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Open Access Article
2 - The Link between Talismans and Figural Images in Islam
Negar ZeilabiAniconism in Islam is an incontrovertible presumption for the researchers of Islamic arts. The main question of this study is that what the imagination and interpretation of Muslims, in the early centuries, was about figural images which caused aniconism in Islam. The p MoreAniconism in Islam is an incontrovertible presumption for the researchers of Islamic arts. The main question of this study is that what the imagination and interpretation of Muslims, in the early centuries, was about figural images which caused aniconism in Islam. The present paper shows that the permanence of the verdict seems to be associated with the cultural conception of magic and talismans which was rooted in the old civilizations such as Iran, Egypt and ancient Palestine. The main hypothesis is that the relation between image-making and the magic and talismans was one of the most important social factors that caused the reaction of Muslim jurists and scholars to the issue and subsequently led to the persistence of aniconism in the middle centuries. Therefore, it can be stated that Islam’s opposition to figural images was not from an aesthetic standpoint but along with the Quran’s stand against polytheists and idolaters, was because of that cultural conception of magic and talisman. References al- Aamāl al- Kāmila lil- Imām Muḥammad Abduh, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAmāra, Beirut, 1979/ 1357. A.Fodor, “The Rod of Moses in Arabic Magic”, in Magic and Divination in Early Islam, ed.Lawrence I.Conrad, The Crownwellpress,2004. Gharawī, Djawād b. Muḥammad, Miftāḥ al- Karāma, Revised by Muḥammad Bāḳir Khāliṣī, Qom, 1419- 1424 AH/ 1998- 2003 AD. Anṣārī, Murtaḍā b. Muḥammad Amīn, al- Makāsib, Qom, 1415- 1420 AH/ 1994- 2000 AD. Arnold, Painting in Islam, Oxford,1928. Baḥrānī, Sayyid Hāshim b. Sulaymān, Madīna Maādjiz al- Aimma al- Ithna Ashar, Qom, 1413 AH/ 1993 AD. Barḳī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, al- Maḥāsin, Revised by Djalāl al- Dīn Muḥaddith Urmawī, Qom, 1371/ 1992. Bayhaḳī, al- Sunan al- Kubrā, Beirut, (Und.). Bayhaḳī, Dalail al- Nubuwwa, Revised by ʿAbd al- Muʿṭī Ḳalʿadjī, Beirut, 1985 AD/ 1405 AH. Bible, Early Translation. Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ, Istanbul Ofsted., 1981 AD/ 1401 AH. Burūdjirdī, Djāmi Aḥādīth al- Shia, Qom, 1410 AH/ 1989 AD. Burckhardt, Titus, Hunar Islāmī: Zabān wa Bayān (Art of Islam: language and meaning), trans. Masoud Rajab Nia, Tehran, 1392/ 2013. DāraḲuṭnī, Ilal, Riyadh, 1405 AH/ 1985 AD. Damīrī, Ḥayāt al- Ḥayawān al- Kubrā, Beirut, 1424 AH/ 2004 AD. Ettinghausen, Richard, From Byzantium to Sasanian Iran and the Islamic World, leiden, Brill, 1972. Ettinghausen,Richard, Studies in Muslim Iconography, Washington, 1950. Fāḍil Hindī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan, Kashf al- Lithām, Qom, 1416- 1424 AH/ 1996- 2003 AD. Fayḍ-i Kāshānī, al- Wāfī, Isfahan, 1406 AH/ 1986 AD. Grabar, Oleg , “Islām wa Hunar- Hā-yi Tadjassumī”, Trans. Seyed Rahim Mousavi Nia, Faṣl- Nāma-yi Hunar, Spring 1374, No. 28. Golsorkhi, Iraj, Tārīkh-i Djādū-garī, Tehrān, 1377/ 1998. Hasson, Rachel, Early Islamic Jewellery, Jerusalem, 1987. Ḥillī, Taḥrīr al- Aḥkām, Qom, 1420 AH/ 2000 AD. Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf, Tadhkirat al-Fuḳahā, Qom, 1414 AH/ 1994 AD. Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf, Mukhtalif al- Shia, Qom, 1413- 1419 AH/ 1993- 1998 AD. Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf, Muntahī al- Maṭlab, (Und.), 1415 AH/ 1995 AD. Hodgson, G.S. “Islam and Image”, History of Religions, Vol.3, No.2, winter1964. Ibn ʿAbd al- Barr, al- Istidhkār, Beirut, 2000/ 1379. Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Ḥāshiya Radd al- Mukhtār, Beirut, 1415 AH/ 1995 AD. Ibn Abī Djumhūr, Muḥammad b. Zayn al- Dīn, Awālī al- Laālī al- Azīziyya Fī al- Aḥādīth al- Dīniyya, Qom, 1984 AH/ 1405 AH. Ibn al- ʿArabī, Muḥyi ʾl- Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, al- Shadjara al- Numāniyya, ʿAṣim Ibrāhīm Kayyālī (ed.), Beirut, 2004/ 1383. Ibn Ashth Sidjistānī, Sunan Abī Dawūd, Beirut, 1990 AD/ 1411 AH. Ibn Idrīs Ḥillī, al- Sarair, Qom, 1410 AH/ 1989 AD. Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Ilal al- Sharāyi, Qom, 1385/ 2006. Idem, Uyūn al- Akhbār al- Riḍā, Revised by Mehdi Lajevardi, Tehran, 1378/ 1999. Idem, Man lā Yaḥḍuru- hu l- Faḳīh, Revised by Aliakbar Ghafari, 1413 AH/ 1992 AD. Idem, al- Khiṣāl, Revised by Aliakbar Ghafari, Qom, 1362/ 1983. Ibn al- Barrādj, al- Muhadhdhab, Qom, 1406 AH/ 1985 AD. Ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad, Beirut, (Und.). Ibn Ḥayyūn, Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad( Ḳāḍī Nuʿmān), Daāim al- Islām, Qom, 1385/ 2006. Ibn al- Faḳīh, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, al- Buldān, Revised by Yūsuf al- Hādī, Beirut, 1996 AD/ 1416 AH. Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al- Raḥmān, Tarīkh- i Ibn Khaldūn al- musammā dīwan l- mubtadi wa al- Khabar, Revised by Khalīl Shaḥḥāda, Beirut, 1988 AD/ 1408 AH. 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Husayn, Murūdj al- Dhahab, Revised by Asʿad Dāghir, Qom, 1409 AH/ 1988 AD. Māwardī, al- Ḥāwī al- Kabīr fī Fiḳh-i- Madhhab al- Imām al- Shāfiī, Revised by ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaz & ʿādil Aḥmad ʿAbd al- Mūdjūd, 1994 AD/ 1414 AH. Mīrzāī Ḳumī, Ghanāim al- Ayyām, Qom, 1417- 1420 AH/ 1996- 1999 AD. Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, al- Ikhtiṣāṣ, Revised by Aliakbar Ghafari &Mahmud Zarandi Mouharami, Qom, 1413 AH/ 1992 AD. Muḥaḳḳiḳ al- Ḥillī, al- Mutabar, Qom, ( Und.). Muhurleri, Osmanli Tilsam: Haluk Perk Koleksiyonu, Istanbul: Haluk Perk Muzesi, 2010. Muḳātil b. Sulaymān, Tafsīr, Beirut, 1423 AH/ 2002 AD. Muḳddas Ardabīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, Madjma al- Fāida, Revised by Mudjtabā al- ʿArāḳī & Others, Qom, 1414 AH/ 1993 AD. Muḳaddasī (Maḳdisī), Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Aḥsan al- Taḳāsīm fī Marifat al- Aḳālīm, Cairo, 1411 AH/ 1991 AD. Muslim Nayshābūrī, Ṣaḥīḥ, Lebanon, ( Und.). Nasāʾī, Sunan, Beirut, 1348 AH/ 1930 AD. Nūrī, Husayn b. Muḥammad Taḳī, Mustadrak al- Wasāil wa Mustanbaṭ al- Masāil, Qom, 1408 AH/ 1987 AD. Pingree,David,” Abu Ma’shar al-Balkhi”, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography ,New York, 1970 Sarakhsī, Sharḥ al- Siyar al- Kabīr, Revised by Ṣalaḥ al- Dīn al- Munadjdjid, Egypt, 1960 AD/ 1379 AH. Shahīd al- Thānī, Zayn al- Dīn b. ʿAlī, Munyat al- Murid, Qom, 1413- 1416 AH/ 1993- 1996 AD. Shaykh al- Ṭūsī, al- Mabsūṭ, Tehran, 1387/ 2008. Idem, al- Nihāya, Qom, Intishārāt-i Ḳuds-i Muḥammadī, (Und.). Shaked, Shaul, “Medieval Jewish Magic in Relation to Islam, Theoretical Attitudes and Genres”, in Judaism and Islam: Boundaries ,Communications and interaction , ed. William M. Brinner and others, Brill, 2000. Ṭabarsī (Ṭabrisī), Faḍl b. Ḥasan, Madjmaal- Bayān , trans. Hossein Noori Hamedani, (Und.). Tabrizi, Jawad, Irshād al- Ṭālib ili al-Talīḳalā al- Makāsib, Qom, 1384/ 2005. Tanavoli, Parviz, Ṭilism: Girāfīk-i Sunnatī Iran, Tehran, 1385/ 2005. 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Open Access Article
3 - Baghdadi Paper in the Early Centuries of Islam; Reviewing an Idea
Mahdi MojtahediOne of the most important events that had an everlasting and unprecedented impact on Muslim cultural quests was their gaining access to paper and paper industry since the middle years of the second century AH. In many recent studies, it has been cla MoreOne of the most important events that had an everlasting and unprecedented impact on Muslim cultural quests was their gaining access to paper and paper industry since the middle years of the second century AH. In many recent studies, it has been claimed that the development of paper industry in Baghdad and the production of Baghdadi paper happened within the first few decades after the construction of the city. According to those researches which are based on the reports of relatively recent sources, some years after paper production in Samarqand (about 179 AH), production of paper in Baghdad began by the order of al-Faḍl b. Yaḥyā al-Barmakī, the vizier of Harun al-Rashid (R. 170-193 AH). Because of the recency of the references that was used in the aforementioned studies and also the exclusiveness of paper manufacturing in China and Samarqand as well as the reliance of Baghdad on the imported paper from those lands until the sixth century AH, the present article shows that the birth of Baghdadi paper occurred no earlier than the time that Yaqut al-Hamavi speaks of it, which is the seventh century AH. References Ḳurān-i Karīm. Afshar, Iraj, Kāghadh Dar Zindigī wa Farhang-i Irānī, Tehran, The Written Heritage Research Institute, 1390/ 2011. Aledavood, Seyed Ali, “Ibn Isfandiyār”, Dāirat al- Maārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Kazem Mousavi-Bojnourdi (as supervisor), Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 3/13. Atiyeh, George N. (Ed.) ,The book in the Islamic world : the written word and Communication in the Middle East, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995. kht-i Kāghadh Dar Mamālik Islāmī”, Trans. 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Damirchi, Shahab, Tarīkh Farhang wa Tamaddun-i Islām,Qom, Daftar-i Nashr-i Maārif, 1389/ 2010. Dakhīl, Sulaymān, al- Fawz bil- Murād Fī Tarīkh- Baghdād, Revised by Muḥammad Zaynahum Muḥammad ʿAzab, Cairo, Dār al- Āfāḳ al- ʿArabiyya, 1423 AH/ 2003 AD. Dawrī, ʿAbd al- ʿAzīz, Tarīkh al- Irāḳ al- Iḳtiṣādī fī al- ḳarn al- Rābi al- Hidjrī, Beirut, Center For Arab Unity Studies, 1995/ 1374. Ibid & Others, Baghdād: čand Maḳala Dar Tarīkh wa Djughrāfiyā-yi Tarīkhī, Trans. Esmail Dowlatshahi & Iraj Prooshani, Tehran, Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1375/ 1996. Ibid, “Baghdād”, Trans. Mostafa Momeni, Dānish-nāma-yi Djahān-i Islām, Vol. 3, Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (as supervisor), Tehran, The Center For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1376/ 1997. Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Tarikh al- Islām wa wafayāt (ṭabaḳāt) al- mashāhīr wa al- alām, Beirut, Dār al- Kitāb al- ʿArabī, 1413 AH/ 1992 AD. Djāḥiẓ, ʿAmr b. 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Rabāṣī, Miftāḥ Yūnis, al- Muassisa al- Talīmiyya fī al- Aṣr al- Abbāsī al- Awwal, Misurata, 7th October University, 2010/ 1389. Rousseau, Pierre, Tarīkh Ṣanāyi wa Ikhtirāāt (Histoire des techniques etdes inventions), Trans. Hasan Safari, Tehran, AmīrKabīr, 1346/ 1967. Ṣābī, Ḥilāl b. Muḥsin, Tuḥfat al- Umara fī Tarīkh al- Wuzarā, Revised by ʿAbd al- Sattār Aḥmad Farādj, (Und.), Maktaba al- Aʿyān, (Und.). Sajjadi, Seyed Sadegh, Tarīkh-i Barmakiyyān, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1385/ 2006. Temple, Robert, The Genius of China: 3000 Years of Science, Discovery and Innovation, London: Andre Deutsch, 2007. 3rd ed. Thaʿālibī, ʿAbd al- Malik b. Muḥammad, Thimār al- Ḳulūb fī al- Muḍāf wa al- Mansūb, Revised by Muḥammad Abū ʾl- Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Cairo, Dār al- Maʿārif, (Und.). Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin ,Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China. Ed. Joseph Needham. Vol. 5, pt. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Velayati, Ali Akbar, Farhang wa Tamaddun-i Islāmī, Qom, Daftar-i Nashr-i Maʿārif, 1386/ 2007. Yaʿḳūbī, Aḥmad b. Isḥāḳ, al- Buldān, Beirut, Dār al- Kutub al- ʿIlmiyya, 1422 AH/ 2002 AD. Ibid, Tarīkh al- Yaūbī, Beirut, Dār al- Ṣādir, (Und.). Zahra, Islami Fard, Tārīkh Farhang wa Tamaddun-i Islāmī, Qom, Daftar-i Nashr-i Maʿārif, 1389/ 2010. Zambaver, Edvard riterfon, Nasab- Nāma: Khulafā wa Shahiryārān wa Siyr-i Tarīkhī-yi Ḥawādith-i Islām, Trans. Mohammad Javad Mashkoor, Tehran, Khayyām, 2536. Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein, Kār- Nāma-yi Islām, Tehran, AmīrKabīr (2nd ed.), 1362/ 1983. Zaydan, Jurji, Tarīkh Tamaddun-i Islām, trans. Ali Javaherkalam, Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1994/ 1373. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Confiscation of Property in the Abbasid Era; its Political and Economic Aims and Performances
