Application of potassium phosphite treatment to control the bacterial canker disease of almond (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae) in laboratory and garden

 

 

Subject Areas : Plant Pathology

Mohammadreza Arjang ¹ , Jalal Gholamnejad ^{2 *} , Azam Jafari ³

1 - Msc. Student, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
2 - Associated professor, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
3 - Associated professor, Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran

Received: 2023-12-10 Accepted : 2024-02-02 Published : 2024-08-07

Keywords: Bacterial canker, Almond, Potassium phosphite, Pseudomonas syringae pv.syringae,

Abstract :

Almond, Prunus dulcis, is one of the most important nut trees on a commercial scale in Iran and in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Bacterial canker disease with the causative agent Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is one of the most damaging diseases in the almond orchards of the province, and in recent years, with the spread of canker symptoms, it is observed in the orchards of the province with the release of gum and plastids. This bacterium enters the almond tree through small wounds in the leaves and branches and causes inflammation and blackness in the leaves and branches. To control this disease, the use of copper compounds such as Berdofix and copper oxychloride, in addition to resistance in the bacterial population, has a low effect on yield and plant burn, so alternative methods should be the use of chemical compounds such as potassium phosphite, which causes irritation. In the defense reactions of the plant against pathogens, in this research, concentrations of 20, 30, and 40 mg/liter of potassium phosphite and Bordeaux compound were used to control the bacteria that cause bacterial canker in the laboratory on Nutrient agar medium and garden. The results showed that potassium phosphite is able to control this bacterium at an acceptable level in both laboratory and garden environmental conditions. In addition to being a nutrient, this compound can be used as a harmless compound to control this disease. Concentrations of 20, 30, and 40 mg/L of potassium phosphite were able to reduce the bacterial growth by 40.88, 47.78, and 52.93 %, respectively, compared to the control. In the garden, the number of leaf spots due to the consumption of concentrations of two, three, and five parts per thousand of potassium phosphite were observed as 23, 19, and 14, respectively (compared to the control with 38 spots). In addition to being more economical than copper fungicides, potassium phosphite is also less dangerous for human health and the environment. This research showed that potassium phosphite has an acceptable antibacterial effect as well as fungicide copper chemical compounds.

 

References:

