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1 - Explaining and examining the dimensions of distinguishing between philosophical counselling and psychological counselling
Seyed Hesam Hosaini Seyed Salar Hosseini Akbar RahnamaIssue 43 , Vol. 20 , Spring_Summer 2023Improving the problems of life in ancient times was a unique role of philosophy. This central role was forgotten due to the dominance of science in the modern era. But in the contemporary era, philosophy has come to its senses and is trying to revive its position in lif MoreImproving the problems of life in ancient times was a unique role of philosophy. This central role was forgotten due to the dominance of science in the modern era. But in the contemporary era, philosophy has come to its senses and is trying to revive its position in life through practical activities such as philosophical counselling. Achieving this goal requires clarifying the boundaries of differentiation between this emerging approach and other forms of psychological counselling. Therefore, this research was done with the aim of explaining the differences between philosophical counselling and psychological counselling. The type of research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of approach, and conceptual analysis method and interpretive method were used to explain the purpose. Based on the findings of the research, the differences between these two areas can be explained in terms of the difference in definition, therapeutic role, topic, task and role, skills, goals and the relationship between client and consultant. The results of the research showed that these two areas can support each other as a complement and consider the worldview and mental state of the clients together. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Examining Avrom Stroll's point of view about Wittgenstein's two different understandings of the foundations of certain beliefs
mohammad saied abdollahi Mohammad Ali AbdollahiIssue 43 , Vol. 20 , Spring_Summer 2023Since the time of Aristotle, some philosophers have insisted on the point that a part of knowledge is more fundamental than other parts. There have been various forms of foundationalism in epistemology, ethics and logic, and each of them has considered a certain matter MoreSince the time of Aristotle, some philosophers have insisted on the point that a part of knowledge is more fundamental than other parts. There have been various forms of foundationalism in epistemology, ethics and logic, and each of them has considered a certain matter as the basis according to the field under discussion. Avrum Stroll believes that Wittgenstein is a fundamentalist, but his fundamentalism is completely different from the approach of traditional fundamentalists, and Wittgenstein's intelligent distinction between knowledge and its foundations keeps his fundamentalism away from the problems that traditional fundamentalists have. Stroll enumerates nine conditions for fundamentalism and believes that these nine conditions exist in Wittgenstein's epistemological system. He believes that Wittgenstein gives two different understandings of the basis of certain beliefs, one is relative (propositional) fundamentalism and the other is absolute (non-propositional) fundamentalism, and over time Wittgenstein moves away from relative fundamentalism and leans towards absolute fundamentalism. In this article, after clarifying Stroll's argument about Wittgenstein's fundamentalism and the difference between this fundamentalism and its traditional interpretations, we examine Stroll's distinction between Wittgenstein's two conceptions of fundamentalism and show what characteristics each of these two conceptions has and how Wittgenstein prefers the absolute fundamentalism and expands it. Manuscript profile
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Open Access Article
1 - A Comparative Study of the Meaning of Life from the Perspective of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche
Marjan Askaribabadi Faraj Alla Barati Godarz Shateri Sadeg KhoshkhoIssue 41 , Vol. 19 , Autumn 2022One of the common concerns of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche has been the meaning of life; Allameh meant the purpose of life to have a purpose in life, but Nietzsche considered the meaning of life to be equivalent to value. Each has answered the question of w MoreOne of the common concerns of Allameh Tabatabai and Friedrich Nietzsche has been the meaning of life; Allameh meant the purpose of life to have a purpose in life, but Nietzsche considered the meaning of life to be equivalent to value. Each has answered the question of whether life has meaning according to their own intellectual foundations, Allameh's approach in confronting the meaning of supernatural life and Nietzsche believes in nature's approach. Allameh proves the purposefulness of the created world, including man, through the attribute of God's wisdom. He believes that living in the light of belief in God and adherence to morality and human behavior makes sense, but Nietzsche denies God and considers religion the cause of human misery and he believes that the more religious a person is, the weaker and more incapable he is. He expresses the meaningless result of life in the form of nihilism. He expresses the meaningless result of life in the form of nihilism and divides it into active nihilism and passive nihilism. Both philosophers believe in the meaning of life, except that Allameh believes that man discovers the meaning of life, but Nietzsche says that man forges the meaning of life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - HegelÊs Philosophy of Nature
Dr. Majid AkbariIssue 8 , Vol. 3 , Summer 2015Naturphilosophie (philosophy of Nature/ Natural philosophy) is oneimportant and difficult part of Hegel s philosophy. Science thinksNature; philosophy comprehends it.Nature falls into three greatstages, each higher than the preceding, the subject of threedepartments of MoreNaturphilosophie (philosophy of Nature/ Natural philosophy) is oneimportant and difficult part of Hegel s philosophy. Science thinksNature; philosophy comprehends it.Nature falls into three greatstages, each higher than the preceding, the subject of threedepartments of Natural philosophy-Mechanics, physics, andorganics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Massive Modularity Hypothesis, Heuristic and Cognitive Bias: Competitor or Complementary
