Identification of active components in the extracts of Hypericum Perforatum L. and Oliveria Decumbens Vent. and evaluation of their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects on some microorganisms
Subject Areas : Food Science and TechnologyMahsa jafarpour 1 , Hajar Abbasi 2 , Mohammad Goli 3
1 - Graduated MSc. of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2 - Associate Professor of Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, Laser and Biophotonics in Biotechnologies Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Keywords: Hypericum Perforatum, MIC, Antioxidant, GC-MS, Oliveria decumbens,
Abstract :
Essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants have been highly regarded as natural food additives and preservatives due to the presence of bioactive compounds and functional activities, including antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this research, Hypericum perforatum and Oliveria decumbens were extracted by the maceration method and ultrasonic waves. Total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant as well as antimicrobial activities were assessed by GC-MS. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger were evaluated. The results showed that 19 main compounds, the most important of which are Thymol (24.40%), Carvacrol (23.00%), and Myristicin (9.78%), comprise 90.22% of O. decumbens extract. In the extract of H. perforatum, 20 compounds constitute 94.16% of the extract, among which Hypericin (25.92%) and Hyperforin (16.69%) are the most important effective compounds. The content of phenolic compounds of Hypericum perforatum and O. decumbens extracts were 24.0 and 9.5 mg/g of dry weight, respectively. H. perforatum extract shows higher antioxidant activity compared to O. decumbens extract (IC50 of H. perforatum and O. decumbens extracts are 0.173 and 0.470 g/ml, respectively). The extract of H. perforatum inhibited the activity of S. aureus and E. coli, however, did not significantly inhibit the activity of A. niger.
References:
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Adel, F,. Ahmeda, B., Fatma, A.K. Attiac, D., Liua, C., Changqin Li, A, et al., (2019). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of essential oils and extracts of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. Food Science and Human Wellness, 8)3(: 299-305.
Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Vasiee, A. and Mortazavi, S.A. (2018). Oliveria decumbens essential oil: chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity against the growth of some clinical and standard strains causing infection. Microbial Pathogenesis, 114: 449-452. [In Persian]
Alizadeh, Z., Mehdizadeh, T. and Tajik. H. (2019). Comparison of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Mentha aquatica ethanolic extract and essential oil. Studies in Medical Sciences, 31)11): 863-873. [In Persian]
Baum, M., Schantz, M., Leick, S., Berg, S., Betz, M., Frank, K., et al., (2014). Is the antioxidative effectiveness of a bilberry extract influenced by encapsulation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94: 2301-2307.
Behbahani, B.A., Shahidi, F., Yazdi, F.T., Mortazavi, S.A. and Mohebbi, M. (2017). Use of Plantago major seed mucilage as a novel edible coating incorporated with Anethum graveolens essential oil on shelf life extension of beef in refrigerated storage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 94: 515-526. [In Persian]
Botelho, M.A., Nogueira, N.A.P., Bastos, G.M., Fonseca, S.G.C., Lemos, T.L.G., Matos, F.J.A. et al., (2007). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, Carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 40: 349-356.
Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3): 223-253.
Cirak, C., Radusiene, J., Karabuk, B. and Vand Ivanauskas, L. (2007). Variation of bioactive compounds in Hypericum perforatum growing in Turkey during its phenological cycle. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 49: 615-20.
Eftekhari, M., Ardekani Sham, M.R., Amin, M., Attar, F., Akbarzadeh, T., Safavi, M., et al. (2019). Oliveria decumbens, a bioactive essential oil: Chemical composition and biological activities. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 18(1): 412-21. [In Persian]
Garcia, I., Ballesta, S., Gilaberte, Y., Rezusta, A. and Pascual, Á. (2015). Antimicrobial photodynamic activity of hypericin against methicillin-susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Future Microbiol, 10(3): 347-56.
Germ, M., Stibilj, V., Kreft, S., Gaberscik, A. and Kreft, I. (2010). Flavonoid, tannin and hypericin concentrations in the leaves of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) are affected by UV-B radiation levels. Food Chemistry, 122: 471-474.
