Model of Shared Leadership Institutionalization at Islamic Azad University: Case Study of Islamic Azad University Branches in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran

Subject Areas : Research

Vahid  hayatlou ¹ (PhD student, Department of Higher Education, Faculty of Economics and Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)
hamidreza  araste ² (Professor, of Educationl Management Department , Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.)
kamran  mohammadkhani ³ (Associate Professor of Higher Education Management, Department of Higher Education Management, Faculty of Economics and Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2023-03-13 Accepted : 2023-06-18 Published : 2023-05-22

Keywords: Iran, Islamic Azad University, Leadership, Leadership Styles, Shared Leadership,

Abstract :

The purpose of this research was to present a model for institutionalizing shared leadership in Islamic Azad University. The statistical population included specialists and experts from the units located in West Azerbaijan province, who were directly dealing with the subject under investigation. Using the purposeful sampling approach, they were selected until theoretical saturation (n=10). The data was collected by the interview method with the general guidance method and in a semi-structured way. Participants as well as the review of non-participating experts were used in the research. The reliability of the model was evaluated using the Kappa index. The value of kappa index equal to 0.763 was calculated and it was placed at the level of valid agreement. Interviews were analyzed and coded using Maxqda10 software. Finally, based on the identified final criteria, the model derived from the qualitative content analysis method was presented. The results of the open coding of the qualitative data collected using the interview tool were 84 primary codes out of 401. Then, 84 primary codes in the form of 16 main categories including organizational leadership communication, organizational communication, functional outcome, organizational teams, organizational behavior, organizational structure, different leadership styles, human resource management system, organizational environment, strategic management, organizational change management, management Performance, competitive advantage, organizational resources, organizational skills, behavioral characteristics of the leader were categorized in a model.

References:

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Bolden, R. (2011). Distributed leadership in organizations: A review of theory and research. International journal of management reviews, 13(3): 251-269.‏

Bryman, A. (2007). Effective leadership in higher education: A literature review. Studies in higher education, 32(6): 693-710.‏

Brown, M. J. (2021). Mary Parker Follett as Integrative Public Philosopher. Hypatia, 36(2): 425-436.‏

Cakiroglu, S. S., Caetano, A., & Costa, P. (2020), “How do mid-senior multinational officers perceive shared leadership for military teams? A qualitative study”. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 26 (5/6), 301-318.

Carson, J. B., Tesluk, P. E., & Marrone, J. A. (2007). Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance. Academy of management Journal, 50(5): 1217-1234.‏

Cox, JF., Pearce, GL., & Perry, ML. (2003) Toward model of shared leadership and distributed influence in the innovation process. In: Pearce GL, Conger JA (eds) Shared Leadership. Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 48–76.

Danaei Fard, H., Elwani, M., & Azar, A. (2021). Methodology book of qualitative research in management: a comprehensive approach. Tehran: Safar (Eshraghi) [In Persian].

D’Innocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., & Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadership–team performance relations. Journal of Management, 42(7): 1964-1991.‏

Daniels, E., & Hondeghem, D. F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Educational research review, 27(110.125).‏

Drath, W. (1998). Approaching the future of leadership development. In C. McCauley (Ed.), The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (pp. 403–432). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Drugus, D., & Landøy, A. (2014). Leadership in higher education. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov,7(56): 1-12.

Elmore R. F. (2000). Building a new structure for school leadership. Washington, D.C.: The Albert Shanker Institute.

Ensley, M. D., Pearce, C. L., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2006). The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(4): 243-263.

Farajzadeh, Z., & Raisi, G. R. (2016). Examining the leadership style of the supervisors of medical training centers of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, National Conference on New Researches in Management, Economics and Human Sciences, Kazerun, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun branch [In Persian].

Garvin, D. A. (2003). Learning in action: A guide to putting the learning organization to work. Harvard Business Review Press.

Gordon, Z. (2005). The effect of distributed leadership on student achievement (Doctoral Dissertation, Central Connecticut State University.

Günter, K. Stahl, C., Miska, C., Sheila M., Puffer, S., & McCarthy, D. J. (2016), Responsible Global Leadership in Emerging Markets, in Joyce S. Osland, Ming Li, Mark E. Mendenhall (ed.) Advances in Global Leadership (Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 9) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.79 – 106.

