The Effect of Aerobic Training and Octopamine on Antioxidant Markers and Adiponectin in Rats Fed by Deep Heated Oils
Subject Areas : Microbiology
A. Taavonkerdar
1
(PhD Student, Department of Physical Education, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.)
Z. Etemad
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj,
Iran.)
K. Mohamadzadeh Salamat
3
(Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj,
Iran.)
K. Azizbeigi
4
(Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj,
Iran.)
Keywords: Adipokine, Aerobic exercise, Octopamine, Super oxide dismutase, Total antioxidant capacity,
Abstract :
Introduction: Today, deep frying is a common cooking method in which fat is used as a heattransfer medium, during which foods with unique properties in terms of taste, texture andappearance are produced. Deep heated oils produce toxins that endanger people's health. Thepurpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and Octopamineon some antioxidants indices and Adiponectin in rats fed with deeply heated oils.Materials and Methods: 40 Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into controlpoisoning(CP; n=8), Training-Poisoning (TP; n=8), Supplement-Poisoning (SP; n= 8),Supplement-Training-Toxicity (STT; n=8) and healthy-control group (HC; n=8) wereincluded, and they were fed for four weeks. The training program lasted for four weeks withan average intensity of 50-65% vo2max daily for 20 minutes. Octopamine was used as asupplement for 4 weeks and 5 days a week using itraperitoneal injection of 81 μmol / kg.Super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), and Adiponectin(ADIPOQ) concentration were measured in the plasma.Results: The results showed that the SOD activity, TAC, and ADIPOQ concentration wereincreased in the TP, STT, and SP than CP (p≥0.001). However, there is no significantdifference between TP, STT, and SP in the mentioned variables (p=0.05).Conclusion: It might be concluded that exercise training or taking octopamine alone to havethe health benefits of both, and in terms of cost, each seems to be more cost-effective thancombining both.
Amini, H., Azarbayjani, M. A. & Azizbeigi, K. (2018a). The Effect of 8 Weeks of Resistance Training on Gene Expression Lymphocyte Antioxidant Enzymes and Malondialdehyde in Healthy Inactive Men. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, 12(2), 74-83 [In Persian].
Atashak, S. & Azizbeigi, K. (2017). Effects of concurrent exercise training on the oxidative stress biomarkers concentration in elderly men. Koomesh, 19(1), 36-45.
Axelrod, J. & Saavedra, J. M. (1997). Nature, 10, 265, 501-504.
Azizbeigi, K, .Stannard, S. R. & Atashak, S. (2019). Green Tea Supplementation during Resistance Training Minimally Effects Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Indices in Obese Men, Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 14(1), e61419. [In Persian].
Beaumont, R. E., Cordery, P., James, L. J. & Watson, P. (2017). Supplementation with a low-dose of octopamine does not influence endurance cycling performance in recreationally active men. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20 (10), 952-956.
Becic, T., Studenik, C. & Hoffmann, G. (2018). Exercise Increases Adiponectin and Reduces Leptin Levels in Prediabetic and Diabetic Individuals: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medical Sciences (Basel), 6(4), 97.
Benzie, I. F. & Strain, J. J. (1999). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 15-27.
Blüher, M. (2009) Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 117(06), 241–250
De Oliveira, A. L., de Paula, M. N., Comar, J. F., Vilela, V. R., Peralta, R. M. & Bracht, A. (2013). Adrenergic metabolic and hemodynamic effects of octopamine in the liver. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 5, 14(11), 21858-21872.
Etemad, Z. & Rasouli, Zh. (2019). Effect of Endurance Exercise Along with Strawberry Supplementation on Lipid Profile and Inflammatory Markers in Overweight and Inactive Young Women. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 23(3), 1-5.
Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S. & Wu, G. (2002). Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition, 18(10),872-879.
Faroon, O., Roney, N., Taylor, J., Ashizawa, A., Lumpkin, M. H. & Plewak, D. J. (2008).
Acroleinhealth effects. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 24(7), 447–490.
