The Late Bronze Age of the Central Zagros and the Interlude of Khabur Ware
Subject Areas : Prehistoric Archaeology
1 -
Keywords: Late Bronze Age, Central Zagros, Post III2 Godin, Khabur Ware, Mitanni.,
Abstract :
After a period of gradual progress, the Central Zagros region achieved significant cultural cohesion and continuity in the Middle Bronze Age. But, at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, significant cultural changes and instability covered the entire Central Zagros, and the previous cultural cohesion and continuity was transformed. However, the scope of the aforementioned changes has not been explained, its framework has not been clarified, and its nature has not been investigated. The main goal of this research is to explain the cultural situation of the Late Bronze Age of the Central Zagros and to describe the most important cultural changes that occurred in this region. Archaeological findings indicate that in the Late Bronze Age, many of the previously known sites in the Central Zagros were abandoned, and Settlements declined significantly. Scattered cemeteries spread throughout the region. In addition, at this time, we witness the prevalence of a new pottery that, while having important differences from the earlier painted pottery tradition, has close stylistic affinities with the late Khabur ware. It seems that the aforementioned changes and developments were influenced by the emergence of the Mitanni kingdom. Probably, with appearance of the Mitanni government and the development of pastoral life in the steppe lands of that empire, some of the pastoral groups of that land expanded their pastoral nomadic range to the Central Zagros regions. The range of influence of the aforementioned pastoral groups was not very wide, However, their influence left widespread effects in the Central Zagros.
دياكونوف، ايگورميخائيلوويچ ، (1371)، تاريخ ماد، ترجمه كريم كشاورز، چاپ سوم، تهران، شركت انتشارات علمي و فرهنگي.
گرنی، الیور، (1371)، هیتی¬ها، ترجمه رقیه بهزادی، چاپ اول، تهران، مؤسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات فرهنگی.
مجید زاده، يوسف، (1376)، تاريخ و تمدن بين النهرين، جلد 1، تاريخ سياسي، چاپ اول، تهران، مركز نشر دانشگاهي.
مظاهری، خداکرم، (1392)، «بازنگری گستره جغرافیایی توالی سفالی گودین III در زاگرس مرکزی»، پیام باستان¬شناس، سال نهم، شماره 19، 73 – 92.
مقیمی، نیلوفر، (1395)، «مطالعه گونه¬شناختی و گاهنگاری مقایسه¬ای ظروف سفالین تپه گیان نهاوند: مجموعه موزه مقدم دانشگاه تهران»، مطالعات باستان¬شناسی، دوره 8، شماره 2، 188 – 167.
Akkermans, P.M. and Schwartz, G.M. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria. Cambridge. Baccelli, G. and Manuelli, F. (2008). Middle Bronze Khabur Ware from Tell Barri/Kahat, In: Córdoba J.M., Molist M., Pérez M.C., Rubio I. and Martínez S. (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Vol. I, Madrid, 187 -206. Bakr Othman, A. (2018). The distribution of the Nuzi Ware in Northern Iraq and Syria. Polytechnic Journal 8/2: 347-371. Bieniada, M.F. (2009). Habur Ware: where are the stylistic and functional sources of the painted pottery of the second millennium BCE Habur River Basin? Ancient near eastern studies, 46: 160-211. Contenau, J. & Ghirshman, R. (1935). Fouilles du Tepe Giyan pre de Nehavand 1931-1932, Librairie orientaliste paul Geuthner, paris. D’Agostino, A. (2018). The Tell Barri Sequence of Late Bronze Age Levels: Evolution Trends Within Late 2nd Millennium Ceramic Culture. In: C.M. Luciani and A. Hausleiter (eds.), Recent Trends in the Study of Late Bronze Age Ceramics in Syro-Mesopotamia and Neighboring Regions, Rahden/Westfalen: Orient-Archäologie, Bd. 32, Verlag Marie Leidorf, 235-260. De Martino, S. (2014). The Mittani State: The Formation of the Kingdom of Mitani. In: E. Cancik – Kirschbaum, N. Brisch and J. Eidemm (eds.), Constituent, Confederate and Conquered Spase, De Gruyter, 61-74. Gasche, H. (1973). La poterie Elamite du deuxieme millenaire a.c., MDAI. 47, Leiden & Paris, E.J. Brill & P. Geuthner. Goff, C. (1966). New evidence of cultural development in Luristan in the late 2nd and early first millennia, Ph. D. Dissertation, institute of archaeology, university of London. Goff, C. (1968). Luristan in the first half of the first millennium B.C. IRAN 6:105-134. Goff, C. (1971). Luristan before the Iron Age. IRAN 9: 131-152. Goff, C. (1976). Excavation at Babajan: The Bronze Age occupation. IRAN 14: 19-40. Hamlin, C. (1974). The Early Second Millennium Ceramic Assemblage of Dinkha Tepe. IRAN, 12: 125 – 154. Henrickson, R. (1984). Godin Tepe and Central Western Iran. Ph. D. diss., Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of