Mahdi Qorbani Hesari Ebrahim Mousapour Besheli Qanbarali RoodgarReferences Balādhurī, Ansāb al- Ashrāf, Revised by ʿAbd al- ʿAzīz al- Dawrī, Vol. 4, Beirut, German Orientalists, 1978/ 1356. Bayhaḳī, Tārīkh-i Bayhaḳī, Edited by Khalil Khatib Rahbar, (Vol. 3), (4th ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Mahtāb, 1374/ 1995. Bosworth, Clifford Edmu MoreReferences Balādhurī, Ansāb al- Ashrāf, Revised by ʿAbd al- ʿAzīz al- Dawrī, Vol. 4, Beirut, German Orientalists, 1978/ 1356. Bayhaḳī, Tārīkh-i Bayhaḳī, Edited by Khalil Khatib Rahbar, (Vol. 3), (4th ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Mahtāb, 1374/ 1995. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, Tārīkh-i Ghaznawiyyān (The Ghaznavids), trans. Hassan Anushah, Vol. 2, Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1385/ 2006. Bosworth, “Musadara”, “Mustakhridj”, EI2, Vol. VII, 1993. Bouvat, Lucien, Barmakiyyān Binā- bar Riwayat-i Muwarrikhān-i Arāb wa Iranī(Les Barmécides d'après les historiens arabes et persans), Trans. Abdol Hossein Meykadeh, (Vol. 5), Tehran, ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1388/ 2009. 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Ali Reza Zekavati Gharagozlou, (5th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1393/ 2014. Mustawfī, Hamdullāh, Tārikh-i Guzida, (3th. ed.), Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1985/ 1364. Miskawayh al- Rāzī, Abū ʿAlī, Tadjārib al- Umam, Revised by Abolghasem Emami, Tehran, Surūsh, 1379/ 2000. M. Minovi and V. Minorsky. “Nasir al-Din Tusi on finance”, Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 10, No. 3(1940), pp.761,759, in www.jstor.org Ravandi, Morteza, Tārikh-i Idjtimāī-yi Iran, (Vol.12), (2st. ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Nigāh, 1382/ 2003. Ṣābīʾ, Hilāl b. Muḥassin, Tuḥfat al- Umara fī Tārīkh al- Wuzarā, Revised by ʿAbd al- Sattār Aḥmad Farādj, Maktaba al- Aʿyān, (Unn.), (Und.). Saʿdī, Kulliyyāt- Sadī, Based on the Foroughi 's Edition, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Piymān, 1381/ 2002. Sajadi, Seyyed Sadegh, Tārīkh-i Barmakiyyān, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1385/ 2006. Spuller, Bertold, Djahān-i Islām (1) Dawrān-i Khilāfat(The Muslim World), Trans. Qamar Aryan, Tehran, AmīrKabīr, 1975/ 1354. Ibid, Tārīkh-i Iran dar Ḳurūn Nukhustīn-i Islāmī(Iran : in Fruh-Islamischer zeit), Trans. Javad Flatoori & Maryam Mir Ahmadi, (2st. ed.), Vol.4, Tehran, Intishārat-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1994/ 1373. Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Djarīr, Tārikh al- umam l- Mulūk, Tārīkh al- Ṭabarī, (Vol. 11), (2st. ed.), Beirut, Rawāʾiʿ al- Turāth al- ʿArabī, 1387/ 2008. Tatawī, Ḳāḍī Aḥmad, Ḳazwīnī, Āṣif Khan, Tārīkh-i Alifī, (Vol. 8), Tehran, Intishārat-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1382/ 2002. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, (Tehran) “Barmakiyyan”, “Tādjir”, “Kharādj”, “Dīwān”, Electronic Publishing. V. Kremer & A. Freiherrm, Uber Das Einnahmebudget Des Abbasiden Reiches Vom Jahre 306 H. (918-919), Wien, 1887. Digitized by Google. Yaḥyā b. Ādam, Kitab al- Kharādj, Revised by Husayn Mūnis, (1st. ed.), Dār al- Sharḳ, 1987/1365. Yaʿḳūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿḳūb b. Wāḍiḥ, Tārīkh-i Yaūbī, Trans. Mohammad Ebrahim Ayati, (6th. ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿilmī wa Farhangī, 1371/ 1992. Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein, Tārikh-i Iran Bad az Islām, (12th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1387/ 2008. Zaydan, Jurji, Tārīkh Tamaddun-i Islām, Trans.Ali Javaher Kalam, (12th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1386/ 2007. The confiscation of delinquent official’s properties for their punishment was started from the early Islamic era, certainly, during Umar reign. The benefits of that persuaded the caliphs to count on the confiscation as a temporary and sometime permanent income source and thereby they established institutions and even dewans to inquest about those properties. In the present paper, the financial reliance of Abbasid caliphate on this source and consequently, the role of confiscation of property in controlofthe wealth and powerof elites have been surveyed Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Yemen Trade in the Rasulids Era (626-858 A.H.)
Ebrahim Mohammadi Hadi AlemzadehYemen, has continuously been a significant centre for importing and exporting hence its geographical location at the trade crossroads of the East and the West, particularly the bokhur (spice) road. Under Rasulids dominance (626-858A.H.), the commercial relationships bet MoreYemen, has continuously been a significant centre for importing and exporting hence its geographical location at the trade crossroads of the East and the West, particularly the bokhur (spice) road. Under Rasulids dominance (626-858A.H.), the commercial relationships between Yemen and different areas such as India, Egypt and Hijaz was developed and so the merchants carried the goods and products via sea routes from Yemen to Indian and Egyptian ports; and in return, importing different goods to Yemen. In addition, Yemen had also the commercial relationship with internal areas of Arabian Peninsula, especially Hijaz, by land and sea. The present article is an attempt to consider the causes of commercial development of Yemen in the Rasulids era. This study shows that in this period, Yemen was different from its prior time .It was due to the dominance of Mongols over the far East to Baghdad, that makes the commercial roads insecure and so the red sea became an alternative and safe route. It should be noticed that the role of Karemi merchants who had a disposal trade between Mediterranean sea and Indian Ocean coastlines to china via the Red sea was also developed the trade activities in Yemen. References Abū Makhrama, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh Ṭayyib, Tārīkh-i Thaghr Adan wa Tarādjum Ulamā- hā, Revised by Orvar Löfgren, Leiden, 1936/ 1314. Badkoobeh, Ahmad & Tajbakhsh, Ghadariyeh, “Rawābiṭ Bāzargānī-yi Ārāgūn wa Ḳashtāla bā Baybars wa Taḥrīm-i Iḳtiṣādī-yi Miṣr”, Journal of History & Civiliazation of Islamic Nation, No. 10, 1388/ 2009. 