifer and around Chamanbid city. Furthermore, by processing Landsat-8 images from 2015 to 2020, the temporal-spatial relationship of vegetation changes with subsidence was studied. The results showed that the destruction of vegetation has occurred by 5.9% in some areas in the plain due to groundwater level decline which has occurred all over the plain and subsidence in the region and revealed a high temporal-spatial correlation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - تحلیل خشکسالی هیدرولوژیکی آبهای زیرزمینی دشت مهران با استفاده از شاخص GRI
علی عباسی نیا جعفر مرشدی منیژه ظهوریان جبرائیل قربانیان -
Open Access Article
33 - ارزیابی هیدرولوژی کارست به منظور مدل سازی توزیع مکانی تغذیه در آبخوان های کارستی مطالعه موردی : شهرستان داراب
مجتبی محمدی محمد ابراهیم عفیفی -
Open Access Article
34 - ////////
Hadi Salari -
Open Access Article
35 - Investigation of environmental dimensions of brownfield dispersion in marginal areas
Fazel Khaleghi Today, the physical and sparse urban sprawl is one of the well-known features of developing countries, and this uneven development of the city into the surrounding rural areas leads to poor urban development and environmental degradation. Brown lands are among t More Today, the physical and sparse urban sprawl is one of the well-known features of developing countries, and this uneven development of the city into the surrounding rural areas leads to poor urban development and environmental degradation. Brown lands are among the abandoned areas, inefficient and in need of redevelopment in cities. There has been instability in cities. Therefore, the need to pay attention and identify these areas for sustainable intervention is extremely important. The main issue of the present study is to identify the criteria for defining brown lands and to study the environmental dimensions of the dispersion of these lands in suburban areas. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The results of the study indicate that although brown lands are structurally different from each other, but in nature have common features, so identifying these lands as potential urban potentials is an opportunity to achieve sustainable urban development, protection of urban areas and It will prevent the uncontrolled growth and destruction of agricultural lands and green areas of the suburbs Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Study of the rainfall effects on bacterial concentration in the selected karst water resources, in typical arid and semi-arid region of Maharlu basin, Shiraz
Ehsan Pouryasin Mehrdad Rahnemaei Mohammad ManshouriEach karstic aquifer has its own singular hydrodynamics behavior, flow pattern and infiltration capacitycharacteristics. Recent studies have shown that the karst aquifers responses to infiltration events are veryimportant. In this research, studies reveal the effectiven MoreEach karstic aquifer has its own singular hydrodynamics behavior, flow pattern and infiltration capacitycharacteristics. Recent studies have shown that the karst aquifers responses to infiltration events are veryimportant. In this research, studies reveal the effectiveness of rainfall events on the index bacterialconcentration in dry and wet period in a semi-arid region, Maharlu basin. But total rainfall does not have anydetermined relationship with total bacterial concentration in the selected karst water resources, so we need toprospect any event as unique. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The Tous fault is the most important factor controlling the hydraulic behavior of the northern part of Mashhad plain
Abbas Kangi Mohammad reza ArjmandMashhad plain is located in a specific structural location and is affected by a group of active faults in north of the Binalood mountain, sothern margin of Kope-Dagh mountain and Bakharden – Quchan Fault System in west. Activity of these faults shaped the En echel MoreMashhad plain is located in a specific structural location and is affected by a group of active faults in north of the Binalood mountain, sothern margin of Kope-Dagh mountain and Bakharden – Quchan Fault System in west. Activity of these faults shaped the En echelon morphology of bedrock plain. Also function of active faults in quaternary period affected the thickness and expansion of alluvial sediments with high potential of water flow rate. Tous fault as an accessory branch of Kashafroud fault zone in North of the Mashhad plain, plays an important role in controlling the behavior of groundwater reservoir in this plain. Based on a combination of geoelectric profiles and instrumental excavation results, the Tous Fault is discovered as a subsidiary and leading fault, with the Fault-Propagation Folds mechanism developing without subsurface outcrop under a series of anticlines north of Mashhad plain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Health risk assessment of fluoride and nitrate in Lar area, south Iran