Gu, J., Chen, Z., Huang, Q., Liu, H., & Huang, S. (2018). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between shared leadership and creativity in inter‐organizational teams. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 52(2): 109-126.

‏Habibi, G. (2010). Research method in social science research. Tehran: Jihad Daneshgahi [In Persian].

Han, S. J., Lee, Y., Beyerlein, M., & Kolb, J. (2017). Shared leadership in teams: The role of coordination, goal commitment, and knowledge sharing on perceived team performance. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 24(3/4): 150-168.‏

Hoch, J. E. (2013). Shared leadership and innovation: The role of vertical leadership and employee integrity. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28, 159-174.‏

Hoch, J. E., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2014). Leading virtual teams: hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership. J. Appl. Psychol. 99 (3): 390–403.

Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 62, 597–606.

Hoveida, R., moghadam, A., & nikbakht, A. (2009). A study of the relationship between shared leadership and teamwork from the standpoint of faculty members at the university of Esfahan. Journal of Educational Scinces, 16(1): 137-152. doi: 10.22055/edu.2009.14172[In Persian].

Huang, C. H. (2013). Shared leadership and team learning: Roles of knowledge sharing and team characteristics. Journal of International Management Studies, 8(1): 124-133.‏

Jones, H., & Hunter, K. O. (2016). A Reflective Hybrid Approach to Connecting Leadership Style and Stakeholder Perspective. Challenging Organizations and Society, 5(2): 950-1006.

Lucia, R. T. (2004). Distributed leadership: An exploratory study. (Doctoral Dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International, AAT3159315

Macbeath J. (2005). Leadership as distributed: A matter of practice. School Leadership and Management, 25, 349–366.

Mehra, A., Smith, B. R., Dixon, A. L., & Robertson, B. (2006), “Distributed leadership in teams: the network of leadership perceptions and team performance”, The Leadership Quarterly, 17(3): 232-245.

Mohammad Davoudi, A. H., Research, S. (2015). Evaluating the shared leadership model in knowledge creation among the Faculty members of Razi University of Kermanshah (Iran). Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, 6(21): 123-146[In Persian].

Mohammadishahroodi, H., Nemati, M., sadeghi, F., & tabakhian, L. (2018). Investigating the Effect of Employees’ Perception of Knowledge Leadership on Knowledge Sharing with the Interface Role of Social Capital Dimensions (Case Study: Imam Khomeini Naval Academy, Noshahr). Journal of Research on Management of Teaching in Marine Sciences, 5(1): 12-28[In Persian].

Muethel, M., Gehrlein, S., & Hoegl, M. (2012). Socio-demographic factors and shared leadership behaviors in dispersed teams: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 51(4): 525-548.‏

Muethel, M., & Hoegl, M. (2011). “Shared leadership functions in geographically dispersed project teams”, in Project-Based Organizing and Strategic Management. Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 289-321.

Mcadory, A.‌ R.‌ (2004‌); Transactional and Transformational Leadership, Differences between Representative and Peer Nominated Effective University Presidents and as‌ a Function‌ of Institution Type and Presidential Gender.  Dissretation for the Doctor of Philosophy‌ College‌ of‌ William & mary.

Morgeson, F. P., DeRue, D. S., & Karam, E. P. (2010). Leadership in teams: A functional approach to understanding leadership structures and processes. Journal of management, 36(1): 5-39.‏

Nicolaides, V. C., LaPort, K. A., Chen, T. R., Tomassetti, A. J., Weis, E. J., Zaccaro, S. J. & Cortina, J. M. (2014), “The shared leadership of teams: a meta-analysis of proximal, distal and moderating relationships”, The Leadership Quarterly, 25(5), 923-942.

Nicolina, A. (2003). Faculty and Chair Perspectives on Leadership and its‌ Impact‌ on‌ Departmental Outcomes. Thesis Master of Art McGill University.

Northouse, P. G. (2014). Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice. Sage.‏

Pearce Craig, L., Christina, L., Wassenaar, Yair Berson, & Rivka Tuval-Mashiach. (2019). Toward a theory of meta-paradoxical leadership, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, In press, corrected proof, Available online 3 April 2019.

Pearce, C. L. & Conger, J. A. (2003). All Those Years Ago, Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 1-18.

Pearce, C. L., Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (2014). Share, Don’t Take the Lead, IAP. Charlotte, NC.