Ghasemi, S., Jafari, S.M., Assad pour, E. and Khomeiri, M. (2017). Production of pectin-whey protein nano-complexes as carriers of orange peel oil. Carbohydrate Polymers, 177: 369-377. [In Persian]
Giacometti, J., Zauhar, G. and Zuvic, M. (2018). Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Major Phenolic Compounds from Olive Leaves (Olea europaea L.) Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods, 7(9): 149.
Guzel, A., Akyuz, M. and Sanda. (2019). Determination of Antioxidant activity of Hypericum perforatum. Journal of Integrative and Anatolian Medicine, 1(1): 9-18.
Haji mehdi pour, M.H., Samadi, N., Mozafarian, V., Rahimi fard, N., Shoeybi, S. and Pirali, H.M. (2010). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Oliveria decumbens volatile oil from West of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(6): 39-44. [In Persian]
Haji mahdi pour, H., Hamedani, P., Abedi, Z., Shekrachi, M. and Khanavi. (2019). Investigation of the Best Method for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Echinaceae purpurea L. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 8)32(: 145-152. [In Persian]
Hojjati, M. (2019). Chemical compositions and antimicrobial effects of Oliveria decumbens Vent essential oil. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9: 39-44 [In Persian]
Karim pour, K., Mehrgan, A., Fallah, F. and Asayishtalab, H. (2021). Preparation of natural preservative from Clove, Eucalyptus and Rosemary extracts as the substitute of nitrite in chicken sausage. Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 18)119(: 217-229. [In Persian]
Kaur, G., Kathariya, R., Bansal, Sh. and Singh, A. (2016). Dietary antioxidants and their indispensable role in periodontal health. Food and Drug Analysis, 24(2): 239-246.
Keskes, H., Belhadj, S., Jlail, L., El Feki, A., Damak, M., Sayadi, S. et al. (2017). LC-MS–MS and GC-MS analyses of biologically active extracts and fractions from Tunisian Juniperus phoenice Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1): 88-95.
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A. and Chandra, N. (2010). Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Functional Foods: Impact on Human Health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8): 118-26.
Mahboobi, M. (2008). study of the antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of the essential oil of LalKohistan (Oliveria decumbens Vent). Scientific Quarterly-Iran Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research, 24)1(: 56-65. [In Persian]
Mahlouji, M., Ahmadi, A., Dastgerdi. and Sharafati, R. (2019). An Investigation of the Antibacterial Effect of Sumac Extract in Minced beef
Contaminated with Multidrug Resistance E. coli. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 22)1(: 69-83. [In Persian]
Milosevic, T. and Solujic,T. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of the Hypercum perforatum l. plant. Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 25(2): 127-130.
Ouariachi, E.M.E., Hamdani, I., Bouyanzer, A., Hammouti, B., Majidi, L., Costa, J. et al., (2014). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of Thymus broussonetii Boiss. and Thymus algeriensis Boiss. from Morocco. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 4(4): 281-286.
Parsaei, P., Karimi, M., Asadi, S.Y. and Rafieian Kopaei, M. (2013). Bioactive components and preventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on post-laparotomy intra-abdominal adhesion in rats. International Journal of Surgery, 11: 811-815. [In Persian]
Pawle, and Singh, S. (2014). Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of an endophytic species of Nigrospora isolated from living fossil Ginkgo biloba. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology, 4(1): 1-9.
Rohman, A., Riyanto, S., Yuniarti, N., Saputra, W.R., Utami, R. and Mulatsih, W. (2010). Antioxidant activity,total phenolic, and total flavaonoid of extracts andfractions of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam). International Food Research Journal, 17: 97-106.
Sajjadi, S.E. and Hoseini, S.A. (2002). Essential oil constituents of Oliveria decumbens Vent. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14(3): 220-221. [In Persian]
Salmanian, S.H., Sadeghi Mahoonak, A.R., Alami, M. and Ghorbani, M. (2013). Evaluation of total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin compounds, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of hawthorn (Crataegus elbursensis) fruit acetonic extract. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 13(1): 53-66. [In Persian]
Schwob, I., Bessiere, J.M., Masotti, V.R. and Viano, J. (2004). Changes in essential oil composition in SaintJohn’swort (Hypericum perforatum L.)aerialparts during its phenological cycle. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32: 735-745.