Aida RezaeiIssue 99 , Vol. 17 , Winter 2021In the cognitive sciences, two distinct theories have been proposed about the structure of the human mind, both of which are evolutionary but also different. One of them is the theory of evolutionary psychology and its related claim to the massive modularity hypothesis, MoreIn the cognitive sciences, two distinct theories have been proposed about the structure of the human mind, both of which are evolutionary but also different. One of them is the theory of evolutionary psychology and its related claim to the massive modularity hypothesis, which considers the mind as a set of modules. Another is the simple heuristic and its related claim to the existence of an adaptive toolbox in cognitive methods that assigns mind guidance to the existence of a set of heuristics. Both theories seek to explain cultural diversity by applying these modules/ heuristics. Although proponents of each do not routinely mention the existence of another theory, both theories, both the massive modularity hypothesis and the existing idea of heuristics in the mind, seek to provide explanations not only from an evolutionary perspective but also in comparative psychology (Which compares the behavior of non-human species) are also acceptable. They also want to explain how cognitive processes are processed in our minds. However, at first, there are reasons to think that these theories offer explanations of human cognition that are incompatible with each other or undermine each other. What is challenged in this article is how a human being, who has always been influenced by a variety of heuristics, cognitive biases, and irrationality in reasoning, judgment, and decision-making during the process of evolution, can have a massive modular cognitive structure in its mind. And be organized to have a logical function Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Artificial Selection as an Analogy for Natural Selection in Darwin's Views: An Analysis from a Cognitive Science Perspective
Mahmoud Mozhdeh KhoshknodahaniIssue 41 , Vol. 19 , Autumn 2022How to establish an analogy between the two types of natural and artificial selection has been studied and studied by many historians and philosophers of science, biology and evolution. One of the most important sources in this regard is Darwin's manuscripts, which show MoreHow to establish an analogy between the two types of natural and artificial selection has been studied and studied by many historians and philosophers of science, biology and evolution. One of the most important sources in this regard is Darwin's manuscripts, which show how, in the process of Darwin's research studies, an analogy between natural and artificial selection was formed in his mind. His approach to analogy is a naturalistic one. In the history of science and knowledge, there are many examples of analogies that have been used both as discoveries and as arguments. According to the new findings of the cognitive sciences, the human mind operates on the basis of analogical reasoning, so that a number of cognitive scientists believe that analogy is at the core of human cognition. Various models in the cognitive sciences have been proposed for analogy. Researches show that the analogical arguments used by Darwin based on cognitive science models, are proportional analogy, with the difference that he used a number of bridging and Contrastive analogies to establish the analogy between natural and artificial selection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Avistotle, Ibn-Sina, and Spinoza on “Substance”: A Comparative Study
مهدی اسعدی سید مرتضی طباطباییIssue 17 , Vol. 7 , Spring 2016Aristotle and Spinoza are two stream making Philosophers in thehistory of philosophy, and both has chosen the matter of substance astheir philosophical subject. The root of many disputes on a huge part ofwest philosophy can be obtained through comparing the characterist MoreAristotle and Spinoza are two stream making Philosophers in thehistory of philosophy, and both has chosen the matter of substance astheir philosophical subject. The root of many disputes on a huge part ofwest philosophy can be obtained through comparing the characteristicsof the sub from their point of view. This is notable that thesephilosophers has some similarities in defining the substance, but theyget far from each other in defining the characteristics and instances ofsubstance. The article's first step to examining Aristotle's viewpoint intwo books of Arganon and Metaphysics, and analayzing Spinoza,stheory in book of Ethics. However, looking toward the meaning ofsubstance in the Avecina's custom context and expression, and hisinnovation can also help for better understanding of substance throughMashaism's views. The researchers scale for analyzing has been theamount of consistency of substance definition with the other parts ofphilosophical system. With examining the following the conclusionwould be that Spinoza's definition bears more logical stability andprovides a more solid system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Demonstration of Kant's Theory on Transforming All Forms of Syllogism into the First Form
Ali Akbar. PeymanIssue 4 , Vol. 2 , Winter 2005In the beginning, syllogism, Kant's attitude, on syllogism, and its fourbasic forms are defined. Form Kant's view, only the first form issignificant and other forms can be transformed into the first one. Then,the various forms and formulas of Aristotelian - Classical lo MoreIn the beginning, syllogism, Kant's attitude, on syllogism, and its fourbasic forms are defined. Form Kant's view, only the first form issignificant and other forms can be transformed into the first one. Then,the various forms and formulas of Aristotelian - Classical logic areintroduced. Finally, there is an attempt for demonstrating status oftransforming all forms of syllogism into the first form , i.e. Barbara, byrelying on formal language of mathematical logic, theory of sets, andespecially Van's diagrams. In each case, an example in natural languagefor a more accurate understanding is provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Body in Suhrawardi's Philosophy and MullaSadra