اطمینانی، ف. و اطمینانی، ا. 1399. فعالیت ضد¬باکتریایی عصاره¬های هیدرو¬الکلی گیاه آویشن و به¬لیمو بر باکتری Pseudomonas syringae در شرایط آزمایشگاهی. پژوهش¬های سلولی و مولکولی 33(2): 136-143.
باباعلی، ا.، کشورزی، م.، بوذری، ن.، شکیب، ع.م. و حسین آوا، س. 1392. مقاومت نسبی برخی ژنوتیپ¬های بومی و تجاری گیلاس و آلبالو به Pseudomonas syringae. مجله به نژادی نهال و بذر 29(2): 295-310.
رسولی، م. 1395. اثر سطوح مختلف فسفیت پتاسیم و اسید بوریک روی درصـد تـشـکـیـل مـیوه ارقام مختلف انگور (.Vitis vinifera L). پژوهش¬های میوه¬کاری 1(1): 56-69.
رنجبری، ش.، کشاورزی، م.، بوذری، ن.، کاکوان، ن. و صالحی، ز. ۱۴۰۰. بررسی سطوح نسبی مقاومت به شانکر باکتریایی در ژرم پلاسم ایرانی آلبالو. پژوهش¬های کاربردی در گیاهپزشکی (دانش کشاورزی) 10(4): 25-35.
قاضی¬زاده هاشمی، س.ع.، اصغر¬زاده، ا. و تاتاری، م. 1398. اثر سطوح مختلف نیتروژن و تراکم کاشت بر جذب عـناصر غذایی نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم و کارآیی مصرف و جذب نیتروژن در میوه گیاه بالنگو. هفتمین کنفرانس ملی پژوهش¬های کاربردی در علوم کشاورزی غذای سالم از مزرعه تا سفره.
ملکوتی، م.ج.، شهابی، ع.ا. و بازرگان، ک. 1395. پتاسیم در کشاورزی، نقش پتاسیم در تولید محصولات کشاورزی سالم. انتشارات آثار علمی اهدایی، چاپ دوم. 720 صفحه.
Achary, V.M.M., Ram, B., Manna, M., Datta, D., Bhatt, A., Reddy, M.K. and Agrawal, P.K. 2017. Phosphite: a novel P fertilizer for sweed management and pathogen control. Plant Biotechnology Journal 15(12): 1493-1508.‏
Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant pathology 5th edition: Elsevier academic press. Burlington, Ma. USA.
Amtmann, A., Troufflard, S. and Armengaud, P. 2008. The effect of potassium nutrition on pest and disease resistance in plants. Physiologia Plantarum 133(4): 682-691.‏
Casas-Agustench, P., Salas-Huetos, A. and Salas-Salvadó, J. 2011. Mediterranean nuts: origins, ancient medicinal benefits and symbolism. Public Health Nutrition 14(12A): 2301-2296.
Cacique, A., Barbosa, E., de Pinho, GP. and Silverio, F.O. 2019. Maceration extraction conditions for determining the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 44(2), http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202044017420.
Chaves, M.M. and Oliveira, M.M. 2004. Mechanisms underlying plant resilience to water deficits: prospects for water–saving agriculture. Journal of Experimental Botany 55(407): 2365-2384.
Cherif, M., Menzies, J.G., Benhamou N. and Bélanger, R.R. 1992. Studies of silicon distribution in wounded and Pythium ultimum infected cucumber plants. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 41: 371-385.
Costa, B.H.G., de Resende, M.L.V., Monteiro, A.C.A., Ribeiro Júnior, P.M., Botelho, D.M.D.S. and Silva, B.M.D. 2018. Potassium phosphites in the protection of common bean plants against anthracnose and biochemical defense responses. Journal of Phytopathology 166(2): 95-102.‏
De Gara, L., de Pinto, M.C. and Tommasi, F. 2003. The antioxidant systems vis-a-vis reactive oxygen species during plant–pathogen interaction. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 41: 863-870.
Deliopoulos, T., Kettlewell, P.S. and Hare, M.C. 2010. Fungal disease suppression by inorganic salts: a review. Crop Protection 29(10): 1059-1075.‏
Dordas, C. 2008. Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 28(1): 33-46.‏
Ercolin, F. and Reinhardt, D. 2011. Successful joint ventures of plant: Arbuscular mycorrhiza and beyond. Trends Plant Science 16: 356-362.
Eshraghi, L.E., Anderson, J., Aryamanesh, N., Shearer, B., McComb, J., Hardy, G.S. and O’Brien, P.A. 2011. Phosphite primed defence responses and enhanced expression of defense genes in Arabidopsis thaliana infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Pathology 60(6): 1086-1095.‏
Flowers, T.J. and Dalmond, D. 1992. Protein synthesis in halophytes: the influence of potassium, sodium and magnesium in vitro. Plant and Soil 146: 153-161.
Gašić, K., Prokić, A., Ivanović, M., Kuzmanović, N., and Obradović, A. 2012. Differentiation of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars originating from stone fruits. Pesticidi i fitomedicina, 27(3): 219-229.‏
Gerdemann, J.W. 1968. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on plant growth. Annual Review of Phytopathology 6: 397-418.
Gholamnezhad, J. 2016. Transcriptomics and useful techniques of defense gene expression evaluation of plant. Applied Biology 6(4): 21-42.
Gholamnezhad, J. 2017. Effect of plant extracts against apple gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Applied Microbiology in Food Industries 3(1): 53-66.
