The effect of addition of kombucha drink on physicochemical, Sensory characteristics and Viability of Probiotic Bacteria of fermented milk
Subject Areas : Microbiology
A. Shahab Lavasani
1
(Innovative Technologies in Functional Food Production Research Center, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran.)
M. Zandi
2
(MSc Student of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran.)
L. Nateghi
3
(Associate Professor of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran.)
Keywords: Kombucha, Physicochemical Characteristics, Fermented Milk, Probiotic Bacteria,
Abstract :
Introduction: Nowadays, the selection of probiotics has an important role in the development of the country's food industry and the production of probiotic dairy products is the main indicator of this progress on the other hand, the quality, sensory and viability characteristics of probiotics in manufactured products are the main problems of most industrial factories.Material and Methods: the effect of different concentrations of kombucha drink on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus was studied and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fermented milk were measured during 28 days of storing period at 5±1˚C. Different levels of Kombucha tea 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ml/L were added to probiotic fermented milk containing L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, L. Rhamnosus bacteria (Cfu/ml 107) .Viability rate of probiotic bacteria, pH, percentages of protein, acidity(Dornic), acetic acid, antioxidant compounds were measured during 3, 7, 14 and 28th of storing period at 4 ⸰C. Results: Results showed that higher amounts of kombucha cause higher content of protein, acidity, acetic acid and antioxidant activity. The average amounts of theses parameters were respectivly 0.12,0.02, 15.694 and 0.16. however, pH and viability of probiotic bacteria significantly decreased during the storage period(p<0.05) and average amounts of these parameters were respectively0.79 and 0.046, However, the mentioned indices were higher than the acceptable standard of probiotic products. Conclusion: the addition of kombucha up to 5% could be more effective in improving sensory characteristics. Hence, a treatment containing 5% of kambucha was selected as the best among others.
Amarasinghe, H., Serwandika Weerakkody, N. & Viduranga, Y. (2018). Evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of kombucha “Tea Fungus” during extended periods of fermentation. Journal of Food Science & Nutrition, 00, 1-7.
Abghari, A., Mahmood sheikh zeinoaldin, M., Soleiman nejad, S. & Dokhani, Sh. (2008). Evaluation of survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in a non-fermented ice cream. 18th National Congress of Food Science and Industry, Mashhad, Iran. [In persian]
Antolak, H., Pichota, D. & Kucharska, A. (2021). Kombucha tea- a double power of bioactive compounds from tea and symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts(SCOBY). Journal of Antioxidents, 10(10), 1-21.
Antolak, H. & Kręgiel, D. (2015). Acetic acid bacteria – taxonomy, ecology,and industrial application. Zywnosc Nauka Technologia Jakosc, 4(101), 21–35.
Anon. (2013). Probiotic yoghurt. Institute of Standards and Industrial Research Iran. National Standard of Iran, No.11325. [In Persian]
AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC, Unites States.
Bagheri, F., Mirdamadi, S., Mirzaee, M. & Safavi, S. M. (2019). Production of beneficial fermented milk by lactobacilli isolated from traditional Iranian dairy products. Journal of Innovative Food Technologies, 7(2), 243-255. [In persian]
Balvardi, M., Safari, M., Habibi Rezaee, M., Hoseini, S. M. H., Rezaee, K. & Mousavi Movahedi, A. A. (2009). Production of kambucha drink using inulin gland of pickled potato. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 8(29), 89-100. [In persian]
Benno, Y. & Mitsuoka, T. (1992). Evaluation of the anaerobic method for the analysis of fecal microflora of beagle dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 54, 1039-1041.
Blanc, P. J. (1996). Characterization of the tea fungus metabolites. Biotechnology letters, 18(2), 139-142.
Chakravorty, S., Bhattacharya, S., Chatzinotas, A., Chakraborty, W., Bhattacharya, D. & Gachhui, R. (2016). Kombucha tea fermentation: Microbial and biochemical dynamics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 220, 63–72.
Chen, C. & Liu, B. Y. (2000). Changes in major components of tea fungus metabolites during prolonged fermentation. Journal of applied microbiology, 89(5), 834-839.