مریم عاطفی محمد سعیدی مهرIssue 13 , Vol. 5 , Spring 2016Islamic philosophers, like their Greek predecessors, have discussedthe essence and quiddity of the body. Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra,among the others, have proposed some ideas concerning the natureof the body and its characteristics. Suhrawardi considers the body inthree MoreIslamic philosophers, like their Greek predecessors, have discussedthe essence and quiddity of the body. Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra,among the others, have proposed some ideas concerning the natureof the body and its characteristics. Suhrawardi considers the body inthree different stages: first, following the Peripatetic philosophy, hedefines it as a subsistence composed of "form" and “matter". Thenhe moves to regard it as mere magnitude. Finally, Suhrawardidefines the body according to his own illuminative principles as thecomposition of attributive light and dark substance. Sadra,according to his principle of the "principality of Existence", sees thequiddity of the body as something composed of matter and form,but its true reality is nothing but existence. In this paper, we arguethat there is not any contradiction between Suhravardi's differentviews depending on everystaye since each of them is proposed in aspecific context. On the other hand, we show that Sadra's existentialphilosophy, necessarily concludes to a result which the real essenceof the body is nothing than existence. Final section, we make somecomparisons between the views of these two great Muslimphilosophers Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Position of Motion in the Perceptual Hierarchy of Architectural Spaces, Based on Mulla Sadra's Theory of Substantial Motion
Mahdi Baniasadi Baghmirani Sayed Behshid Hosseini Azadeh ShahcheraghiIssue 41 , Vol. 19 , Autumn 2022Perception in philosophy and architecture is intertwined with the concept of motion. With the presence and movement of the audience in space, according to Mulla Sadra's theory of substantial motion, it includes a degree of motion that; Raises the level of perception fro MorePerception in philosophy and architecture is intertwined with the concept of motion. With the presence and movement of the audience in space, according to Mulla Sadra's theory of substantial motion, it includes a degree of motion that; Raises the level of perception from material to spiritual. This promotion of perception in architectural spaces is compatible with Mulla Sadra's perceptual hierarchy. Therefore, the present study is interdisciplinary and qualitative with a comparative-analytical approach. The purpose of this study is to analyze the movement levels in architectural spaces, and then to adapt the process of raising perception from the material to the spiritual level in spaces, with Mulla Sadra's perceptual hierarchy. The key questions are included: How does moving in architectural spaces enhance perception from the material to the spiritual level? And how is the level of movement in architectural spaces compatible with the perceptual level of Mulla Sadra? Conclusion: In re-reading Mulla Sadra's perceptual issues in architectural spaces, creating true perception requires a sane and reasonable union, through the observer's movement in space. By moving in space, audience experiences a hierarchy of motion, which first involves perception Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Identity & Good in Charles Taylor's view
Shahla EslamiIssue 42 , Vol. 19 , Autumn_Winter 2023Charles Taylor has a distinctive status among contemporary philosophers. Taylor’s important concerns are “identity” and the “lack of meaning”. He thinks that modern moral philosophy is lacking in strong evaluation of “identity”. What is dominant in the modern age is a n MoreCharles Taylor has a distinctive status among contemporary philosophers. Taylor’s important concerns are “identity” and the “lack of meaning”. He thinks that modern moral philosophy is lacking in strong evaluation of “identity”. What is dominant in the modern age is a naturalistic view, which, as Taylor puts it, destroys the meaning of life; individualism and instrumentalism are consequences of this view. In his historical account, Taylor shows that individualism leads us to authenticity and relativism. Taylor thinks that “identity” is to know who I am and where I stand. Our identity is defined by commitments and identifications. Moreover, identity is formed by our dialogical and social character. Also the Good is shaped in association and dialogue. One of Taylor’s concerns is restoration the meaning to our life. He speaks of frame or horizon within which human beings receive meaning for living. According to Taylor, it is possible to make a relation between “identity” and “good”. One major criticism against Taylor’s thought is that there is an inconsistency between “identity” and “good” in it. In other words, we cannot believe in an identity as formed by dialogue and, at the same time, speak of similar moral intuitions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Human Perfection: A Comparative Analysis of Fārābī’s Theory of Happiness and Abraham Maslow’s Self Actualization
Reihaneh DavoodikahakiIssue 42 , Vol. 19 , Autumn_Winter 2023The understanding of humans in any philosophical school influences their ultimate purpose, affecting their way of life and how they resolve conflicts. Building on the foundation of humanistic psychology, Maslow posits the theory of self-actualization, asserting that tra MoreThe understanding of humans in any philosophical school influences their ultimate purpose, affecting their way of life and how they resolve conflicts. Building on the foundation of humanistic psychology, Maslow posits the theory of self-actualization, asserting that transcending basic needs related to deficiency allows for the full manifestation of innate talents to their highest potential. Fārābī, a philosopher of happiness with a special focus on the functions of the mind, thought, and aptitudes, links human perfection in material life to perfection in the afterlife, offering a comprehensive theory on perfection and happiness within the realm of the mind through the flourishing of innate talents governed by the bestowing of intellects. Despite their different worldviews, both thinkers ultimately regard human perfection and happiness as aligned with the blossoming and utilization of innate talents. This perspective redefines primary human experiences, such as suffering and transient pleasure, replacing them with satisfaction and happiness. This paper presents an analytical-comparative study of these two philosophers’ views on the definitions of perfection and happiness. It addresses how humans resolve worldly conflicts and problems and examines their solutions within physical, relational, emotional, intellectual, and meaningful perfection. Manuscript profile