Gholamnezhad, J. 2019. Effect of plant extracts on activity of some defense enzymes of apple fruit in interaction with Botrytis cinerea. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 18(1): 115-123.
Gholamnezhad, J., Sanjarian F., Mohammadi Goltapeh, E., Safaei, N. and Razavi, Kh. 2016. Effect of salicylic acid on enzyme activity in wheat in immediate early time after infection with Mycosphaerella graminicola. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 47(1): 1-8.
Goellner, K. and Conrath, U. 2008. Priming: it’s all the world to induced disease resistance. Pp: 233-242. ‏In: Collinge, D.B., Munk, L., Cooke, B.M. (eds). Sustainable Disease Management in a European context. Springer.
Kamble, S.R., Navale A.M. and Sonawane. R.B. 2009. Response of mango seedlings to VA-mycorrhizal inoculation. International Journal of Plant Protection 2(2): 161-164.
Kennelly, M.M., Cazorla, F.M., de Vicente, A., Ramos, C. and Sundin, G.W. 2007. Pseudomonas syringae diseases of fruit trees: progress toward understanding and control. Plant Disease 91(1): 4-17.‏
Liang, Y.C., Wong, J.W.C. and Long, W. 2005. Silicon-mediated enhancement of cadmium tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium contaminated soil. Chemosphere 58: 475-483.
Liljeroth, E., Lankinen, A., Wiik, L., Burra, D.D., Alexandersson, E. and Andreasson, E. 2016. Potassium phosphite combined with reduced doses of fungicides provides efficient protection against potato late blight in large-scale field trials. Crop Protection 86: 42-55.‏
Lim, S., Borza, T., Peters, R.D., Coffin, R.H., Al-Mughrabi, K.I., Pinto, D.M. and Wang-Pruski, G. 2013. Proteomics analysis suggests broad functional changes in potato leaves triggered by phosphites and a complex indirect mode of action against Phytophthora infestans. Journal of Proteomics 93: 207-223.‏
Lin, H.C., Chang, H. and Tzeng, K.C. 2008. Characterization of novel strains of citrus canker bacterium from citrus in Taiwan. Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Researches 57: 265-278.‏
Lobato, M.C., Machinandiarena, M.F., Tambascio, C., Dosio, G.A., Caldiz, D.O., Daleo, G.R. and Olivieri, F.P. 2011. Effect of foliar applications of phosphite on post-harvest potato tubers. European Journal of Plant Pathology 130: 155-163.‏
Mirsalehian, A., Feizabadi, M., Nakhjavani, F.A., Jabalameli, F., Goli, H. and Kalantari, N. 2010. Detection of VEB-1, OXA-10 and PER-1 genotypes in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from burn patients. Burns 36(1): 70-74.‏
Moayedi, A., Rezaei, K., Moini, S. and Keshavarz, B. 2011. Chemical compositions of oils from several wild almond species. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 88(4): 503-508.‏
Mostajeran, A. and Rahimi-Eichi, V. 2009. Effects of drought stress on growth and yield of rice Oryza sativa L.) cultivars and accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in sheath and blades of their different ages leaves. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences 5(2): 264-272.
Rademaker, J.L., Hoste, B., Louws, F.J., Kersters, K., Swings, J., Vauterin, L. and de Bruijn, F.J. 2000. Comparison of AFLP and rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting with DNA-DNA homology studies: Xanthomonas as a model system. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2: 665-677.
Samavi, S., Hassanzadeh, N., Faghihi, M.M. and Danesh, Y.R. 2009. Effects of thyme (zaatar) essential oil and some chemical compounds in the control of citrus bacterial canker in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology 91: 691-696.‏
Schaad, N.W., Jones, J.B. and Chun, W. 2001. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant, third edition. Phytopathological Society Press. USA.
Shamshiri, M.H. and Fattahi, H. 2014. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on photosystem II activity of three pistachio rootstocks under salt stress as srobed. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 63(1): 101–110.
Silva, O.C., Santos, H.A.A., Dalla Pria, M. and May-De Mio, L.L. 2011. Potassium phosphite for control of downy mildew of soybean. Crop Protection 30(6): 598-604.‏
Sulikowska, M. and Sobiczewski, P. 2008. Pseudomonas spp. isolated from stone fruit trees in Poland. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 95(3): 166-170.‏
Thomidis, T., Tsipouridis, C., Exadaktylou, E. and Drogoudi, P. 2005. Comparison of three laboratory methods to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of ten Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains on apple, pear, cherry and peach trees. Phytopathology 33: 137-140.