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Yaʿḳūb, Ṣifat al- Balād al- Yaman wa Makka wa Ba al- Ḥidjāz, Revised by Mamdūḥ Ḥasan Muḥammad, Maktaba al- Thaḳāfat al- dīnīya, Cario, 1996/ 1375. Ibn Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar, al- Alāḳ al- Nafīsa, Trans. Hossein Gharachanlu, Amīrkabīr, Tehran, 1986/ 1365. Ibn Taghrībirdī, Djamāl al- Dīn Abū ʾl- Maḥāsin b. Yūsuf, al- Nudjūm al- Zāhira fī mulūk miṣr wa l- ḳāhira, Cairo, 1935/ 1313. Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad Karīm, “al- ʿAlāḳāt al- Tidjāriyya Bayn ʿAdan wa al- Hind Khilāl al- Ḳarnayn al- Sādis wa al- Sābiʿ al- hidjriyyan”, Markaz Dirāsāt al- Khalīdj, University of Basrah, 2002/ 1380. Idrīsī, Abī ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad, Nuhzat al- Mushtāḳ fī ikhtirāḳ al- Āfāḳ, Maktaba al- Thaḳāfat al- dīnīya, Egypt, (Und.). Ghassānī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbbās, al- Asdjad al- Masbūk wa al- Djawhar al- Maḥkūk fī Ṭabaḳāt al- Khulafā wa al- Mamlūk, Revised by Shākir Maḥmūd ʿAbd al- Munʿim, Dār al- Turāth al- Islāmiyya, Baghdad, 1395 AH/ 1975 AD. Himyarī, Ibn ʿAbd al- Munʿim, al- Rawḍ al- Miār fī Khabar al- Aḳtār, Revised by Iḥsān ʿAbbās, Syndicate of Publishers Union in Lebanon, Beirut, 1984/ 1363. Hudūd al- Ālam min al- Mashriḳ Alā al- Maghrib, Unknown Author, Revised by Manouchehr Sotodeh, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1340/ 1961. Ḳalḳashandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh, Ṣubḥ al- Asha fī Ṣināat al- Inshā, Dārā al- kutub al- ʿIlmiyya, Beirut, 1915/ 1293. Karimi, Alireza & Rezaie, Muhammad, “Rawabiṭ-i Tidjārī-yi Iran wa Djinuwā dar Dawra-yi Ilkhānī”, History of Islam & Iran al-Zahra University, No. 18, Summer 1392/ 2013. Ḳazwīnī, Zakariyyāʾ b. Muḥammad, Āthār al- Bilād Wa Akhbār al- Ibād, Trans. Muḥammad Murād b. ʿAbd al- Raḥmān, University of Tehran, 1371/ 1992. Khazradjī, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan, al- Uḳūd al- Luluiyya fī Akhbār al- Dawla al- Rasūliyya, Revised by Muḥammad Bisyūnī, Yemen Center for Studies and Research, Dār al- Adab, Sanʿāʾ, 1403 AH/ 1982 AD. Labīb, Ṣubhī, “al- Tidjārat al- Kārmiyya wa Tidjarat Miṣr fī al- ʿUṣur al- Wusṭā”, al- Madjlla al- Tārīkhiyya l- Miṣriyya, No. 4, 1952/ 1330. Luḳmān, Ḥamza ʿAlī Ibrāhīm, Tārīkh Adan wa Djanūb al- Djazīra l- Arabiyya, Dar Misr For Printing, Cairo, 1959 AD/ 1379 AH. Madjid, ʿAbd al- Munʿim, al- Alāḳat bayn al- Sharḳ wa l- Gharb, Maktaba al- Djāmiʿa al- ʿArabiyya, Beirut, 1966/ 1344. Maḳdasī, Abū ʿAbdallah Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Aḥsan al- Taḳāsīm fī Marifat al- Aḳālīm,Trans. Alinaghi Monzavi, Shirkat- i Mūʾalifān wa Mutardjimān-i Iran, Tehran, 1361/ 1983. Maḳḥafī, Ibrāhīm Aḥmad, Mudjam al- Madan wa l- Ḳabāil al- Yamaniyya, Ṣanʿāʾ, Dār al- Kalama, 1985/ 1363. Maḳrīzī, Taḳī al- Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, al- Dhahab al- Masbūk fī Dhikr Min Ḥadjdj Min Khulafā wa al- Mulūk, Revised by Djamāl al- Dīn al- Shayyāl, Cairo, Maktaba al- Khāndjī, 1955/ 1333. Masʿūdī, Abū al- Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn, Murūdj al- dhahab wa Maādin al- Djawhar, Trans. Abul-Qasim Payandeh, Bungāh-i Tardjuma wa Nashr-i Kitāb, 1360/ 1981. Mojtaba, Khalifeh, “Tafawwuḳ-i Tidjārī-yi Daryā-yi Surkh Bar Khalīdj-i Fārs Dar Sada- Hā- yi Pandjum wa Shishum-i Hidjrī: Bā Taʾkīd Bar Naḳsh-i Tudjdjār-i Kārm”, Khalīdj Fārs, Farhang wa Tamaddun: Madjmūa Maḳālāt, 2008/ 1387. Pigulevskaia, Nina vikorovna, Tārīkh-i Iran Az Dawrān-i Bāstān Tā Pāyān-i Ḳarn-i Hidjdah-hum-i Mīlādī, Trans. Karim Keshavarz, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, 1349/ 1970. Rashīd al- Dīn Hamdānī, Faḍlallāh, Djāmi al- Tawārīkh, Revised by Bahman Karimi, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1362/ 1983. Rāzī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh, Tārīkh-i Madīnat Sanā, Revised by Ḥusayn b. ʿAbdallāh al- ʿAmrī, Dār al- Fikr al- Muʿāṣir, Damascus, 1409 AH/ 1988 AD. Sīrāfī, Ḥasan b. Yazīd, Riḥla al- Sīrāfī, al- Madjmaʿ al- Thaḳāfiyya, Abu Dhabi, 1999/ 1377. Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Djarīr, Tārīkh al- umam l- Mulūk, Revised by Muḥammad Abū al- Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Dār al- Turāth, Beirut, 1967/ 1345. djm al- Dīn, Tārīkh al- Yaman, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAlī al- Akwaʿ, Cairo, 1967/ 1345. Vossoughi, Muhammad-Bagher,Ilal wa Awāmil-i Djābidjā’ī-yi Kānūn- Hā-yi Tidjārī Dar Khalīdj-i Fārs, Pazhūhishkadih-yi Tāʾrīkh-i Islām, 1389/ 2010. Yaʿḳūbī, Ibn Wāḍiḥ, al- Buldān,Trans. Abd al- Muhammad Ayati, Intishārāt-i bungāh-i tardjuma wa nashr-i kitāb, Tehran, 1343/ 1964. Yāḳūt Ḥimawī, Yāḳūt b. ʿAbdallāh, Mudjam al- Buldān (irshād al- arīb ilā marifat al- adīb), Dār al- Ṣādir, Beirut, 1995/ 1373. Yūsuf, ʿAbd al- Ḳādir Aḥmad, al- Uṣūr al- Wusṭā al- Urūbiyya, Beirut, al- Maktaba al- ʿAṣriyya, 1967/ 1345. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Theory of Intertextuality as a Research Approach in Social History Studies; Ali ibn Abi Talib in the Inscriptions and Futuwat-namas from the Seventh to the Tenth Centuries H.