Toronto. Henrickson, R. (1986). A regional perspective on Godin III cultural development in central western Iran. IRAN 24: 1-54. Henrickson, R. (1987a). Godin III and the chronology of central western Iran circa 2600 - 1400 B.C. In: Hole, F. (ed.), The Archaeology of Western Iran. Washington DC: Smith Sonian institution press, 205-227. Henrickson, R. (1987b). The Godin III chronology for central western Iran 2600- 1400 B.C. Iranica Antiqua 22: 33-117. Henrickson, R. (1991). Ceramics VI-VII, The Bronze Age in North Western, western and south western Persia. In: E. Yarshater (ed.), Encyclopaedia Iranica, Mazda publisher, Costa Masa, New York, 5(3): 288-294. Hrouda, B. (1957). Die Bemalte Keramik des Zweiten Jahrtausends in Nord - Mesopotamien und Nordsyrien. Istanbuler Frosehungeu. Band 19, Berlin. Kantor, H.J. (1958). Pottery of the Second Millennium B.C. In: C.W. McEwan, L.S. Braidwood, H. Frankfort, H.G. Güterbock, R.C. Haines, H.J. Kantor and C.H. Kraeling, Soundings at Tell Fakhariya, OIP, LXXIX: 22 – 25. Lyonnet, B. and Faivre, X. (2014). The Settlement Pattern of the Western Upper Khabur from the Old Babylonian period to the end of the Mitanni Era. In: E. Cancik – Kirschbaum, N. Brisch and J. Eidemm (eds.), Constituent, Confederate and Conquered Spase, De Gruyter: 213-245. Mallowan M.E. (1937). The excavations at Tell Chagar Bazar and an Archaeological Survey of the Habur Region, Second Campaign, 1936. IRAQ 4: 91-177. Mallowan, M.E. (1947). Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar. IRAQ 9:1–259. Meijer, D.J. (2014). Marginal and Steppic areas as sources for Archaeological debate: a case for Active Symbiosis of town and country. In: E. Cancik – Kirschbaum, N. Brisch and J. Eidemm (eds.), Constituent, Confederate and Conquered Spase, De Gruyter: 163 – 178. Novak, M. (2007). Mittani Empire and the question of absolute chronology: some Archaeological consideration. In: M. Bietak, and H. Hunger (eds.), Contributions to the chronology of the eastern Mditerranean. O.A.W. IX: 389-402. Novak, M. (2013). Upper Mesopotamia in the Mittani Period. In: W. Orthmann, P. Mattiae, M.A. Maqdissi and H. Verlag, Archaeological et Histoire de la lasyrie I, Wiesbaden: 345-356. Oguchi, H. (1997). A Reassessment of the Distribution of Khabur-Ware: an approach from an aspect of its main phase. Al-Rafidan 18: 195-224. Oguchi, H. (1998). Notes on Khabur Ware from Sites outside Its Main Distribution Zone. Al-Rafidan 19: 119–133. Oguchi, H. (2000). The ‘Late’ Khabur Ware Problem Once Again. Al-Rafidan 21:103–126. Oguchi, H. (2006). The date of the beginning of Khabur Ware period 3: evidence from the Palace of Qarni – Lim at Tell Leilan. Al-Rafidan 27: 195-224. Palmisano, A. (2012). Diachronic and Spatial Distribution of Khabur Ware in the Early Second Millennium B.C. Open Archaeology Data 1: 1-3. Pfalzner, P. (2017). Ḫabur Ware and Social Continuity: The Chronology of the Early to the Middle Bronze Age Transition in the Syrian Jazireh. In: Hoflmayer, F. (ed.), The Late Third Millennium in the Ancient Near East: Chronology, C14, and Climate Change, Oriental Institute Seminars 11, Chicago, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago: 163 - 204. Russo, S.G. (2020). Connecting cultures, dividing countries: a preliminary assessment of the Khabur Ware from Girnavaz Höyük, Southeastern Turkey". In: Costanza, C. and Simi, F. (eds.), Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology. Volume 3. Proceedings of the 5th Broadening Horizons, Conference (Udine 5-8 June 2017), Trieste, EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2020, 241-263. Schmidt, E.F., Van Loon, M.N. and Curvers, H.H. (1989). The Holmes expedition to Lourestan, 2 voles, the University of Chicago Press. Schwartz, G. M. (2014). Reflections on the Mittani Emergence. In: E. Cancik – Kirschbaum, N. Brisch and J. Eidemm (eds.), Constituent, Confederate and Conquered Spase, De Gruyter: 265 – 277. Stein, D.L. (1984). Khabur ware and Nuzi ware: their origin, Relationship, and Significance. Assur 4: 1-65. Thrane, H. (2001). Excavation at Tepe Guran in Luristan, The bronze Age and Iron Age Periods. Jutland Archaeologica Society Publications, 38, Moesgaard. Young, T.C. (1969). The Chronology of the Late Third and Second Millennium in Central Western Iran as Seen from Godin Tepe. American Journal of Archaeology 73: 287-291. Young, T.C. (1977). Population Dinamics and philosophical Dichotomies in Mountains and Lowlands. In: Essays in the archaeology of Greater Mesopotamia, Bibliotheca Mesopotamia, 7, Malibu: Undena, 391- 403.