Florence, T. M. (1995). The role of free radicals in disease. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology, 23(1), 3-7.
Haghighi, A. H., Yarahmadi, H. & Ildar Abadi, A. (2015). The effect of green tea and aerobic exercise on serum adiponectin and ghrelin. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 57(8), 904-912 [In Persian].
Hofmann, B. (2001). The technological invention of disease. Medical Humanities, 27(1), 10-19.
Huang, M., Narita, S., Numakura, K., Tsuruta, H., Saito, M. & Inoue, T. (2012). A high‐fat diet enhances proliferation of prostate cancer cells and activates MCP‐1/CCR2 signaling. The Prostate, 72(16), 1779-1788.
Ji, L. L., Fu, R. G. & Mitchell, E. (1992). Glutathione and antioxidant enzyme in skeletal muscle: Effect of fiber type and exercise intensity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(5), 1854-1859.
Kim, J. H., Yoon, M. S. & Chen, J. (2009). Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediates amino acid inhibition of insulin signaling through serine 727 phosphorylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(51), 35425–35432.
Kita, A., Lisinska, G. & Golubowska, G. (2007). The effects of oils and frying temperatures on the texture and fat content of potato crisps. Food Chemistry, 102(1), 1-5.
Knight, J. A. (2012). Physical inactivity: associated diseases and disorders. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 42(3), 320-337.
Liu, M. L., Bergholm, R., Makimattila, S., Lahdenpera, S., Valkonen, M., Hilden, H. & Yki- Jarvinen. (1999). A marathon run increases the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in vitro and modifies plasma antioxidant. American Journal of Physiology, 276(6), 1083-1091.
Macêdo, L. G. R. P., Carvalho-Silva, M. & Ferreira, G. K. (2013). Effect of Acute Administration of l-Tyrosine on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Brain of Young Rats. Neurochemical Research, 38(12), 2625–2630.
Mahmudi, R., Azarbayjani, M. A., Peeri, M. & Farzanegi, P. (2020). Effects of Training and Octopamine Supplementation on Expression of M1 and M2 Monocyte/Macrophage Surface Markers in White Adipose Tissue of Rats Poisoned with Deep-Fried Oil. Gene, Cell and Tissue, 7(1), e100036.
Marklund, S. & Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 47(3), 469-474.
Mellema, M. (2003). Mechanism and reduction of fat uptake in deep-fried foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 14(9), 364-373.
Moghe, A., Ghare, S., Lamoreau, B., Mohammad, M., Barve, S., McClain, C. & Joshi-Barve, S. (2015). Molecular mechanisms of acrolein toxicity: relevance to human disease. Toxicological Sciences, 43(2), 242-255.
Parise, G., Phillips, S. M., Kaczor, J. J. & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2005). Antioxidant enzyme activity is up-regulated after unilateral resistance exercise training in older adults. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 39(2), 289-295.
Prior, S. L., Tang, T. S., Gill, G. V., Bain, S. C., Stephens, J. W. (2001). Adiponectin, total antioxidant status, and urine albumin excretion in the low-risk "Golden Years" type 1 diabetes mellitus cohort. Metabolism, 60(2), 173-179.
Ramond, A., Godin-Ribuot, D., Ribuot, C., Totoson, P., Koritchneva, I., Cachot, S., Levy, P. & Joyeux-Faure, M. (2011). Oxidative stress mediates cardiac infarction aggravation induced by intermittent hypoxia. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, 27 (3), 252–261.
Roeder, T. (2005). Tyramine and octopamine: ruling behavior and metabolism. Annual Review of Entomology, 50:447-77.
Simpson, K. A. & Singh, M. A. (2008). Effects of exercise on adiponectin: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16(2), 241-56.
Thevis, M., Koch, A., Sigmund, G., Thomas, A. & Schänzer, W. (2012). Analysis of octopamine in human doping control samples. Biomedical Chromatography. 26(5), 610-615.
Tryfidou, D. V., McClean, C., Nikolaidis, M. G. & Davison, G. W. (2019). DNA Damage Following Acute Aerobic Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50(1), 103-127.