masume nikbakht Mohsen Rezaei Ata ShakeriReducing the quality of ground water in arid and semi-arid southern regions of Iran, most of the pollution is geogenic source and human source. Among the many harmful contaminants, nitrate and fluoride contamination are more spread. In this study, in order to evaluate f MoreReducing the quality of ground water in arid and semi-arid southern regions of Iran, most of the pollution is geogenic source and human source. Among the many harmful contaminants, nitrate and fluoride contamination are more spread. In this study, in order to evaluate fluoride and nitrate concentrations and compare the results with national and international standards, health risk assessment was conducted in non-cancer diseases in the aquifer of Lar. In this study, more than 17 wells in two wet seasons (May) and the dry season (September) were sampled. Selected wells used primarily for agriculture. Anions values, Cl, and Cations Ca, K, Na, Mg, using APHA were analyzed in the laboratory. The human health risk assessment using indicators Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was measured. The average concentration of fluoride and nitrate in the wet season F=2.9 NO3=19.7 and the dry season F=1.8 and NO3 = 16.3ppm, respectively. Risk factor (HQ) and CRlim (maximum water) was calculated for the elements fluorine and nitrate. The results show that the measured concentration for nitrate and fluoride elements in some samples taken over the limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water and hence the aquifer for domestic water use for people and especially the reported amounts of fluorine is dangerous for children Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Investigation of hydraulic properties on groundwater resources discharge of Bam plain
hadi SalariBam plain in Kerman province, about 207 kilometers Southeast of the center is located at edge of Lut Desert is an arid country. In this study, all the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer including hydraulic conductivity(K), transmissivity (T) and the thickness of the aq MoreBam plain in Kerman province, about 207 kilometers Southeast of the center is located at edge of Lut Desert is an arid country. In this study, all the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer including hydraulic conductivity(K), transmissivity (T) and the thickness of the aquifer (b) has been studied. With the implementation of aquifer pumping test wells observational transfer coefficient is measured and the thickness of the aquifer was estimated using geophysical plain in different directions. The hydraulic conductivity calculated by the formula Darcy and all data processing software for Excel, Surfer and GIS data. Hydraulic parameters, transmissivity coefficient and the thickness of aquifer as zoning plans and results have been interpreted. The results show t Bam plain in Kerman province, about 207 kilometers Southeast of the center is located at edge of Lut Desert is an arid country. In this study, all the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer including hydraulic conductivity(K), transmissivity (T) and the thickness of the aquifer (b) has been studied. With the implementation of aquifer pumping test wells observational transfer coefficient is measured and the thickness of the aquifer was estimated using geophysical plain in different directions. The hydraulic conductivity calculated by the formula Darcy and all data processing software for Excel, Surfer and GIS data. Hydraulic parameters, transmissivity coefficient and the thickness of aquifer as zoning plans and results have been interpreted. The results show that hydraulic conductivity in parts of eastern and south-eastern lowland plains has been higher that other parts. As well as the ability to transfer coefficient of the aquifer from the northwest to southeast is rising. In general, the thickness of aquifer from the southeast to the northwest and central plains are on the rise. So if a well or aqueduct to exploit groundwater resources in eastern and southeastern plains discharge dig a well than other areas will be plain. Because due to the high permeability sediments above the aquifer transfer coefficient is higher. hat hydraulic conductivity in parts of eastern and south-eastern lowland plains has been higher that other parts. As well as the ability to transfer coefficient of the aquifer from the northwest to southeast is rising. In general, the thickness of aquifer from the southeast to the northwest and central plains are on the rise. So if a well or aqueduct to exploit groundwater resources in eastern and southeastern plains discharge dig a well than other areas will be plain. Because due to the high permeability sediments above the aquifer transfer coefficient is higher. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Investigating the effect of drought on the quantitative changes of groundwater resources of Bijar-Divandere Aquifer using geographic information system and groundwater resource index.