Pearce, C. L. & Manz, C. C. (2005), “The new silver bullets of leadership: the importance of self- and shared leadership in knowledge work”, Organizational Dynamics, 34(2): 130-140.

Pearce, C. L. & Sims, H. P. Jr., (2002), “Vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of change management teams: an examination of aversive, directive, transactional, transformational, and empowering leader behaviors”, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(2): 172-197.

Pearce, C. L., Wood, B. G., & Wassenaar, C. L. (2018). The future of leadership in public universities: Is shared leadership the answer? Public Administration Review, 78(4): 640-644.‏

Pitelis Christos N. b., & Joachim D. W. (2019). Strategic Shared Leadership and Organizational Dynamic Capabilities. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(2): 233-242.

Poulson, L., & Wallace, M. (2003). Learning to read critically in educational leadership and management. Learning to Read Critically in Educational Leadership and Management, 1-256.

Purvanova, R. K., & Bono, J. E. (2009). Transformational leadership in context: Faceto- face and virtual teams. Leadership Quarterly, 20, 343-357. doi:10.1016/j. leaqua.2009.03.004.

Samimi, M., & alavi, S. B. (2016). Multiple case study of distributed leadership effectiveness in educational major founding teams of Sharif University of Technology. Research on Educational Leadership and Management, 1(2): 1-42. doi: 10.22054/jrlat.2016.1053 [In Persian].

Scott-Young, C. M., Georgy, M., & Grisinger, A. (2019). Shared leadership in project teams: An integrative multi-level conceptual model and research agenda. International Journal of Project Management, 37(4): 565-581.‏

Spillane, J. P. (2006). Distributed leadership. Educational Forum, 69, 143- 150.

Spillane, J. P., Diamond J. B. (2007). Distributed Leadership in Practice. New York: Teachers College Press.

Spendlove, M. (2007). Competencies for effective leadership in higher education. International Journal of Educational Management, 21(5): 407–417.

Sundaramurthy, C., & Kreiner, G. E. (2008). Governing by managing identity boundaries: The case of family businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(3): 415-436.‏

Vandavasi, R. K. K., McConville, D. C., Uen, J. F., & Yepuru, P. (2020). Knowledge sharing, shared leadership and innovative behaviour: a cross-level analysis. International Journal of Manpower, 41(8): 1221-1233.‏

Vogel, S. (2022). Shared leadership in higher education: an exploration of the composition of school leadership teams and school performance. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 44(5): 486-497.‏

Wang, D., Waldman, D. A., & Zhang, Z. (2014), “A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99 (2):181-198.

Wang, L., Cao, Q., & Zhou, L. (2018). Research on the influencing factors in coal mine production safety based on the combination of DEMATEL and ISM. Safety science, 103, 51-61.‏

Woods, P. (2005). Democratic leadership in education. Sage.‏

Yukl, G. (2012). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice-Hall.‏

Zhu, J., Liao, Z., Yam, K.C., & Johnson, R.E. (2018). “Shared leadership: a state-of-the-art review and future research agenda”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(7): 834-852.

Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., & Koh, W. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8): 951-968.

Bolden, R. (2011). Distributed leadership in organizations: A review of theory and research. International journal of management reviews, 13(3): 251-269.‏

Bryman, A. (2007). Effective leadership in higher education: A literature review. Studies in higher education, 32(6): 693-710.‏

Brown, M. J. (2021). Mary Parker Follett as Integrative Public Philosopher. Hypatia, 36(2): 425-436.‏

Cakiroglu, S. S., Caetano, A., & Costa, P. (2020), “How do mid-senior multinational officers perceive shared leadership for military teams? A qualitative study”. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 26 (5/6), 301-318.

Carson, J. B., Tesluk, P. E., & Marrone, J. A. (2007). Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance. Academy of management Journal, 50(5): 1217-1234.‏

Cox, JF., Pearce, GL., & Perry, ML. (2003) Toward model of shared leadership and distributed influence in the innovation process. In: Pearce GL, Conger JA (eds) Shared Leadership. Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 48–76.

Danaei Fard, H., Elwani, M., & Azar, A. (2021). Methodology book of qualitative research in management: a comprehensive approach. Tehran: Safar (Eshraghi) [In Persian].