Chu, S. C. & Chen, C. (2006). Effects of origins and fermentation time on the antioxidant activities of kombucha. Journal of Food Chemistry, 98(3), 502-507.
Dan-Zhou, D., Saimaiti, A., Luo, M., Huang, S. Y., Xiong, R. G., Shang, A., Gan, R. Y. & Li, H. B. (2022). Fermentation with tea residues enhances antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents in kombucha beverages. Journal of Antioxidants, 11(1), 1-17.
Dueñas, M., Hernández, T. & Estrella, I. (2007). Changes in the content of bioactive polyphenolic compounds of lentils by the action of exogenous enzymes. Effect on their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Chemistry, 101(1), 90-97.
Dufresne, C. & Farnworth, E. (2000). Tea, Kombucha, and health: a review. Journal of Food Research International, 33(6), 409-421.
Ferdowsifard, M., Fazeli, M. R. Samadi, N. & Jamalifar, H. (2011). Stability of fermented and non-fermented probiotic milk prepared using three native species of Lactobacillus. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 8(4), 13-20. [In persian]
Greenwalt, C. J., Steinkraus, K. H. & Ledford, R. A. (2000). Kombucha, the fermented tea: microbiology, composition, and claimed health effects. Journal of Food Protection, 63(7), 976-981.
Greenwalt, C. J., Ledford, R. A., & Steinkraus, K. H. (1998). Determinationand characterization of the antimicrobial activity of the fermented tea kombucha. Food Science and Technology, 31, 3291–3296.
Gilson, M. K. (2004). Multiple-site titration and molecular modeling: Two rapidmethods for computing energies and forces for ionizable groups in proteins. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics,15(3), 266 - 282.
Jakubczyk, K., Kaldunska, J., Kochman, J. & Janda, K. (2020). Chemical profile and antioxidant activity of the kombucha beverage derived from white, green, black and red tea. Antioxidents, 9, 1-15.
Jayabalan, R., Malbaša, R.V., Lončar, E.S., Vitas, J. & Sathishkumar, M. (2014). A review on Kombucha tea – microbiology, composition, fermentation, beneficial effects, toxicity, and tea fungus. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 13, 538–550.
Jayabalan, R., Marimuthu, S. & Swaminathan, K. (2007). Changes in content of organic acids and tea polyphenols during kombucha tea fermentation. Journal of Food Chemistry, 102(1), 392-398.
Khodavaisy, S., Fakhim, H., Oliya, S., Mehrnaz, M., Behnam, H. & Badali, H. (2016). Probiotics and antibiotics in medicine. Tabari Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2(2), 44-53. [In persian]
Liu, C. H., Hsu, W. H., Lee, F. L. & Liao, C. C. (1996). The isolation andidentification of microbes from a fermented tea beverage, Haipao, andtheir interactions during Haipao fermentation. Food Microbiology, 13,407–415.
Li, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, J., Li, T., Li, H., Mastroyannis, A., He, S., Rahaman, A. & Chang, K. (2022). Effect of fermentation time on physicochemical properties of kombucha produced from different Teas and Fruits:Comparative study. Journal of Food Quality, 1, 1-10.
Malbaša, R. V., Lončar, E. S., Vitas, J. S. & Čanadanović-Brunet, J. M. (2011). Influence of starter cultures on the antioxidant activity of kombucha beverage. Journal of Food chemistry, 127(4), 1727-1731.
Malbaša, R. V., Milanović, S. D., Lončar, E. S., Djurić, M. S., Carić, M. Đ., Iličić, M. D. & Kolarov, L. (2009). Milk-based beverages obtained by Kombucha application. Journal of Food Chemistry, 112(1), 178-184.
Malbaša, R.V., Lončar, E.S. & Djurić, M. (2008). Comparison of the productsof Kombucha fermentation on sucrose and molasses. Food Chemistry, 106, 1039–1045.