Shahidi, F., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Roshanak, S., Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Vasiee, A. and Norouz N. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of Taraxacum pseudo calocephalum leaves extract on pathogenic microorganisms and comparison with common therapeutic antibiotics in vitro. Iranian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, 23(83): 37-46. [In Persian]
Siddeeg, A., AlKehayez, N.M., AbuHiamed, H.A., Al-Sanea, E.A. and ALFarga, A.M. (2021). Mode of action and determination of antioxidant activity in the dietary sources: An overview. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(3): 1633-1644.
Silva, B.A., Ferreres, F., Malva, J.O., Dias, A.C.P. (2005). Phytochemical and antioxidant characterization of Hypericum perforatum alcoholic extracts. Food Chemistry, 90: 157- 67.
Singh, P., Garg, A., Pandit, S., Mokkapati, V.R.S.S. and Mijakovic, D. (2018). Antimicrobial effects of biogenic Nanoparticles. nanomaterials, 8(12): 1009.
Sirvent, T.M., Walker, L., Vance, N. and Gibson, D.M. (2002). Variation in hypericins from wild populations of Hypericum perforatum L. In the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.A. Economic Botany, 56: 41- 48.
Skocibusic, M., Bezic, N., Dunkic, V. and Radonic, A. (2004). Antibacterial activity of Achillea clavennae essential oil against respiratory tract pathogens. Fitoterapia, 75(7): 733-736.
Suntar, I., Oyardı, O., Kupeli, E., Akkol and Ozçelik, B. (2015). Antimicrobial effect of the extracts from Hypericum perforatum against oral bacteria and biofilm formation. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(6): 65-70.
Tohidi, B., Rahim Malek, M. and Arzani, A. (2017). Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chemistry, 220: 153-161. [In Persian]
Vazirzadeh, A., Jalali, S. and Farhadi, A. (2019). Antibacterial activity of Oliveria decumbens against Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its effects on serum and mucosal immunity and antioxidant status. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 94: 407-416. [In Persian]
Walker, L., Sirvent, T., Gibson, D. and Vance, N. (2001). Regional differences in hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations and five morphological traits among Hypericum perforatum plants in the northwestern United States. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79: 1248-1255.
Zambonelli, A., D'Aulerio, A.Z., Severi, A., Benvenuti, , Maggi, L. and Bianchi, A. (2004). Chemical composition and Fungicidal activity of commercial essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 16(1): 69-74.
Zobayed, SMA., Afreen, F. and Kozai, T. (2005). Temperature stress can alter the photosynthetic efficiency and secondary metabolite concentrations in St. John’swort. Plant Physiol Biochem, 43: 977-984.
Zou, Y., Lu. Y. and Wei, D. (2004). Antioxidant Activity of a Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Hypericum perforatum L.in Vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 5032-5039.
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Abou Baker, H., Moghazy, M. and ElSayed, A.A.A. (2020). The in vitro cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil cultivated in Egypt. Bioorganic Chemistry, DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103559.
Adel, F,. Ahmeda, B., Fatma, A.K. Attiac, D., Liua, C., Changqin Li, A, et al., (2019). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of essential oils and extracts of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. Food Science and Human Wellness, 8)3(: 299-305.
Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Vasiee, A. and Mortazavi, S.A. (2018). Oliveria decumbens essential oil: chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity against the growth of some clinical and standard strains causing infection. Microbial Pathogenesis, 114: 449-452. [In Persian]
Alizadeh, Z., Mehdizadeh, T. and Tajik. H. (2019). Comparison of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Mentha aquatica ethanolic extract and essential oil. Studies in Medical Sciences, 31)11): 863-873. [In Persian]
Baum, M., Schantz, M., Leick, S., Berg, S., Betz, M., Frank, K., et al., (2014). Is the antioxidative effectiveness of a bilberry extract influenced by encapsulation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94: 2301-2307.
Behbahani, B.A., Shahidi, F., Yazdi, F.T., Mortazavi, S.A. and Mohebbi, M. (2017). Use of Plantago major seed mucilage as a novel edible coating incorporated with Anethum graveolens essential oil on shelf life extension of beef in refrigerated storage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 94: 515-526. [In Persian]
Botelho, M.A., Nogueira, N.A.P., Bastos, G.M., Fonseca, S.G.C., Lemos, T.L.G., Matos, F.J.A. et al., (2007). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, Carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 40: 349-356.
Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3): 223-253.
Cirak, C., Radusiene, J., Karabuk, B. and Vand Ivanauskas, L. (2007). Variation of bioactive compounds in Hypericum perforatum growing in Turkey during its phenological cycle. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 49: 615-20.
Eftekhari, M., Ardekani Sham, M.R., Amin, M., Attar, F., Akbarzadeh, T., Safavi, M., et al. (2019). Oliveria decumbens, a bioactive essential oil: Chemical composition and biological activities. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 18(1): 412-21. [In Persian]
Garcia, I., Ballesta, S., Gilaberte, Y., Rezusta, A. and Pascual, Á. (2015). Antimicrobial photodynamic activity of hypericin against methicillin-susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Future Microbiol, 10(3): 347-56.
Germ, M., Stibilj, V., Kreft, S., Gaberscik, A. and Kreft, I. (2010). Flavonoid, tannin and hypericin concentrations in the leaves of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) are affected by UV-B radiation levels. Food Chemistry, 122: 471-474.
Ghasemi, S., Jafari, S.M., Assad pour, E. and Khomeiri, M. (2017). Production of pectin-whey protein nano-complexes as carriers of orange peel oil. Carbohydrate Polymers, 177: 369-377. [In Persian]
Giacometti, J., Zauhar, G. and Zuvic, M. (2018). Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Major Phenolic Compounds from Olive Leaves (Olea europaea L.) Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods, 7(9): 149.
Guzel, A., Akyuz, M. and Sanda. (2019). Determination of Antioxidant activity of Hypericum perforatum. Journal of Integrative and Anatolian Medicine, 1(1): 9-18.
Haji mehdi pour, M.H., Samadi, N., Mozafarian, V., Rahimi fard, N., Shoeybi, S. and Pirali, H.M. (2010). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Oliveria decumbens volatile oil from West of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(6): 39-44. [In Persian]
Haji mahdi pour, H., Hamedani, P., Abedi, Z., Shekrachi, M. and Khanavi. (2019). Investigation of the Best Method for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Echinaceae purpurea L. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 8)32(: 145-152. [In Persian]
Hojjati, M. (2019). Chemical compositions and antimicrobial effects of Oliveria decumbens Vent essential oil. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9: 39-44 [In Persian]
Karim pour, K., Mehrgan, A., Fallah, F. and Asayishtalab, H. (2021). Preparation of natural preservative from Clove, Eucalyptus and Rosemary extracts as the substitute of nitrite in chicken sausage. Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 18)119(: 217-229. [In Persian]
Kaur, G., Kathariya, R., Bansal, Sh. and Singh, A. (2016). Dietary antioxidants and their indispensable role in periodontal health. Food and Drug Analysis, 24(2): 239-246.
Keskes, H., Belhadj, S., Jlail, L., El Feki, A., Damak, M., Sayadi, S. et al. (2017). LC-MS–MS and GC-MS analyses of biologically active extracts and fractions from Tunisian Juniperus phoenice Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1): 88-95.
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A. and Chandra, N. (2010). Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Functional Foods: Impact on Human Health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8): 118-26.
Mahboobi, M. (2008). study of the antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of the essential oil of LalKohistan (Oliveria decumbens Vent). Scientific Quarterly-Iran Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research, 24)1(: 56-65. [In Persian]
Mahlouji, M., Ahmadi, A., Dastgerdi. and Sharafati, R. (2019). An Investigation of the Antibacterial Effect of Sumac Extract in Minced beef
Contaminated with Multidrug Resistance E. coli. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 22)1(: 69-83. [In Persian]
Milosevic, T. and Solujic,T. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of the Hypercum perforatum l. plant. Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 25(2): 127-130.
Ouariachi, E.M.E., Hamdani, I., Bouyanzer, A., Hammouti, B., Majidi, L., Costa, J. et al., (2014). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of Thymus broussonetii Boiss. and Thymus algeriensis Boiss. from Morocco. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 4(4): 281-286.
