The Impact of Companies Environmental Law on Earnings Smoothing
Subject Areas : Management and Sustanable Development
Vahid
Bekhradi Nasab
1
(Phd in Accounting, Department of Accounting, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad Univercity, Najafabad , Iran.)
Keywords: Discretionary accruals, Accruals, environmental Law, ernings smoothing,
Abstract :
The decisions of managers and investors are in the direction of increasing returns and wealth, because in economics, with the assumption of the logic of the behavior of individuals, everyone is supposed to seek to maximize their wealth. So managers are no exception to this rule. Now, given their freedom of action in applying accounting procedures, managers want to know how these factors affect the accounting procedures of their wealth, so that they will use their profits to their advantage in order to maximize their wealth. May increase. Increasing the wealth of managers can be accompanied by a decrease in the wealth of other groups, including shareholders. The rate of profit smoothing and social accountability criteria is that how important these criteria are to investors when making economic decisions. At present, the growing flow of environmental law and social responsibility literature has begun to explore the relationship between environmental law and the functioning of financial markets. Therefore, in the present study, after the complete and comprehensive definition of environmental Law and accruals, an attempt has been made to examine the effect of environmental law on the smoothing of earnings as one of the dimensions of profit smoothing. The statistical population of this study includes all companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2009-2020. The sample size is based on a systematic elimination of 164 companies. Evidence suggests that environmental Law do not have an impact on the smoothing of earnings.
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Ackerman, R. W. (1973). How companies respond to social demands. Harvard Business Review, 51(4), 88-98.
Ackerman, R. W., & Bauer, R. A. (1976). Corporate social responsiveness. VA: Reston, Reston.
Ariamand, Z., & Ebrahimi, S. A. (2020). The Effect of Income Smoothing and Earnings Quality on Financial Performance of Firms. International Journal of Business & Law Research, 11(42), 1-22.
Aupperle, K. E., Carroll, A. B., & Hatfield, J. D. (1985). An empirical investigation of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 446-463.
Beidleman, C. R. (1973). Income Smoothing : The Role of Management. The Accounting Review, 48(4), 653-667.
Bekhradi Nasab, V., & Zholanezhad, F. (2017). Descriptive Study of Environmental Audit. Environmental Law, 2(1), 18-29. (In Persian)
Bekhradi Nasab, V., & Zholanezhad, F. (2021). The Role of value Moderator of the Brand Name on the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance of firms Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Journal of accounting and social interests, 10(4), 27-72. (In Persian)
Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 4, 497-505.
Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct. Business and Society, 38(3), 268-295.
Carroll, A. B. (2021). Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives on the CSR Construct’s Development and Future. Business & Society, 60(6), 1258-1278.
Chaney, P. K., & Jeter, D. C. (1997). Income smoothing and firm characteristics. Accounting Enquiries, 1(7), 83-115.
Cochran, P. L., & Wood, R. A. (1984). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 42-56.
Darabi R, Vaghfi S H, & M., S. (2017). Relationship between social responsibility reporting with company value and risk for companies registered in Tehran Stock Exchange. journal of Value & Behavioral Accounting, 1(2), 193-213. (In Persian)
Drucker, P. F. (1984). The new meaning of corporate social responsibility. California Management Review, 26, 53-63.
Ferns, B., & Prakash S, S. (2012). Emerging trends in corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting by large corporations: a comparative analysis of corporate CSR reports by Western European and North American corporations The Fifth ISBEE World Congress, Warsaw, Poland.
Gao, L., & Zhang, H. (2015). Firms' earnings smoothing, corporate social responsibility, and valuation. Journal of Corporate Finance, 32, 108-127.
Ghoula, S. E., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C. C. Y., & Mishrac, D. R. (2011). Does corporate social responsibility affect the cost of capital? Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(9), 2388-2406.
Habib, A., & Monzur Hasan, M. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility and Cost Stickiness Business & Society, 58(3), 453-492.
Jin, K., & Drozdenko, R. (2010). Relationships among Perceived Organizational Core Values, Corporate Social Responsibility, Ethics, and Organizational Performance Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Information Technology Professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(3), 341-359.