Milanović, S. D., Lončar, E. S., Đurić, M. S., Malbaša, R. V., Tekić, M. N., Iličić, M. D. & Duraković, K. G. (2008). Low energy kombucha fermented milk-based beverages. Acta Periodica Technologica, (39), 37-46.
Miranda, B., Lawton, N. M., Tachibana, S. R., Swartz, N. A. & Hall, W. P. (2016). Titration and HPLC characterization of Kombucha fermentation: A Laboratory Experiment in Food Analysis. Journal of Chemical Education, 93, 1770-1775.
Mohammadi, R. & Mortazavian, S.A.M. (2002). Technology and stability of probiotics in fermented milk products. First National Conference of Probiotic and Functional Foods.Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Mousavi, S. Z., Mohamadzadeh Milani, J. & Rouzbeh Nasiraee, L. (2015). Qualitative properties of picoli pasta fortified with wheat bran. Journal of Food Research, 26(1), 1-11. [In persian]
Naemi, H., Mortazavi, S. A., Milani, A. & Koocheki, A. (2013). The effect of inulin addition and microencapsulation process on the survival rate of Lactobacillus casei during the storage period of synbiotic ice cream yogurt. Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology,10(40), 27-36. [In persian]
Neffe-Skocinska, K., Sionek, B., Scibisz, I. & Kolozyn-Krajewska, D. (2017). Acid contents and the effect of fermentation condition of kombucha tea beverages on physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. CYTA-Journal of Food, 15(4), 601-607.
Nikjoo, R. & Nowriyan, N. (2013). An overview of the antioxidant properties of green tea. Twenty-first National Congress of Food Science and Technology, Shiraz, Shiraz University, Iran. [In persian]
Omidi, B., Fazeli, M., Amozegar, M. A. & Jamalifar, H. (2010). Probiotic enrichment of Iranian yellow carrot juice (turmeric) by four species of Lactobacillus. Journal of Microbiological Knowledge, 2(6), 51-58. [In persian]
Pasha, C. & Reddy, G. (2005). Nutritional and medicinal improvement of black tea by yeast fermentation. Journal of Food chemistry, 89(3), 449-453.
Parvez, S., Malik, K. A., Ah Kang, S. & Kim, H. Y. (2006). Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100(6), 1171-1185.
Puspawati, Ni. N. & Arihantana, Ni. M. I. H. (2016). Viability of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kombucha tea against low pH and bile salt, Media. Ilmiah Teknologi Pangan, 3(1), 18-25.
Ranjbar nadamani, A. & Sadeghi Mahonak, A. R. (2012). Comparison of antioxidant properties of rosemary and oak green tea as a synthetic antioxidant alternative. The first national conference on strategies for achieving sustainable development, pp. 34-40. [In persian]
Reiss, J. (1994). Influence of different sugars on the metabolism of the tea fungus. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A, 198(3), 258-261.
Rouhi, M., Mohammadi, R., Sarlak, Z., Taslimi, A., Zabih zadeh, M. & Mortazavian, A. M. (2015). Investigation of biochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of synbiotic chocolate milk. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry, 10(2), 47-58.
Saarela, M. (Ed.). (2007). Functional dairy products. Elsevier. USA.pp. 127-132. [In persian]
SAS Institute (1988) SAS/STAT User’s Guide Cary, NC, SAS Institute
Spasenija, M., Katarina, K., Vladimir, V., Dajana, H., Mirela, I., Marjan, R. & Maja, M. (2012). Physicochemical and textural properties of kombucha fermented dairy products. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(9), 2320-2327.
Sreeramulu, G., Zhu, Y. & Knol, W. (2000). Kombucha fermentation and its antimicrobial activity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 48(6), 2589-2594.
Suciati, F., Nurliyani, N. & Indratiningsih, I. (2019). Physicochemical, Microbiology and Sensory properties of fermented whey using Kombucha Inoculum. Bulletin of Animal Science, 43(1), 52-57.
Tsuru, V. H., Gomes, R. J., Silva, J. R., Prudencio, S. H. & Costa, G. N. (2021). Physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of kombucha beverages obtained from oolong or yerba mate tea fermentation. Journal of Research, Society and Development, 10(11), 1-12.