Nasim Khalili Mahdi Farahani MonfaredThe aim of this article is to study the legend of Ali b. Abi Talib (puh) during Iranian Medieval history in a wide range of fields from architecture to literature and folklore. The author used the intertextuality approach and on basis of Roland Barthes's method, tries t MoreThe aim of this article is to study the legend of Ali b. Abi Talib (puh) during Iranian Medieval history in a wide range of fields from architecture to literature and folklore. The author used the intertextuality approach and on basis of Roland Barthes's method, tries to clarify how the legend personality of Ali has been formed and re-produced through a cultural network during centuries. References Afshar, Iraj, Yādigār-hā-yi Yazd, Tehran, Andjuman-i āthār wa mafākhir-i farhangī, 1995/1374. Afshari, Mehran, Futūwwat nāma-hā wa rasāil-i khaksāriyya, Tehran, Institute For Humanities & Cultural Studies, 2003/1382. Ahmadi, Babak, Sākhtār-i tawīl wa matn (the structure of text interpretation), Tehran, Nas̲h̲r-i- Markaz, 1991/1370. Ahmadi, Babak, Risāla-i tarīkh, djustārī dar Hirminūtīk-i Tarīkh (An essay on history- the Hermeneutic vision of history), Tehran, Mazkaz, 1999/1378. Alan, Graham, Biynāmatnīyat, (Intertextuality), trans. Payam yazdanju, Tehran, Nas̲h̲r-i Markaz, 2001/1380. Azam Vaqefi, Seyyed Hussein, Mīrāth-i farhangī-yi naṭanz, Natanz, Andjuman-i Mīrāth-i farhangī, 1995/1374. Barthes, Roland, “Guftār-i takhī” (The Discourse of History),trans. Fazlollah Pakzad, Arghinun, No.4, pp. 96-83, 1994/1373. Ibid, Usṭūria-yi imrūz (Myth today) trans. Shirin Dokht Daghighian, Tehran, markaz, 2007/ 1386. Ibid, Ladhdhat-i matn (The pleasure of text), trans. Payam Yazdanjoo, Tehran, markaz, 2006/ 1385. Blair, Sheila, Mimārī īlkhānī dar naṭanz(The Ilkhanid Shrine Complex At Natanz, Iran), trans. Wali Allah Kavoosi, Tehran, The Iranian Academy Of Arts, 2008/1387. Braudel, Fernand, Sarmāyia-Dārī wa ḥayāt-i Mādī 1400 Tā 1800 Mīlādī( Capitalism & Material Life, 1400-1800), trans. Behzad Bashi, Tehran, Niy, 1993/1372. Godard, André, Āthār-i Iran (Annales des services archéologiques d'Iran), trans. Abual-Hasan Sarvghad Moghaddam, Mashhad, Islamic Research Foundation, 1996/1375. Gūlpīnārlī, ʿAbd al-Bāḳī, Futuwwat dar kishwar-hā-yi Islāmī, trans. Tofigh H. Sobhani, Tehran, Ruzana, 2000/1379. Hamzelu, Manouchehr, “Nām-i ʿAlī bar gunbad-i sulṭāniyya”, Kitāb-i māh hunar, No.32-32, 2001/1380. Honarfar, lotf- Allah, Gandjīna-yi Āthār-i Tarīkh-yi Iṣfahān, Isfahan, Thaḳafī, 1965/1344. Ibn Maghāzilī, Manāḳib-i Maghāzilī, Revised by Muḥammad Djawād Ayatullāh Zāda Marʿashī Nadjafī, Qom, The library of Ayatollah Marashi Najafi, 1957/1336. Ibn Miʿmār, Muḥammad b. Abu al- Makārim, Kitāb al-Futuwwat, Revised by Muṣṭafā Djawād, Baghdād, Maktab-i al- Muthannā, 1957/1336. Kalbasi, Hossein & Ahmadi, Gholamhossein, “Hirminūtīk fan-i ʿām-i fahm wa tafsīr az nazargāh-i Schleiermacher”, The University of Tabriz Journal of Literature and Humanities, No. 205, 1999/1378. Kashefi Sabzevari, Molla Hissein, Futuwwat-nāma-yi sulṭānī, Revised by Muhammad Jafar Mahjoub, Tehran, Cultural foundation of Iran, 1971/1350. Kristeva, Julia, Fardīyat-i Ishtirākī(Head Cases: Julia Kristeva on Philosophy and Art in Depressed Times- Julia Kristeva, interview by Nina Zivancevic), trans. Mehrdad Parsa, Tehran, Rozbihān, 2010/1389. Ibid, “Kalām, mukālima wa rumān” dar Payam Yazdanjoo, ba sū-yi pasāmudirn: pasāsākhtār-garā-yī dar mutāliāt-i adabī, Tehran, markaz, 2002/ 1381. Lechte, John, Pandjāh mutafakkir-i Buzurg-i muāṣir az sākhtār-garā-yī tā pasāmudirnīta(Fifty keyContemporary thinkers: from structuralism to postmodernity), trans. Mohsen Hakimi, Tehran, Khudjasta, 2004/1383. Lévi-Strauss, Claude, Nizhād wa Tarīkh (Race et histoire), trans. Abolhassan Najafi, Tehran, Pazhūhishkada-yi ʿulūm-i Irtibāṭī wa tawsiʿya-i Iran, (und.). Makaryk, Irena Rima, Dānish- nāma naẓariyya-hā-yi adabī muāṣir, trans. Mehran Mohajer & Muhammad Nabawi, Tehran, Āgah, 2005/1384. Mazzaoui, Michel, Piydāyish-i Dawlat Safawī (The origins of Safawids), trans. Yaghoub Azhand, Tehran, Gustara, 1984/1363. Mcquillan, Martin, Guzīda-yi Maḳālāt-i Rawāyat( The narraitive reader), trans. Fattah Muhammadi, Tehran, Mīnuwī-yi khirad, 2009/1388. Mirzaei, Faramarz, Rawish-i guftumān kāwī-yi shir, Iranian association of the Arabic language and literature, No.4, 2005/ 1384. Modarressi Tabatabaei, Seyyed Hosseien, Turbat-i pākān, Qom, Mihr-i ḳum, 1956/1335. Mostafavi, Seyyed Mohammad Taqi, Āthār-i tarīkh-yi Tehran, Revised by Mir Hashem Mohades, Tehran, Society For The Appreciation Of Cultural Works & Dignitaries, 1996/1375. Namvar motlagh, Bahman, Darāmadī bar Baynāmatnīyat, naẓariyya-hā wa kārburd-ha, Tehran, Sukhan, 2011/1390. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm & others, Hirminūtīk-i mudirn, Guzīna-yi djustār-hā, trans. Babak Ahmadi, Mehran Mohajer, Mohammad Nabavi, Tehran, Nashr-i Markaz, 2006/1385. Safavi, Kourosh, “Munāsibāt-i- Baynāmatnīyatī”, dar Hasan Anushe, Dānishnama adab-i farsī, Tehran, Sāzmān-i čāp wa intishārāt, 1997/1376. Sarraf, morteza, Rasāil djavānmardān(traits des compagnons- chevaliers: Rasail-e javanmardan), Tehran, Andjuman iranshināsī Iran wa France wa intishārāt-i Muʿīn, 1991/1370. Sasani, Farhad,“Pīshīnia wa Pasīnia-yi Naḳd-i- Baynāmatnīyatī” , Baynāb, No. 5-6, 2004/1383. Shayestehfar, Mahnaz,“Djāyigāh-i ḳurʾān, ḥadīth wa adʿiyya dar katībia-hā-yi islāmī”, Human sciences Modares, No. 23, pp. 94-57, 2001/1380. Ibid,“Tazʾīnāt katībia-iy gunbad-i sulṭāniyya”, Journal of fine arts, No. 11, 2001/1380. Strinati, Dominic, Muḳaddima-iy bar naẓarīya-hā-yi farhang-i An introduction to theories popular cultur), trans. Soraya Pak- Nazar, Tehran, Gām-i nū, 2009/1388. Tarsusi, Abu Tahir, Abu Muslim nāma, Revised by Hossein Esmaeili, Andjuman iranshināsī-yi France dar Iran wa Nashr-i ḳaṭra, 2001/1380. Todorov, Tzvetan, Būṭīḳā-yi sākhtār-garā (Qu'est - ce que le structuralisme), trans. Muhammad Nabawi, Tehran,Āgah,1998/ 1377. Vaezi, Ahmad, Darāmadī bar hirminūtīk, Tehran, Mawasisa-yi Farhangī-i dānish wa andīsha muʿāṣir, 1380/2001. Vakiliyan, seyyed ahmad & salehi, khosrow, Ḥaḍrat-i Alī dar ḳiṣṣa- hā-yi āmīyāna, Tehran, Ministry Of Culture & Islamic Guidance, 2001/1380. Zaimaran, Muhammad, Gudhar az djahān-i usṭura ba falsafa, Tehran, Iran Hermes publishers, 2000/1379. Zamrashidi, Hossein, “siyrī dar namāsāzī-yi masādjid dar adwār-i islāmī”, Masdjid, No. 38-37, 1998/1377. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Imperial Russia’s Military Designs and Road-Building Projects in Iran