Ebrahim Yousefi Mobarhan Samira ZandifarDue to the occurrence of periods of drought and increased exploitation of the aquifer, the expansion of agriculture and the increase in groundwater harvesting, the level of the underground water level has decreased in the Bijar-Divandere Aquifer, which is the result of MoreDue to the occurrence of periods of drought and increased exploitation of the aquifer, the expansion of agriculture and the increase in groundwater harvesting, the level of the underground water level has decreased in the Bijar-Divandere Aquifer, which is the result of the decrease in the level of the underground water level and the decrease the efficiency of the wells has increased. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of drought on the quantitative changes of underground water resources using geographic information system and groundwater resource index of Bijar-Divandere Aquifer based on representative hydrograph. In order to carry out this research, the statistics of 25 observation wells during the period of 2017-2018 were examined. At first, statistical data was collected and after entering the data into the geographic information system (GIS) with interpolation method, maps of parallel lines and zoning of changes in the level of underground water, as well as from the water source index. The underground GRI was used to monitor the time of drought of underground water sources in Bijar-Divandere Aquifer. The results of the changes in the reservoir volume of Bijar-Divandere Aquifer showed that the deficit of the reservoir volume is equal to 11.5 million cubic meters. Also, the time monitoring of the drought of the groundwater resources of the plain with the GRI index has a downward trend towards drought during the twenty-year period, and the most severe groundwater drought in the year 2018 has occurred with an index of -1.97. The obtained results indicate that if the current management process continues, we will witness a sharp drop in the aquifer and irreparable damage in the next few years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Risk Evaluation of sinkholes in aquifers south of Isfahan province with emphasis on Karst points
شیلا حجه فروش نیا شیلا حجه فروش نیا مسعود برهانی مسعود برهانیIncreasing water the demand for agriculture consumption, drinking and industry in recent decades has led to the drilling of water wells, which in many cases have been unlicensed. These uncontrolled withdrawals from groundwater sources in Isfahan province, along with the MoreIncreasing water the demand for agriculture consumption, drinking and industry in recent decades has led to the drilling of water wells, which in many cases have been unlicensed. These uncontrolled withdrawals from groundwater sources in Isfahan province, along with the reduction of rainfall, have caused irreparable damage to the province's water resources and its dams are in danger of subsidence and sinking. Semirom city in the south of the province is one of the areas affected by uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater aquifers. In this study, by creating soil profiles in different parts of the region, identifying karstic environments, studying geomorphological characteristics and identifying authorized and unauthorized wells, groundwater level drop was investigated and the zoning risk map was prepared by fuzzy model. The results show the highest probability of occurrence of subsidence related to Kameh area located in Padna section in the southwest of Semirom city at a distance of 65 km from the city center. The subsidence hazard zoning map shows that 13.2% of the area in the risk zone is very high, 56.5% is high risk, 51.16% is medium risk and 13.2% is low risk. The results of hydrographic analysis and changes in the volume of water storage of aquifers and its evidence showed that the decrease in changes in the volume of aquifers in Semirom city is an average of 10.5 million cubic meters per year. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Hazardous zoning of Aleshtar plain karst aquifer with cap model