Velićanski, A., Cvetković, D. & Markov, S. (2013). Characteristics of Kombucha fermentation on medicinal herbs from Lamiaceae family. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 18(1), 8034-8042.
Vojdani, R. & Zali, M.R. (2003). Probiotics and their mechanism of action in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Journal of Medical Research, 27(4), 319-330.
Vukic, V. R., Hrnjez, D. V., Kanuric, K. G., Milanovic, S. D., Iličic, M. D., Torbica, A. M. & Tomic, J. M. (2014). The effect of kombucha starter culture on the gelation process, microstructure and rheological properties during milk fermentation. Journal of Texture Studies, 45(4), 261-273.
Zhao, D. & Shah, N. P. (2014). Influence of tea extract supplementation on bifidobacteria during soymilk fermentation. International journal of food microbiology, 188, 36-44.
_||_Amarasinghe, H., Serwandika Weerakkody, N. & Viduranga, Y. (2018). Evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of kombucha “Tea Fungus” during extended periods of fermentation. Journal of Food Science & Nutrition, 00, 1-7.
Abghari, A., Mahmood sheikh zeinoaldin, M., Soleiman nejad, S. & Dokhani, Sh. (2008). Evaluation of survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in a non-fermented ice cream. 18th National Congress of Food Science and Industry, Mashhad, Iran. [In persian]
Antolak, H., Pichota, D. & Kucharska, A. (2021). Kombucha tea- a double power of bioactive compounds from tea and symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts(SCOBY). Journal of Antioxidents, 10(10), 1-21.
Antolak, H. & Kręgiel, D. (2015). Acetic acid bacteria – taxonomy, ecology,and industrial application. Zywnosc Nauka Technologia Jakosc, 4(101), 21–35.
Anon. (2013). Probiotic yoghurt. Institute of Standards and Industrial Research Iran. National Standard of Iran, No.11325. [In Persian]
AOAC. (1995). Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC, Unites States.
Bagheri, F., Mirdamadi, S., Mirzaee, M. & Safavi, S. M. (2019). Production of beneficial fermented milk by lactobacilli isolated from traditional Iranian dairy products. Journal of Innovative Food Technologies, 7(2), 243-255. [In persian]
Balvardi, M., Safari, M., Habibi Rezaee, M., Hoseini, S. M. H., Rezaee, K. & Mousavi Movahedi, A. A. (2009). Production of kambucha drink using inulin gland of pickled potato. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 8(29), 89-100. [In persian]
Benno, Y. & Mitsuoka, T. (1992). Evaluation of the anaerobic method for the analysis of fecal microflora of beagle dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 54, 1039-1041.
Blanc, P. J. (1996). Characterization of the tea fungus metabolites. Biotechnology letters, 18(2), 139-142.
Chakravorty, S., Bhattacharya, S., Chatzinotas, A., Chakraborty, W., Bhattacharya, D. & Gachhui, R. (2016). Kombucha tea fermentation: Microbial and biochemical dynamics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 220, 63–72.
Chen, C. & Liu, B. Y. (2000). Changes in major components of tea fungus metabolites during prolonged fermentation. Journal of applied microbiology, 89(5), 834-839.
Chu, S. C. & Chen, C. (2006). Effects of origins and fermentation time on the antioxidant activities of kombucha. Journal of Food Chemistry, 98(3), 502-507.
Dan-Zhou, D., Saimaiti, A., Luo, M., Huang, S. Y., Xiong, R. G., Shang, A., Gan, R. Y. & Li, H. B. (2022). Fermentation with tea residues enhances antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents in kombucha beverages. Journal of Antioxidants, 11(1), 1-17.
Dueñas, M., Hernández, T. & Estrella, I. (2007). Changes in the content of bioactive polyphenolic compounds of lentils by the action of exogenous enzymes. Effect on their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Chemistry, 101(1), 90-97.
Dufresne, C. & Farnworth, E. (2000). Tea, Kombucha, and health: a review. Journal of Food Research International, 33(6), 409-421.