Khajavi, S., Bayazidi, A., & Jabbarzadeh Kongerloui, S. (2011). Investigating the relationship between earnings management and social responsibility of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. . Accounting Advances (Shiraz Social and Humanities), 3(1), 29-54. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=145611 (In Persian)
Khalatbari, Y., Hermidas Bavand, D., Zare, A., & Poorhashemi, S. (2016). Analyzing of pollution and damages in international environmental law. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 24(1), 1-17. (In Persian)
Kim, S. Y., & Park, H. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility as an Organizational Attractiveness for Prospective Public Relations Practitioners. Journal of Business Ethics 103, 639-653.
Koch, B., S (1981 ). Income smoothing: An experiment. The Accounting Review, 56(3), 574-586.
Mahdavi, G., & Ghasemi, M. (2009). The Impact of the Social Structures of Legalism, Reliability, Level of Education, Individualism, Gender, Field of Study and Work Experience on Financial Disclosure. . Accounting Advances (Shiraz Social and Humanities), 1(1), 191-215. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=119343 (In Persian)
Malanzari, M., & Karimi Zand, S. (2007). Investigating the relationship between profit smoothing with company size and type of industry in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Accounting and Auditing Reviews, 14(47), 83-100. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=61906 (In Persian)
Mehrani, K., & Aref Manesh, Z. (2008). Investigation of profit smoothing in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Accounting and Auditing Reviews, 15(51), 37-56. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=76443 (In Persian)
Murcia, M. J., Panwar, R., & Tarzijan, J. (2020). Socially Responsible Firms Outsource Less. Business & Society, 60(6), 1507-1545. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320928981
Noravesh, I., Nikbakht, M. R., & Sepasi, S. (2005). Investigating earnings management in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Shiraz University 2, 165-177.
Pourheidari, A., & Plato, A. (2006). Investigating the incentives for profit smoothing in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. . Accounting and Auditing Reviews, 13(44), 55-70. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=50980 (In Persian)
Servaes, H., & Tamayo, A. (2013). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness. Management Science, 59(5), 1045-1061.
Taghavi, M., Jabbarzadeh Kangarlooi, S., & Khodayariganeh, S. (2010). Explaining the relationship between agency costs and company value with profit management in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. . Financial Engineering and Securities Management (Portfolio Management), 1(3), 109-133. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=134339 (In Persian)
Yu, K., Hagigi, M., & Stewart, S. D. (2018). Income smoothing may result in increased perceived riskiness: Evidence from bid-ask spreads around loss announcements. . Journal of Corporate Finance, 48, 442-459.
Zarowin, P. (2002). Does Income Smoothing Make Stock Prices More Informative? Accounting Working Papers. http://hdl.handle.net/2451/27592
_||_Abbott, W. F., & Monsen, R. J. (1979). On the measurement of corporate social responsibility: Self-reported disclosures as a method of measuring corporate social involvement. Academy of Management Journal, 22, 501-515.
Ackerman, R. W. (1973). How companies respond to social demands. Harvard Business Review, 51(4), 88-98.
Ackerman, R. W., & Bauer, R. A. (1976). Corporate social responsiveness. VA: Reston, Reston.
Ariamand, Z., & Ebrahimi, S. A. (2020). The Effect of Income Smoothing and Earnings Quality on Financial Performance of Firms. International Journal of Business & Law Research, 11(42), 1-22.
Aupperle, K. E., Carroll, A. B., & Hatfield, J. D. (1985). An empirical investigation of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of Management Journal, 28, 446-463.
Beidleman, C. R. (1973). Income Smoothing : The Role of Management. The Accounting Review, 48(4), 653-667.
Bekhradi Nasab, V., & Zholanezhad, F. (2017). Descriptive Study of Environmental Audit. Environmental Law, 2(1), 18-29. (In Persian)
Bekhradi Nasab, V., & Zholanezhad, F. (2021). The Role of value Moderator of the Brand Name on the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance of firms Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Journal of accounting and social interests, 10(4), 27-72. (In Persian)
Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 4, 497-505.
Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct. Business and Society, 38(3), 268-295.
Carroll, A. B. (2021). Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives on the CSR Construct’s Development and Future. Business & Society, 60(6), 1258-1278.