Vincent, H. K., Morgan, J. W. & Vincent, K. R. (2004). Obesity exacerbates oxidative stress levels after acute exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(5), 772-779.
Wang, L., Sun, Y., Asahi, M. & Otsu, K. (2011). Acrolein, an environmental toxin, induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis via elevated intracellular calcium and free radicals. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 6(1)1, 131-136.
White, K. A., Hutton, S. R., Weimer, J. M. & Sheridan, P. A. (2016). Diet-induced obesity prolongs neuroinflammation and recruits CCR2+ monocytes to the brain following herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 latency in mice. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 57, 68-78.
Zhao, Y., Wang, L., Xue, H., Wang, H. & Wang, Y. (2017). Fast food consumption and its associations with obesity and hypertension among children: results from the baseline data of the Childhood Obesity Study in China Mega-cities. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-10.
_||_Amini, H., Azarbayjani, M. A. & Azizbeigi, K. (2018a). The Effect of 8 Weeks of Resistance Training on Gene Expression Lymphocyte Antioxidant Enzymes and Malondialdehyde in Healthy Inactive Men. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, 12(2), 74-83 [In Persian].
Atashak, S. & Azizbeigi, K. (2017). Effects of concurrent exercise training on the oxidative stress biomarkers concentration in elderly men. Koomesh, 19(1), 36-45.
Axelrod, J. & Saavedra, J. M. (1997). Nature, 10, 265, 501-504.
Azizbeigi, K, .Stannard, S. R. & Atashak, S. (2019). Green Tea Supplementation during Resistance Training Minimally Effects Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Indices in Obese Men, Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 14(1), e61419. [In Persian].
Beaumont, R. E., Cordery, P., James, L. J. & Watson, P. (2017). Supplementation with a low-dose of octopamine does not influence endurance cycling performance in recreationally active men. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20 (10), 952-956.
Becic, T., Studenik, C. & Hoffmann, G. (2018). Exercise Increases Adiponectin and Reduces Leptin Levels in Prediabetic and Diabetic Individuals: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medical Sciences (Basel), 6(4), 97.
Benzie, I. F. & Strain, J. J. (1999). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in Enzymology, 299, 15-27.
Blüher, M. (2009) Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 117(06), 241–250
De Oliveira, A. L., de Paula, M. N., Comar, J. F., Vilela, V. R., Peralta, R. M. & Bracht, A. (2013). Adrenergic metabolic and hemodynamic effects of octopamine in the liver. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 5, 14(11), 21858-21872.
Etemad, Z. & Rasouli, Zh. (2019). Effect of Endurance Exercise Along with Strawberry Supplementation on Lipid Profile and Inflammatory Markers in Overweight and Inactive Young Women. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 23(3), 1-5.
Fang, Y. Z., Yang, S. & Wu, G. (2002). Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition, 18(10),872-879.
Faroon, O., Roney, N., Taylor, J., Ashizawa, A., Lumpkin, M. H. & Plewak, D. J. (2008).
Acroleinhealth effects. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 24(7), 447–490.
Florence, T. M. (1995). The role of free radicals in disease. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology, 23(1), 3-7.
Haghighi, A. H., Yarahmadi, H. & Ildar Abadi, A. (2015). The effect of green tea and aerobic exercise on serum adiponectin and ghrelin. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 57(8), 904-912 [In Persian].
Hofmann, B. (2001). The technological invention of disease. Medical Humanities, 27(1), 10-19.
Huang, M., Narita, S., Numakura, K., Tsuruta, H., Saito, M. & Inoue, T. (2012). A high‐fat diet enhances proliferation of prostate cancer cells and activates MCP‐1/CCR2 signaling. The Prostate, 72(16), 1779-1788.
Ji, L. L., Fu, R. G. & Mitchell, E. (1992). Glutathione and antioxidant enzyme in skeletal muscle: Effect of fiber type and exercise intensity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73(5), 1854-1859.