Ferdowsifard, M., Fazeli, M. R. Samadi, N. & Jamalifar, H. (2011). Stability of fermented and non-fermented probiotic milk prepared using three native species of Lactobacillus. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 8(4), 13-20. [In persian]
Greenwalt, C. J., Steinkraus, K. H. & Ledford, R. A. (2000). Kombucha, the fermented tea: microbiology, composition, and claimed health effects. Journal of Food Protection, 63(7), 976-981.
Greenwalt, C. J., Ledford, R. A., & Steinkraus, K. H. (1998). Determinationand characterization of the antimicrobial activity of the fermented tea kombucha. Food Science and Technology, 31, 3291–3296.
Gilson, M. K. (2004). Multiple-site titration and molecular modeling: Two rapidmethods for computing energies and forces for ionizable groups in proteins. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics,15(3), 266 - 282.
Jakubczyk, K., Kaldunska, J., Kochman, J. & Janda, K. (2020). Chemical profile and antioxidant activity of the kombucha beverage derived from white, green, black and red tea. Antioxidents, 9, 1-15.
Jayabalan, R., Malbaša, R.V., Lončar, E.S., Vitas, J. & Sathishkumar, M. (2014). A review on Kombucha tea – microbiology, composition, fermentation, beneficial effects, toxicity, and tea fungus. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 13, 538–550.
Jayabalan, R., Marimuthu, S. & Swaminathan, K. (2007). Changes in content of organic acids and tea polyphenols during kombucha tea fermentation. Journal of Food Chemistry, 102(1), 392-398.
Khodavaisy, S., Fakhim, H., Oliya, S., Mehrnaz, M., Behnam, H. & Badali, H. (2016). Probiotics and antibiotics in medicine. Tabari Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2(2), 44-53. [In persian]
Liu, C. H., Hsu, W. H., Lee, F. L. & Liao, C. C. (1996). The isolation andidentification of microbes from a fermented tea beverage, Haipao, andtheir interactions during Haipao fermentation. Food Microbiology, 13,407–415.
Li, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, J., Li, T., Li, H., Mastroyannis, A., He, S., Rahaman, A. & Chang, K. (2022). Effect of fermentation time on physicochemical properties of kombucha produced from different Teas and Fruits:Comparative study. Journal of Food Quality, 1, 1-10.
Malbaša, R. V., Lončar, E. S., Vitas, J. S. & Čanadanović-Brunet, J. M. (2011). Influence of starter cultures on the antioxidant activity of kombucha beverage. Journal of Food chemistry, 127(4), 1727-1731.
Malbaša, R. V., Milanović, S. D., Lončar, E. S., Djurić, M. S., Carić, M. Đ., Iličić, M. D. & Kolarov, L. (2009). Milk-based beverages obtained by Kombucha application. Journal of Food Chemistry, 112(1), 178-184.
Malbaša, R.V., Lončar, E.S. & Djurić, M. (2008). Comparison of the productsof Kombucha fermentation on sucrose and molasses. Food Chemistry, 106, 1039–1045.
Milanović, S. D., Lončar, E. S., Đurić, M. S., Malbaša, R. V., Tekić, M. N., Iličić, M. D. & Duraković, K. G. (2008). Low energy kombucha fermented milk-based beverages. Acta Periodica Technologica, (39), 37-46.
Miranda, B., Lawton, N. M., Tachibana, S. R., Swartz, N. A. & Hall, W. P. (2016). Titration and HPLC characterization of Kombucha fermentation: A Laboratory Experiment in Food Analysis. Journal of Chemical Education, 93, 1770-1775.