Mohammad Ali KazembeykiIn recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, mili MoreIn recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, military threat and interventions has always been a cause of Tehran’s concern. The current article is a translation and study of a secret document regarding fragments of the Russian military plan in Iran, which British intelligence agents obtained in 1909. The examination of this plan in the context of military designs attributed to Russia for both territorial expansion in Iran and endangering the interests of the British in India, reveals Russia’s strategy to advance toward the Persian Gulf in 1907 and the military goals of St. Petersburg investment in road-building projects in Iran as well. The findings also show that following the conclusion of Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, the mentioned war plan, though primarily designed against the interests of Britain, in practice enforced against Iranian nationalists and the Central Powers in World War I. References Asnādī darbāra-yi Hudjūm-i England wa Russia bih Iran, Revised by M. Turkamān, Institute for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (IPIS), 1991/1370. Asnādī Az Rawābiṭ Iran wa Russia, trans. R. Mosalmanian Qobadiani & B. Mosalmanian Qobadiani, Markaz Asnād wa Tāʿrīkh-i Dīplumāsī, Tehran, 1999/1378. British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series B, vol. 13, ed. D. Gillard, University Publications of America, 1985. Dar Takāpū-yi Tādj wa Takht, Asnād-i Abū al-Fatḥ Mīrzā Sālār al- Dawla, Revised by Reza Azari, National Library of Iran, Tehran, 1999/1378. Guzārish-hā-yi siyasī Alā al- Mulk, Revised by A. Safaei, Vol. 2, Gurūh-i Intishārātī-yi Ābād, Tehran, 1981/1362. Iran Political Diaries 1381-1965, ed. by R. M. Burrell, Archives Editions, 1997. Kitāb-i Nārindjī, Revised by A. Bashiri, Nashr-i Nūr, 1983/ 1364. U.K.: National Archives, FO, Annual Series of Trade Reports, Cd. 2682. U.K.: India Office, L/MIL/17/15/26. Historical Newspapers Daily Journal [London] Gentleman's Magazine [London] Manchester Guardian [Manchester] Morning Post and Gazetteer [London] Observer [London] Times [London] Weekly Miscellany [London] Books & papers Atkin, M., Russia and Iran, 1780-1828, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1980. Baker, V.,Clouds in the East: Travels and Adventures on the Perso-Turkoman Frontier, London, 1876. Cohen, A., Russian imperialism: development and crisis, Praeger, Westprot CT, 1996. Curzon, G. N., Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892. Duffy, Ch. Russia’s Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700-1800, Rout!edge& Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1985. Eastwick, E. B., Journal of a Diplomat’s three years’ Residence in Persia, London, 1864. Ermarth, F. W., “Russia’s Strategic Culture: Past, Present and … in Transition?” Paper prepared for Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S.A., 31 Oct. 2006. available at: www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dtra/russia.pdf Farrington, A. J. (ed.), British Intelligence and Policy on Persia (Iran), c. 1900-1949: India Office Political and Secret Files and Confidential Print, ed., Brill, Leiden, 1999. Floor, W., “The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century,” Iranian Studies, 20- No. 1 (1987). Galbraith, J. S., “British Policy on Railways in Persia, 1870-1900,” Middle Eastern Studies, 25- No. 4 (1989). Ibid , “Britain and American Railway Promoters in Late Nineteenth Century Persia,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 21- No. 2 (1989). Hotz, A., “Persian Trade Routes,” Journal of the Society of Arts, 47 (1898:Nov. 18-1899: Nov. 10). Hurewitz, J. C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1535-1914, Vol. I, Princeton, 1956. Istarābādī, Mīrzā Mahdī Khān, Djahāngushā_yi Nādirī, Revised by Seyyed Ali Anvar, Society for the Appreciation of Cultural works and Dignitaries, Tehran, 1998/ 1377. Iʿtimād al- salṭana, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān, al- Maāthir wa l- āthār, Revised by A. Afshar, Asāṭīr, Tehran, 1995/ 1374. Jamalzadeh, M. A., Gandj-i Shāygān, Kaveh, Berlin, 1916 AD/ 1335 AH. Kagan, F. W., Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army, Martin’s Press, New York, 1999. Kazem Beigi, M. A., “Britain wa Khuṭūt-i Āhan-i Iran wa Khāwar-miyāna 1337 AH/ 1919_1918 AD”, Faṣl- nāma Muṭāliāt-i Tārīkhī, No. 22, 1387/ 2008. Ibid, Daryā-yi Māzandarān wa ḳudrat-hā-yi Buzurg: Imperialism-i Britain (1338- 1335 AH/ 1916- 1919 AD), Markaz Asnād wa Tāʾrīkh-i Dīplumāsī Wizārat-i Umūr-i Khāridja, Tehran, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, “Kunsūl-garī-yi Britain dar Iyālāt-i Djunūbī-yi Daryā-yi Māzandarān dar Dawrān-i Ḳādjāriyya wa Kārkunān-i Maḥalī-yi Ān”, Journal of Social History, No. 2, 2011/ 1390. Ibid, “Mardum, ʿUlamāʾ wa tawsiʿa dar ʿAṣr-i Ḳadjāriyya: Rah-i Gīlān”, Farhang, No. 60, 2006/ 1385. Kazemzadeh, F., “Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864- 1911”, Harvard Slavic Studies, 4(1957). Kowner, R. (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, Routledge Curzon, London, 2007. Kuropatkin, Gen. A., The Russian Army and Russo-Japanese War, translated into English by Captain A. B. Lindsay, E. P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1909. Litten, Wilhelm, Iran Az Nufūdh-i Musālimat- Āmīz tā Taḥt al- Ḥimāyigī (1919- 1860), Trans. M. Mir Ahmadi, Moin-Publisher, Tehran, 1986/ 1367. Lobanov-Rostovsky, A., “Russian Imperialism in Asia. Its Origin, Evolution and Character”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 8- No. 22 (1929). Lockhart, L., Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, 1938. Ibid , “The ‘Political Testament’ of Peter the Great”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 41 (1936). Mackinder, H. J., “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal, 23(1904). Marshall, A., The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917, Routledge, London, 2006. Moberley, Gen. F. J., Operations in Persia, 1914-1919, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1987. Mojtahed-Zadeh, P., Small Players of the Great Game, Routledge Curzon, 2004. Nazem, H., Russia and Great Britain in Iran (1900-1914), Tehran, 1975. O’Brien, P. P. (ed.), The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Routledge Curzon, London, 2004. Roostaei, M., “Sardār Akram naẓar ʿAlī Khān-i Ṭarhānī”, Luristān Pazhūhī, No. 3 & 4, 1998/ 1377. Reese, R., (ed.), The Russian Imperial Army, 1796–1917, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006. Resis, A., “Russophobia and the ’Testament’ of Peter the Great, 1812-1980”, Slavic Review, 44: 4 (1985). Sārawī, Muḥammad Fatḥallah b. Muḥammad Taḳī, Tārrīkh-i Muḥammadī, Revised by GH. R. Tabatabai Majd, Amīr Kabīr, 1992/ 1371. Shneidman, J. I., “The Proposed Invasion of India by Russia and France in 1801”, Journal of Indian History, 35(1957). Spring, D. W., “The Trans-Persian Railway Project and Anglo-Russian Relations, 1909-14”, Slavonic and East European Review, 54-No. 1 (1976). Steinberg, J. W., All the Tsar’s Men: Russia’s General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898–1914, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington, D.C., 2010. Stone, D. R., A Military History of Russia, From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, Praeger, Westprot CT, 2006. Strong, J. W., “Russia’s Plan for an Invasion against India in 1801”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 7(1965). Subtelny, O., “Peter I's Testament: A Reassessment”, Slavic Review, 33: 4 (1974). Sutherland Edwards, H., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885. Taylor, B. D., Politics and the Russian Army: Civil–Military Relations, 1689–2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. Teymouri, A., Aṣr-i bī- khabarī, Tarikh-i Imtiyāzāt Dar Iran, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1953/ 1332. Van der Oye, D. S., “Paul’s great game: Russia's plan to invade British India”, Central Asian Survey, 33:2(2014). Van der Oye, D. S. and B.W. Manning (eds.), Reforming the Tsar's Army: Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution, Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004. In recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, military threat and interventions has always been a cause of Tehran’s concern. The current article is a translation and study of a secret document regarding fragments of the Russian military plan in Iran, which British intelligence agents obtained in 1909. The examination of this plan in the context of military designs attributed to Russia for both territorial expansion in Iran and endangering the interests of the British in India, reveals Russia’s strategy to advance toward the Persian Gulf in 1907 and the military goals of St. Petersburg investment in road-building projects in Iran as well. The findings also show that following the conclusion of Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, the mentioned war plan, though primarily designed against the interests of Britain, in practice enforced against Iranian nationalists and the Central Powers in World War I. References Asnādī darbāra-yi Hudjūm-i England wa Russia bih Iran, Revised by M. Turkamān, Institute for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (IPIS), 1991/1370. Asnādī Az Rawābiṭ Iran wa Russia, trans. R. Mosalmanian Qobadiani & B. Mosalmanian Qobadiani, Markaz Asnād wa Tāʿrīkh-i Dīplumāsī, Tehran, 1999/1378. British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series B, vol. 13, ed. D. Gillard, University Publications of America, 1985. Dar Takāpū-yi Tādj wa Takht, Asnād-i Abū al-Fatḥ Mīrzā Sālār al- Dawla, Revised by Reza Azari, National Library of Iran, Tehran, 1999/1378. Guzārish-hā-yi siyasī Alā al- Mulk, Revised by A. Safaei, Vol. 2, Gurūh-i Intishārātī-yi Ābād, Tehran, 1981/1362. Iran Political Diaries 1381-1965, ed. by R. M. Burrell, Archives Editions, 1997. Kitāb-i Nārindjī, Revised by A. Bashiri, Nashr-i Nūr, 1983/ 1364. U.K.: National Archives, FO, Annual Series of Trade Reports, Cd. 2682. U.K.: India Office, L/MIL/17/15/26. Historical Newspapers Daily Journal [London] Gentleman's Magazine [London] Manchester Guardian [Manchester] Morning Post and Gazetteer [London] Observer [London] Times [London] Weekly Miscellany [London] Books & papers Atkin, M., Russia and Iran, 1780-1828, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1980. Baker, V.,Clouds in the East: Travels and Adventures on the Perso-Turkoman Frontier, London, 1876. Cohen, A., Russian imperialism: development and crisis, Praeger, Westprot CT, 1996. Curzon, G. N., Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892. Duffy, Ch. Russia’s Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700-1800, Rout!edge& Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1985. Eastwick, E. B., Journal of a Diplomat’s three years’ Residence in Persia, London, 1864. Ermarth, F. W., “Russia’s Strategic Culture: Past, Present and … in Transition?” Paper prepared for Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S.A., 31 Oct. 2006. available at: www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dtra/russia.pdf Farrington, A. J. (ed.), British Intelligence and Policy on Persia (Iran), c. 1900-1949: India Office Political and Secret Files and Confidential Print, ed., Brill, Leiden, 1999. Floor, W., “The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century,” Iranian Studies, 20- No. 1 (1987). Galbraith, J. S., “British Policy on Railways in Persia, 1870-1900,” Middle Eastern Studies, 25- No. 4 (1989). Ibid , “Britain and American Railway Promoters in Late Nineteenth Century Persia,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 21- No. 2 (1989). Hotz, A., “Persian Trade Routes,” Journal of the Society of Arts, 47 (1898:Nov. 18-1899: Nov. 10). Hurewitz, J. C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1535-1914, Vol. I, Princeton, 1956. Istarābādī, Mīrzā Mahdī Khān, Djahāngushā_yi Nādirī, Revised by Seyyed Ali Anvar, Society for the Appreciation of Cultural works and Dignitaries, Tehran, 1998/ 1377. Iʿtimād al- salṭana, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān, al- Maāthir wa l- āthār, Revised by A. Afshar, Asāṭīr, Tehran, 1995/ 1374. Jamalzadeh, M. A., Gandj-i Shāygān, Kaveh, Berlin, 1916 AD/ 1335 AH. Kagan, F. W., Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army, Martin’s Press, New York, 1999. Kazem Beigi, M. A., “Britain wa Khuṭūt-i Āhan-i Iran wa Khāwar-miyāna 1337 AH/ 1919_1918 AD”, Faṣl- nāma Muṭāliāt-i Tārīkhī, No. 22, 1387/ 2008. Ibid, Daryā-yi Māzandarān wa ḳudrat-hā-yi Buzurg: Imperialism-i Britain (1338- 1335 AH/ 1916- 1919 AD), Markaz Asnād wa Tāʾrīkh-i Dīplumāsī Wizārat-i Umūr-i Khāridja, Tehran, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, “Kunsūl-garī-yi Britain dar Iyālāt-i Djunūbī-yi Daryā-yi Māzandarān dar Dawrān-i Ḳādjāriyya wa Kārkunān-i Maḥalī-yi Ān”, Journal of Social History, No. 2, 2011/ 1390. Ibid, “Mardum, ʿUlamāʾ wa tawsiʿa dar ʿAṣr-i Ḳadjāriyya: Rah-i Gīlān”, Farhang, No. 60, 2006/ 1385. Kazemzadeh, F., “Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864- 1911”, Harvard Slavic Studies, 4(1957). Kowner, R. (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, Routledge Curzon, London, 