Chaney, P. K., & Jeter, D. C. (1997). Income smoothing and firm characteristics. Accounting Enquiries, 1(7), 83-115.
Cochran, P. L., & Wood, R. A. (1984). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 42-56.
Darabi R, Vaghfi S H, & M., S. (2017). Relationship between social responsibility reporting with company value and risk for companies registered in Tehran Stock Exchange. journal of Value & Behavioral Accounting, 1(2), 193-213. (In Persian)
Drucker, P. F. (1984). The new meaning of corporate social responsibility. California Management Review, 26, 53-63.
Ferns, B., & Prakash S, S. (2012). Emerging trends in corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting by large corporations: a comparative analysis of corporate CSR reports by Western European and North American corporations The Fifth ISBEE World Congress, Warsaw, Poland.
Gao, L., & Zhang, H. (2015). Firms' earnings smoothing, corporate social responsibility, and valuation. Journal of Corporate Finance, 32, 108-127.
Ghoula, S. E., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C. C. Y., & Mishrac, D. R. (2011). Does corporate social responsibility affect the cost of capital? Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(9), 2388-2406.
Habib, A., & Monzur Hasan, M. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility and Cost Stickiness Business & Society, 58(3), 453-492.
Jin, K., & Drozdenko, R. (2010). Relationships among Perceived Organizational Core Values, Corporate Social Responsibility, Ethics, and Organizational Performance Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Information Technology Professionals. Journal of Business Ethics, 92(3), 341-359.
Khajavi, S., Bayazidi, A., & Jabbarzadeh Kongerloui, S. (2011). Investigating the relationship between earnings management and social responsibility of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. . Accounting Advances (Shiraz Social and Humanities), 3(1), 29-54. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=145611 (In Persian)
Khalatbari, Y., Hermidas Bavand, D., Zare, A., & Poorhashemi, S. (2016). Analyzing of pollution and damages in international environmental law. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 24(1), 1-17. (In Persian)
Kim, S. Y., & Park, H. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility as an Organizational Attractiveness for Prospective Public Relations Practitioners. Journal of Business Ethics 103, 639-653.
Koch, B., S (1981 ). Income smoothing: An experiment. The Accounting Review, 56(3), 574-586.
Mahdavi, G., & Ghasemi, M. (2009). The Impact of the Social Structures of Legalism, Reliability, Level of Education, Individualism, Gender, Field of Study and Work Experience on Financial Disclosure. . Accounting Advances (Shiraz Social and Humanities), 1(1), 191-215. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=119343 (In Persian)
Malanzari, M., & Karimi Zand, S. (2007). Investigating the relationship between profit smoothing with company size and type of industry in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Accounting and Auditing Reviews, 14(47), 83-100. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=61906 (In Persian)
Mehrani, K., & Aref Manesh, Z. (2008). Investigation of profit smoothing in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Accounting and Auditing Reviews, 15(51), 37-56. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=76443 (In Persian)
Murcia, M. J., Panwar, R., & Tarzijan, J. (2020). Socially Responsible Firms Outsource Less. Business & Society, 60(6), 1507-1545. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320928981
Noravesh, I., Nikbakht, M. R., & Sepasi, S. (2005). Investigating earnings management in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Shiraz University 2, 165-177.
Pourheidari, A., & Plato, A. (2006). Investigating the incentives for profit smoothing in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. . Accounting and Auditing Reviews, 13(44), 55-70. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=50980 (In Persian)
Servaes, H., & Tamayo, A. (2013). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness. Management Science, 59(5), 1045-1061.
Taghavi, M., Jabbarzadeh Kangarlooi, S., & Khodayariganeh, S. (2010). Explaining the relationship between agency costs and company value with profit management in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. . Financial Engineering and Securities Management (Portfolio Management), 1(3), 109-133. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=134339 (In Persian)
Yu, K., Hagigi, M., & Stewart, S. D. (2018). Income smoothing may result in increased perceived riskiness: Evidence from bid-ask spreads around loss announcements. . Journal of Corporate Finance, 48, 442-459.
Zarowin, P. (2002). Does Income Smoothing Make Stock Prices More Informative? Accounting Working Papers. http://hdl.handle.net/2451/27592