D’Innocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., & Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadership–team performance relations. Journal of Management, 42(7): 1964-1991.‏

Daniels, E., & Hondeghem, D. F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Educational research review, 27(110.125).‏

Drath, W. (1998). Approaching the future of leadership development. In C. McCauley (Ed.), The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (pp. 403–432). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Drugus, D., & Landøy, A. (2014). Leadership in higher education. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov,7(56): 1-12.

Elmore R. F. (2000). Building a new structure for school leadership. Washington, D.C.: The Albert Shanker Institute.

Ensley, M. D., Pearce, C. L., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2006). The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(4): 243-263.

Farajzadeh, Z., & Raisi, G. R. (2016). Examining the leadership style of the supervisors of medical training centers of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, National Conference on New Researches in Management, Economics and Human Sciences, Kazerun, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun branch [In Persian].

Garvin, D. A. (2003). Learning in action: A guide to putting the learning organization to work. Harvard Business Review Press.

Gordon, Z. (2005). The effect of distributed leadership on student achievement (Doctoral Dissertation, Central Connecticut State University.

Günter, K. Stahl, C., Miska, C., Sheila M., Puffer, S., & McCarthy, D. J. (2016), Responsible Global Leadership in Emerging Markets, in Joyce S. Osland, Ming Li, Mark E. Mendenhall (ed.) Advances in Global Leadership (Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 9) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.79 – 106.

Gu, J., Chen, Z., Huang, Q., Liu, H., & Huang, S. (2018). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between shared leadership and creativity in inter‐organizational teams. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 52(2): 109-126.

‏Habibi, G. (2010). Research method in social science research. Tehran: Jihad Daneshgahi [In Persian].

Han, S. J., Lee, Y., Beyerlein, M., & Kolb, J. (2017). Shared leadership in teams: The role of coordination, goal commitment, and knowledge sharing on perceived team performance. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 24(3/4): 150-168.‏

Hoch, J. E. (2013). Shared leadership and innovation: The role of vertical leadership and employee integrity. Journal of Business and Psychology, 28, 159-174.‏

Hoch, J. E., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2014). Leading virtual teams: hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership. J. Appl. Psychol. 99 (3): 390–403.

Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 62, 597–606.

Hoveida, R., moghadam, A., & nikbakht, A. (2009). A study of the relationship between shared leadership and teamwork from the standpoint of faculty members at the university of Esfahan. Journal of Educational Scinces, 16(1): 137-152. doi: 10.22055/edu.2009.14172[In Persian].

Huang, C. H. (2013). Shared leadership and team learning: Roles of knowledge sharing and team characteristics. Journal of International Management Studies, 8(1): 124-133.‏

Jones, H., & Hunter, K. O. (2016). A Reflective Hybrid Approach to Connecting Leadership Style and Stakeholder Perspective. Challenging Organizations and Society, 5(2): 950-1006.

Lucia, R. T. (2004). Distributed leadership: An exploratory study. (Doctoral Dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International, AAT3159315

Macbeath J. (2005). Leadership as distributed: A matter of practice. School Leadership and Management, 25, 349–366.

Mehra, A., Smith, B. R., Dixon, A. L., & Robertson, B. (2006), “Distributed leadership in teams: the network of leadership perceptions and team performance”, The Leadership Quarterly, 17(3): 232-245.

Mohammad Davoudi, A. H., Research, S. (2015). Evaluating the shared leadership model in knowledge creation among the Faculty members of Razi University of Kermanshah (Iran). Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, 6(21): 123-146[In Persian].

Mohammadishahroodi, H., Nemati, M., sadeghi, F., & tabakhian, L. (2018). Investigating the Effect of Employees’ Perception of Knowledge Leadership on Knowledge Sharing with the Interface Role of Social Capital Dimensions (Case Study: Imam Khomeini Naval Academy, Noshahr). Journal of Research on Management of Teaching in Marine Sciences, 5(1): 12-28[In Persian].

Muethel, M., Gehrlein, S., & Hoegl, M. (2012). Socio-demographic factors and shared leadership behaviors in dispersed teams: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 51(4): 525-548.‏

Muethel, M., & Hoegl, M. (2011). “Shared leadership functions in geographically dispersed project teams”, in Project-Based Organizing and Strategic Management. Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 289-321.

Mcadory, A.‌ R.‌ (2004‌); Transactional and Transformational Leadership, Differences between Representative and Peer Nominated Effective University Presidents and as‌ a Function‌ of Institution Type and Presidential Gender.  Dissretation for the Doctor of Philosophy‌ College‌ of‌ William & mary.