mohammad ali zanganeh asadi Timor Kolivand Eisa Jokar SarhangiKarst aquifers in semi-arid regions play a vital role in people's lives. Therefore, recognizing the pollution potential of aquifers and their vulnerability in different sectors is very important. The western region of Iran, due to the expansion of the Zagros carbonate m MoreKarst aquifers in semi-arid regions play a vital role in people's lives. Therefore, recognizing the pollution potential of aquifers and their vulnerability in different sectors is very important. The western region of Iran, due to the expansion of the Zagros carbonate mountain range, has numerous karstic aquifers that are exposed to pollution in terms of environmental conditions and extensive human activities. The purpose of this study is to estimate the vulnerability map of Aleshtar plain karst aquifer located in Lorestan province against COP pollution. This model evaluates the vulnerability of karst water sources to pollution using three factors, cover layer (O), flow concentration (C) and precipitation regime (P). The results show that 19.14, 28.76, 35.01 and 17.09% of the area are located in very low, low, medium and high vulnerability zones, respectively, which indicates the almost low vulnerability of this karst aquifer compared to It is pollution. Findings indicate that the importance of the overlay factor, precipitation regime factor and flow concentration factor in the pollution of Aleshtar aquifer, respectively. Due to the small area of fully developed karsts and the high slope of areas with developed karst, the role of flow concentration factor in pollution of Aleshtar aquifer is less and due to the drought trend of recent decades and the change of precipitation from snow to rain showers that water retention and therefore less penetration In the karst basin of Alshtar, the importance of the rainfall regime in the vulnerability of the Alshtar aquifer has decreased. Finally, due to the high permeability of the alluvial plain of Aleshtar, the cover layer has provided the ground for aquifer pollution. In general, in the study area, C, P and O, respectively, have the most role in the vulnerability of the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Presentation of Simulator-Optimizer Model of Ravansar-Sanjabi aquifer by Combining GMS Model and Billiards-Inspired Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm
A.G. Gerey Amirpouya Sarraf Hassan AhmadiIn the present study, a groundwater simulator-optimizer model was used to determine the optimal operation policy of Ravansar-Sanjabi plain aquifer in Kermanshah province. The proposed model is a combination of GMS aquifer simulation model and Billiard-Inspired Multi-Obj MoreIn the present study, a groundwater simulator-optimizer model was used to determine the optimal operation policy of Ravansar-Sanjabi plain aquifer in Kermanshah province. The proposed model is a combination of GMS aquifer simulation model and Billiard-Inspired Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm (MOBOA) in MATLAB programming. First, the model was calibrated and validated to determine the hydrodynamic parameters of the aquifer. Then, by minimizing the three deficit objective functions comprises as the shortage affected by the failure to supply water demands, groundwater level drop and Modified Shortage Index (MSI), the model was implemented for a period of one year with 12 periods of monthly stress and the Pareto front was achieved. As one of Pareto optimal calculated responses, it can be observed that when groundwater level remains unchanged, 11.7 million cubic meters of demands will be in short supply and the amount of MSI will be 17.15. In order to specify the best option of operation policy, considering the socio-economic criteria as well as environmental consequences by the relevant officials, it is essential to select the suitable optimal response from the other Pareto optimal solutions and the corresponding withdrawal values will be determined. By studying the consequences of applying the proposed structure, it is worth noting that the proposed procedure has a high efficiency in determining the optimal aquifer strategy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - سطحبندی ریسک منابع آب آشامیدنی روستاهای دشت سرخون بندرعباس (مطالعه موردی: دهستان سرخون - بخش قلعه قاضی شهرستان بندرعباس)
احمد نوحهگر فاطمه ریاحیچلوانی ناهید اکبریسامانی -
Open Access Article
45 - بررسی هجوم آب شور از کویر مرکزی به آبخوان اسفراین (خراسان شمالی)
اعظم محمدی غلامحسین کرمی -
Open Access Article
46 - ارزیابی حساسیت آبهای زیرزمینی به آلودگی در دشت خاتون آباد با استفاده از سامانه ی اطلاعات جغرافیایی
رضا درخشانی محمود علیپور -
Open Access Article
47 - بررسی تاثیر سازندهای زمین شناسی بر روی کیفیت آب، آبخوان دهدشت غربی
اردوان بهزاد فرهاد حمزه -
Open Access Article
48 - بررسی نقش عوامل موثر در پیدایش و تکوین جریانهای واریزه ای در ارتفاعات شمال دریاچه ارورمیه (مطالعه موردی حوضه های شمال طرح آبخوانداری تسوج)
محمد رضا اصغری مقدم جمشید یاراحمدی مالک رفیعی
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