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      • Open Access Article

        1 - Evaluation of the performance of snow and water spectral indices for the separation of water and snow/ice cover (SCG) features
        sayyad asghari saraskanroud Elham Molanouri Shiva Safari Ehsan Ghale
        Due to climate change and reduction of precipitation as one of its main components, especially in the mountainous areas of the northwest of Iran, it is important to study the important phenomenon of water and snow due to the importance of snow reservoirs in feeding wate More
        Due to climate change and reduction of precipitation as one of its main components, especially in the mountainous areas of the northwest of Iran, it is important to study the important phenomenon of water and snow due to the importance of snow reservoirs in feeding water reserves. Due to the importance of spectral indices in measuring distance and spectral similarity of snow and water phenomena, in the present study, normalized indices of normalized water and snow, as well as normalized indices without snow/ice and water background and Otsu threshold method on the image Landsat 8, has been used as a study area by selecting a part of Sabalan Mountain and the Caspian Sea. The results of the present study showed that, according to the histogram and variance of the bands, the normalized differential indices of water without snow and snow without water, with 100% accuracy and 97% accuracy, respectively, showed high accuracy in extracting and separating water and snow cover phenomena. The results of the implementation of the Otsu binary algorithm also confirmed this and showed the high ability of the desired indicators to extract snow and water phenomena. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Temporal and spatial analysis of air pollutants in East Azerbaijan province
        Batool Zeynali Elham Molanouri Shiva Safari
        The intensification of air pollution under the influence of various factors, including population growth and urbanization, is the concern of activists in this field. It is necessary to check the pollutants carefully using precise techniques. In this study, elements of N More
        The intensification of air pollution under the influence of various factors, including population growth and urbanization, is the concern of activists in this field. It is necessary to check the pollutants carefully using precise techniques. In this study, elements of NO2, CO, and Particulate Matter effective in air pollution were analyzed spatially and temporally (monthly, annually) using the TROPOMI instrument of Sentinel 5 sensor in East Azerbaijan province. Investigations showed that in the cold season, more areas of the region experience the presence of CO and NO2 pollutants, which are mainly caused by fossil fuels, industries, and residential areas. But their concentration is high in the hot and cold seasons respectively. Evidence shows that in densely populated areas, we are facing high concentrations and the presence of NO2. A high concentration of suspended particles is also seen in the summer season. According to the findings, all three elements have a high distribution in the cold season; on the other hand, the concentration and spatial distribution of pollutants is influenced by factors such as weather, topographical conditions, and industrial centers. Manuscript profile