Morgeson, F. P., DeRue, D. S., & Karam, E. P. (2010). Leadership in teams: A functional approach to understanding leadership structures and processes. Journal of management, 36(1): 5-39.‏

Nicolaides, V. C., LaPort, K. A., Chen, T. R., Tomassetti, A. J., Weis, E. J., Zaccaro, S. J. & Cortina, J. M. (2014), “The shared leadership of teams: a meta-analysis of proximal, distal and moderating relationships”, The Leadership Quarterly, 25(5), 923-942.

Nicolina, A. (2003). Faculty and Chair Perspectives on Leadership and its‌ Impact‌ on‌ Departmental Outcomes. Thesis Master of Art McGill University.

Northouse, P. G. (2014). Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice. Sage.‏

Pearce Craig, L., Christina, L., Wassenaar, Yair Berson, & Rivka Tuval-Mashiach. (2019). Toward a theory of meta-paradoxical leadership, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, In press, corrected proof, Available online 3 April 2019.

Pearce, C. L. & Conger, J. A. (2003). All Those Years Ago, Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 1-18.

Pearce, C. L., Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (2014). Share, Don’t Take the Lead, IAP. Charlotte, NC.

Pearce, C. L. & Manz, C. C. (2005), “The new silver bullets of leadership: the importance of self- and shared leadership in knowledge work”, Organizational Dynamics, 34(2): 130-140.

Pearce, C. L. & Sims, H. P. Jr., (2002), “Vertical versus shared leadership as predictors of the effectiveness of change management teams: an examination of aversive, directive, transactional, transformational, and empowering leader behaviors”, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(2): 172-197.

Pearce, C. L., Wood, B. G., & Wassenaar, C. L. (2018). The future of leadership in public universities: Is shared leadership the answer? Public Administration Review, 78(4): 640-644.‏

Pitelis Christos N. b., & Joachim D. W. (2019). Strategic Shared Leadership and Organizational Dynamic Capabilities. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(2): 233-242.

Poulson, L., & Wallace, M. (2003). Learning to read critically in educational leadership and management. Learning to Read Critically in Educational Leadership and Management, 1-256.

Purvanova, R. K., & Bono, J. E. (2009). Transformational leadership in context: Faceto- face and virtual teams. Leadership Quarterly, 20, 343-357. doi:10.1016/j. leaqua.2009.03.004.

Samimi, M., & alavi, S. B. (2016). Multiple case study of distributed leadership effectiveness in educational major founding teams of Sharif University of Technology. Research on Educational Leadership and Management, 1(2): 1-42. doi: 10.22054/jrlat.2016.1053 [In Persian].

Scott-Young, C. M., Georgy, M., & Grisinger, A. (2019). Shared leadership in project teams: An integrative multi-level conceptual model and research agenda. International Journal of Project Management, 37(4): 565-581.‏

Spillane, J. P. (2006). Distributed leadership. Educational Forum, 69, 143- 150.

Spillane, J. P., Diamond J. B. (2007). Distributed Leadership in Practice. New York: Teachers College Press.

Spendlove, M. (2007). Competencies for effective leadership in higher education. International Journal of Educational Management, 21(5): 407–417.

Sundaramurthy, C., & Kreiner, G. E. (2008). Governing by managing identity boundaries: The case of family businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(3): 415-436.‏

Vandavasi, R. K. K., McConville, D. C., Uen, J. F., & Yepuru, P. (2020). Knowledge sharing, shared leadership and innovative behaviour: a cross-level analysis. International Journal of Manpower, 41(8): 1221-1233.‏

Vogel, S. (2022). Shared leadership in higher education: an exploration of the composition of school leadership teams and school performance. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 44(5): 486-497.‏

Wang, D., Waldman, D. A., & Zhang, Z. (2014), “A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99 (2):181-198.

Wang, L., Cao, Q., & Zhou, L. (2018). Research on the influencing factors in coal mine production safety based on the combination of DEMATEL and ISM. Safety science, 103, 51-61.‏

Woods, P. (2005). Democratic leadership in education. Sage.‏

Yukl, G. (2012). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliff s, NJ: Prentice-Hall.‏

Zhu, J., Liao, Z., Yam, K.C., & Johnson, R.E. (2018). “Shared leadership: a state-of-the-art review and future research agenda”. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(7): 834-852.