Kim, J. H., Yoon, M. S. & Chen, J. (2009). Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediates amino acid inhibition of insulin signaling through serine 727 phosphorylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(51), 35425–35432.
Kita, A., Lisinska, G. & Golubowska, G. (2007). The effects of oils and frying temperatures on the texture and fat content of potato crisps. Food Chemistry, 102(1), 1-5.
Knight, J. A. (2012). Physical inactivity: associated diseases and disorders. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 42(3), 320-337.
Liu, M. L., Bergholm, R., Makimattila, S., Lahdenpera, S., Valkonen, M., Hilden, H. & Yki- Jarvinen. (1999). A marathon run increases the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation in vitro and modifies plasma antioxidant. American Journal of Physiology, 276(6), 1083-1091.
Macêdo, L. G. R. P., Carvalho-Silva, M. & Ferreira, G. K. (2013). Effect of Acute Administration of l-Tyrosine on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Brain of Young Rats. Neurochemical Research, 38(12), 2625–2630.
Mahmudi, R., Azarbayjani, M. A., Peeri, M. & Farzanegi, P. (2020). Effects of Training and Octopamine Supplementation on Expression of M1 and M2 Monocyte/Macrophage Surface Markers in White Adipose Tissue of Rats Poisoned with Deep-Fried Oil. Gene, Cell and Tissue, 7(1), e100036.
Marklund, S. & Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 47(3), 469-474.
Mellema, M. (2003). Mechanism and reduction of fat uptake in deep-fried foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 14(9), 364-373.
Moghe, A., Ghare, S., Lamoreau, B., Mohammad, M., Barve, S., McClain, C. & Joshi-Barve, S. (2015). Molecular mechanisms of acrolein toxicity: relevance to human disease. Toxicological Sciences, 43(2), 242-255.
Parise, G., Phillips, S. M., Kaczor, J. J. & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2005). Antioxidant enzyme activity is up-regulated after unilateral resistance exercise training in older adults. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 39(2), 289-295.
Prior, S. L., Tang, T. S., Gill, G. V., Bain, S. C., Stephens, J. W. (2001). Adiponectin, total antioxidant status, and urine albumin excretion in the low-risk "Golden Years" type 1 diabetes mellitus cohort. Metabolism, 60(2), 173-179.
Ramond, A., Godin-Ribuot, D., Ribuot, C., Totoson, P., Koritchneva, I., Cachot, S., Levy, P. & Joyeux-Faure, M. (2011). Oxidative stress mediates cardiac infarction aggravation induced by intermittent hypoxia. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, 27 (3), 252–261.
Roeder, T. (2005). Tyramine and octopamine: ruling behavior and metabolism. Annual Review of Entomology, 50:447-77.
Simpson, K. A. & Singh, M. A. (2008). Effects of exercise on adiponectin: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16(2), 241-56.
Thevis, M., Koch, A., Sigmund, G., Thomas, A. & Schänzer, W. (2012). Analysis of octopamine in human doping control samples. Biomedical Chromatography. 26(5), 610-615.
Tryfidou, D. V., McClean, C., Nikolaidis, M. G. & Davison, G. W. (2019). DNA Damage Following Acute Aerobic Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50(1), 103-127.
Vincent, H. K., Morgan, J. W. & Vincent, K. R. (2004). Obesity exacerbates oxidative stress levels after acute exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(5), 772-779.
Wang, L., Sun, Y., Asahi, M. & Otsu, K. (2011). Acrolein, an environmental toxin, induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis via elevated intracellular calcium and free radicals. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 6(1)1, 131-136.
White, K. A., Hutton, S. R., Weimer, J. M. & Sheridan, P. A. (2016). Diet-induced obesity prolongs neuroinflammation and recruits CCR2+ monocytes to the brain following herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 latency in mice. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 57, 68-78.
Zhao, Y., Wang, L., Xue, H., Wang, H. & Wang, Y. (2017). Fast food consumption and its associations with obesity and hypertension among children: results from the baseline data of the Childhood Obesity Study in China Mega-cities. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-10.