Parsaei, P., Karimi, M., Asadi, S.Y. and Rafieian Kopaei, M. (2013). Bioactive components and preventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on post-laparotomy intra-abdominal adhesion in rats. International Journal of Surgery, 11: 811-815. [In Persian]
Pawle, and Singh, S. (2014). Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of an endophytic species of Nigrospora isolated from living fossil Ginkgo biloba. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology, 4(1): 1-9.
Rohman, A., Riyanto, S., Yuniarti, N., Saputra, W.R., Utami, R. and Mulatsih, W. (2010). Antioxidant activity,total phenolic, and total flavaonoid of extracts andfractions of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam). International Food Research Journal, 17: 97-106.
Sajjadi, S.E. and Hoseini, S.A. (2002). Essential oil constituents of Oliveria decumbens Vent. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14(3): 220-221. [In Persian]
Salmanian, S.H., Sadeghi Mahoonak, A.R., Alami, M. and Ghorbani, M. (2013). Evaluation of total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin compounds, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of hawthorn (Crataegus elbursensis) fruit acetonic extract. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 13(1): 53-66. [In Persian]
Schwob, I., Bessiere, J.M., Masotti, V.R. and Viano, J. (2004). Changes in essential oil composition in SaintJohn’swort (Hypericum perforatum L.)aerialparts during its phenological cycle. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32: 735-745.
Shahidi, F., Tabatabaei Yazdi, F., Roshanak, S., Alizadeh Behbahani, B., Vasiee, A. and Norouz N. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of Taraxacum pseudo calocephalum leaves extract on pathogenic microorganisms and comparison with common therapeutic antibiotics in vitro. Iranian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, 23(83): 37-46. [In Persian]
Siddeeg, A., AlKehayez, N.M., AbuHiamed, H.A., Al-Sanea, E.A. and ALFarga, A.M. (2021). Mode of action and determination of antioxidant activity in the dietary sources: An overview. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(3): 1633-1644.
Silva, B.A., Ferreres, F., Malva, J.O., Dias, A.C.P. (2005). Phytochemical and antioxidant characterization of Hypericum perforatum alcoholic extracts. Food Chemistry, 90: 157- 67.
Singh, P., Garg, A., Pandit, S., Mokkapati, V.R.S.S. and Mijakovic, D. (2018). Antimicrobial effects of biogenic Nanoparticles. nanomaterials, 8(12): 1009.
Sirvent, T.M., Walker, L., Vance, N. and Gibson, D.M. (2002). Variation in hypericins from wild populations of Hypericum perforatum L. In the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.A. Economic Botany, 56: 41- 48.
Skocibusic, M., Bezic, N., Dunkic, V. and Radonic, A. (2004). Antibacterial activity of Achillea clavennae essential oil against respiratory tract pathogens. Fitoterapia, 75(7): 733-736.
Suntar, I., Oyardı, O., Kupeli, E., Akkol and Ozçelik, B. (2015). Antimicrobial effect of the extracts from Hypericum perforatum against oral bacteria and biofilm formation. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(6): 65-70.
Tohidi, B., Rahim Malek, M. and Arzani, A. (2017). Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chemistry, 220: 153-161. [In Persian]
Vazirzadeh, A., Jalali, S. and Farhadi, A. (2019). Antibacterial activity of Oliveria decumbens against Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its effects on serum and mucosal immunity and antioxidant status. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 94: 407-416. [In Persian]
Walker, L., Sirvent, T., Gibson, D. and Vance, N. (2001). Regional differences in hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations and five morphological traits among Hypericum perforatum plants in the northwestern United States. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79: 1248-1255.
Zambonelli, A., D'Aulerio, A.Z., Severi, A., Benvenuti, , Maggi, L. and Bianchi, A. (2004). Chemical composition and Fungicidal activity of commercial essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 16(1): 69-74.
Zobayed, SMA., Afreen, F. and Kozai, T. (2005). Temperature stress can alter the photosynthetic efficiency and secondary metabolite concentrations in St. John’swort. Plant Physiol Biochem, 43: 977-984.
Zou, Y., Lu. Y. and Wei, D. (2004). Antioxidant Activity of a Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Hypericum perforatum L.in Vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 5032-5039.
Contaminated with Multidrug Resistance E. coli. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 22)1(: 69-83. [In Persian]
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Contaminated with Multidrug Resistance E. coli. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 22)1(: 69-83. [In Persian]