Mohammadi, R. & Mortazavian, S.A.M. (2002). Technology and stability of probiotics in fermented milk products. First National Conference of Probiotic and Functional Foods.Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Mousavi, S. Z., Mohamadzadeh Milani, J. & Rouzbeh Nasiraee, L. (2015). Qualitative properties of picoli pasta fortified with wheat bran. Journal of Food Research, 26(1), 1-11. [In persian]
Naemi, H., Mortazavi, S. A., Milani, A. & Koocheki, A. (2013). The effect of inulin addition and microencapsulation process on the survival rate of Lactobacillus casei during the storage period of synbiotic ice cream yogurt. Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology,10(40), 27-36. [In persian]
Neffe-Skocinska, K., Sionek, B., Scibisz, I. & Kolozyn-Krajewska, D. (2017). Acid contents and the effect of fermentation condition of kombucha tea beverages on physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. CYTA-Journal of Food, 15(4), 601-607.
Nikjoo, R. & Nowriyan, N. (2013). An overview of the antioxidant properties of green tea. Twenty-first National Congress of Food Science and Technology, Shiraz, Shiraz University, Iran. [In persian]
Omidi, B., Fazeli, M., Amozegar, M. A. & Jamalifar, H. (2010). Probiotic enrichment of Iranian yellow carrot juice (turmeric) by four species of Lactobacillus. Journal of Microbiological Knowledge, 2(6), 51-58. [In persian]
Pasha, C. & Reddy, G. (2005). Nutritional and medicinal improvement of black tea by yeast fermentation. Journal of Food chemistry, 89(3), 449-453.
Parvez, S., Malik, K. A., Ah Kang, S. & Kim, H. Y. (2006). Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100(6), 1171-1185.
Puspawati, Ni. N. & Arihantana, Ni. M. I. H. (2016). Viability of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kombucha tea against low pH and bile salt, Media. Ilmiah Teknologi Pangan, 3(1), 18-25.
Ranjbar nadamani, A. & Sadeghi Mahonak, A. R. (2012). Comparison of antioxidant properties of rosemary and oak green tea as a synthetic antioxidant alternative. The first national conference on strategies for achieving sustainable development, pp. 34-40. [In persian]
Reiss, J. (1994). Influence of different sugars on the metabolism of the tea fungus. Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A, 198(3), 258-261.
Rouhi, M., Mohammadi, R., Sarlak, Z., Taslimi, A., Zabih zadeh, M. & Mortazavian, A. M. (2015). Investigation of biochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of synbiotic chocolate milk. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Industry, 10(2), 47-58.
Saarela, M. (Ed.). (2007). Functional dairy products. Elsevier. USA.pp. 127-132. [In persian]
SAS Institute (1988) SAS/STAT User’s Guide Cary, NC, SAS Institute
Spasenija, M., Katarina, K., Vladimir, V., Dajana, H., Mirela, I., Marjan, R. & Maja, M. (2012). Physicochemical and textural properties of kombucha fermented dairy products. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(9), 2320-2327.
Sreeramulu, G., Zhu, Y. & Knol, W. (2000). Kombucha fermentation and its antimicrobial activity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 48(6), 2589-2594.
Suciati, F., Nurliyani, N. & Indratiningsih, I. (2019). Physicochemical, Microbiology and Sensory properties of fermented whey using Kombucha Inoculum. Bulletin of Animal Science, 43(1), 52-57.
Tsuru, V. H., Gomes, R. J., Silva, J. R., Prudencio, S. H. & Costa, G. N. (2021). Physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of kombucha beverages obtained from oolong or yerba mate tea fermentation. Journal of Research, Society and Development, 10(11), 1-12.
Velićanski, A., Cvetković, D. & Markov, S. (2013). Characteristics of Kombucha fermentation on medicinal herbs from Lamiaceae family. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 18(1), 8034-8042.
Vojdani, R. & Zali, M.R. (2003). Probiotics and their mechanism of action in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Journal of Medical Research, 27(4), 319-330.
Vukic, V. R., Hrnjez, D. V., Kanuric, K. G., Milanovic, S. D., Iličic, M. D., Torbica, A. M. & Tomic, J. M. (2014). The effect of kombucha starter culture on the gelation process, microstructure and rheological properties during milk fermentation. Journal of Texture Studies, 45(4), 261-273.
Zhao, D. & Shah, N. P. (2014). Influence of tea extract supplementation on bifidobacteria during soymilk fermentation. International journal of food microbiology, 188, 36-44.