2007. Kuropatkin, Gen. A., The Russian Army and Russo-Japanese War, translated into English by Captain A. B. Lindsay, E. P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1909. Litten, Wilhelm, Iran Az Nufūdh-i Musālimat- Āmīz tā Taḥt al- Ḥimāyigī (1919- 1860), Trans. M. Mir Ahmadi, Moin-Publisher, Tehran, 1986/ 1367. Lobanov-Rostovsky, A., “Russian Imperialism in Asia. Its Origin, Evolution and Character”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 8- No. 22 (1929). Lockhart, L., Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, 1938. Ibid , “The ‘Political Testament’ of Peter the Great”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 41 (1936). Mackinder, H. J., “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal, 23(1904). Marshall, A., The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917, Routledge, London, 2006. Moberley, Gen. F. J., Operations in Persia, 1914-1919, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1987. Mojtahed-Zadeh, P., Small Players of the Great Game, Routledge Curzon, 2004. Nazem, H., Russia and Great Britain in Iran (1900-1914), Tehran, 1975. O’Brien, P. P. (ed.), The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Routledge Curzon, London, 2004. Roostaei, M., “Sardār Akram naẓar ʿAlī Khān-i Ṭarhānī”, Luristān Pazhūhī, No. 3 & 4, 1998/ 1377. Reese, R., (ed.), The Russian Imperial Army, 1796–1917, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006. Resis, A., “Russophobia and the ’Testament’ of Peter the Great, 1812-1980”, Slavic Review, 44: 4 (1985). Sārawī, Muḥammad Fatḥallah b. Muḥammad Taḳī, Tārrīkh-i Muḥammadī, Revised by GH. R. Tabatabai Majd, Amīr Kabīr, 1992/ 1371. Shneidman, J. I., “The Proposed Invasion of India by Russia and France in 1801”, Journal of Indian History, 35(1957). Spring, D. W., “The Trans-Persian Railway Project and Anglo-Russian Relations, 1909-14”, Slavonic and East European Review, 54-No. 1 (1976). Steinberg, J. W., All the Tsar’s Men: Russia’s General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898–1914, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington, D.C., 2010. Stone, D. R., A Military History of Russia, From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, Praeger, Westprot CT, 2006. Strong, J. W., “Russia’s Plan for an Invasion against India in 1801”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 7(1965). Subtelny, O., “Peter I's Testament: A Reassessment”, Slavic Review, 33: 4 (1974). Sutherland Edwards, H., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885. Taylor, B. D., Politics and the Russian Army: Civil–Military Relations, 1689–2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. Teymouri, A., Aṣr-i bī- khabarī, Tarikh-i Imtiyāzāt Dar Iran, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1953/ 1332. Van der Oye, D. S., “Paul’s great game: Russia's plan to invade British India”, Central Asian Survey, 33:2(2014). Van der Oye, D. S. and B.W. Manning (eds.), Reforming the Tsar's Army: Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution, Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Fazlur Rahman’s Historical Approach to the Qur’an; A Descriptive-Analytic Study
Mehrdad AbbasiFazlur Rahman (d. 1988) can be regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the twentieth century. Rahman's modern approach to the Qur'an is the base of his reform thoughts and in his Quranic studies, history has a particular place. Rahman's approach to the Qur'a MoreFazlur Rahman (d. 1988) can be regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the twentieth century. Rahman's modern approach to the Qur'an is the base of his reform thoughts and in his Quranic studies, history has a particular place. Rahman's approach to the Qur'an, based on the history and has reflected in his understanding of the nature of Qur'anic revelation, his view on the method of Qur'anic interpretation as well as his perspective on the methodology of Qur'anic studies. In this article, the significance of Rahman historical view on those three fields and its results have been illustrated. In his exposition on the nature of revelation, Rahman has emphasized on the circumstances of Prophet's era, proposing the “double movement” theory for Qur'anic exegesis in modern time and has defended of historical critic approach against literary analysis in Qur'anic studies. Aghaei, Seyyed Ali, “Kitab-shināsī-yi Faḍl al- Raḥmān”, Madrisa, Vol. 2, No, 4, 1385/ 2006, pp. 101- 94. Barlas, Asma, “Bāz- Khawānī-yi Matn-i Muḳaddas az Manẓar-i Zanān, Tafsīr-i Āmina Wadūd az Ḳurān”, (Quran and woman: rereading the sacred text from a womans perspective), Trans. Mehrdad Abbasi & Matinah Sadat Mousavi, Ayina-yi Pazhūhish, Vol. 24, No. 139, 1392/ 2013, pp.32-21. Jahanbakhsh, Forough, “Mudirnīst-yi Muʿtadil, Iḥyā- Gar-yi Akhlāḳ- Garā”, Interview with Saeed Shahab, Madrisa, Vol. 2, No. 4, Mihr 1385/ September 2006, pp. 85-81. Hallaq, Wael, Tārīkh-i Tiūrī- hā-yi Huḳūḳī-yi Islāmī: Muḳaddama- iy bar Uṣūl-i Fiḳh-i Sunnī(A History of Islamic Legal Theories), Trans. Muhammad Rasekh, Tehran, Nashr-i Niy, 1386/ 2007. Ibid, “Fiqh wa Ḳuʾrān”, Trans. Mehrad Abbasi, Editor in chief: McAuliffe Jane Dammen, Dāiratul- maārif-i Ḳurān, Khandaghabadi & Others (as supervisor), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Ḥikmat, Vol. 4, Forthcoming. Rippin, Andrew, “Taḥlīl-i Adabī-yi Ḳuʾrān, Tafsīr wa Sīra: Nigāhī ba Rawish- Shināsī-yi John Wansbrough”, Trans. Morteza Karimi- Nia, Pazhūhish- hā-yi Ḳurānī, No. 23 -24, 1379/ 2001- 2000, pp. 217- 190. Madrisa, Vol. 2, No. 4, Mihr 1385/ September 2006, pp. 76- 71. Abbasi, Mehrdad, “Khalḳ-i Ḳuʾrān”, Dar Dānish- Nāma-yi Djahān-i Islām, Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (as supervisor),Vol. 16, Tehran, Intishārāt-i Kitāb Mardja, 1390/ 2011. Elmi, Muhammad- Jafar, “Barrisī wa Naḳd-i Naẓarī-yi Faḍl al- Raḥmān Dar Bāz- Sāz-yi Idjtihād Dar Dīn”, Political Science, No. 37, Spring 1386/ 2007, pp. 124- 71. Faḍl al- Raḥmān, “Shudjāʿat-i Iymān Dāshtan”, Trans. Muhammad Eskandari, Kiyān, Vol. 10, No. 52, July & August 1379/ 2000/ pp. 37-39. Ibid, “Islām wa Mudirnnīta”, Trans. Abolfazl Valazadeh, Madrisa, Vol. 2, No. 4, September 1385/ 2006, pp. 93- 90. Madelung, Wilferd, “Rīsha- hā- yi Nizāʿ Darbāra-yi Khalḳ-i Ḳuʾrān”, Dar Maktab- hā wa Firḳa- hā- yi Islāmī dar Sada-hā-yi Miyyānih, Trans. Javad Ghasemi, (2st. ed.), Mashhad 1378/ 1999, pp. 123- 150. Wielandt, Rotraud, “Djaryān Shināsī-yi Tafāsīr-i Ḳuʾrān dar Dawra-yi Muʿāṣir”, Trans. Mehrdad Abbasi, Ayina-yi Pazhūhish, Vol. 15, No. 2, May & June 1383/ 2004. Manuscript profile
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