Geopolitical and environmental study of artificial islands in the Persian Gulf (From the perspective of international law)
Subject Areas :
environmental low
sona ghasemi
1
,
Seyed-Abbas Poorhashemi
2
,
ali zare
3
,
parvin farshchi
4
,
hermidas bavand
5
1 - PhD student in environmental law, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Scientific Member & President of the Canadian Institute for International Law Expertise (CIFILE), Toronto, Canada.* (Corresponding Author)
3 - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
5 - Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran.
Received: 2016-07-09
Accepted : 2019-03-13
Published : 2022-03-21
Keywords:
Comparative Study,
Persian Gulf,
environmental impacts,
Environmental protection,
international law,
Artificial islands,
Abstract :
According to the 1982 convention of the seas, constructing artificial islands is permitted, and countries can build artificial islands in their own territory. However, creating artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in the region, especially Iran, pursue the issue more sensitively. Moreover, according to principles of International Environmental Law, the countries that construct artificial islands should provide other countries with the required information regarding the construction and properties of their own artificial islands.Today, artificial island construction is being increased, and this has caused many environmental crises, including the increase of water darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. This article analyzed the destructive impacts of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment, the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and building artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas are being reviewed. Moreover, because the notion of governance in modern International Law has been modified regarding the use of the environment and sustainable development, the countries constructing these islands and coastal countries will have limited rights to build artificial islands.
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_||_
Hopkins, C., 2009, Test Report for ‘Reef Systems’ At the Pal Jumeirah, Astorp, Sweden.3-5m
Fowler, S. W., 1993, Pollution in the Persian Gulf, Monitoring the Marine Environment, IAEA Bulletin, 2/1993.
Mojtahedzadeh, Pirouz. 2000, Security and territorial issues in the Persian Gulf, political geography, translated by Amir Masoud Ejtihadi. Tehran: Maritime Political and International Studies Office 41. (In Persian)
Vathouqi, Mohammad Baqer. 2004, the history of the Persian Gulf and neighboring countries. Tehran: Samit Publications. (In Persian)
Glassner, Martin Ira 1993, Political Geography. New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC.
Dolatyar , 2000 , 270). Politics of Water in the Middle East, New York, Saint Martin’s Press.
Mirhydar, D., 2007, the Trend of Territoriality of the Littoral Countries in the Persian Gulf, International Quarterly of Geopolitics, Third Year, No. 1, P. 1-20.
Rabionet, I., 2008, Indicators for Evaluating the Impact of Artificial Islands on the Barcelona Coast, Coastal Management, Vol. 36, No. 3., PP. 254-273.
Poorhashemi, A. (2022). International law and global governance. CIFILE Journal of International Law, 3(5), 70-74.
Tsaltas, G., Bourtzis, T., Rodotheatos, G., 2010, Artificial Island and Structure as a Means of Safeguarding State Sovereignty Against Sea Level Rise, A la Consequences, World Environmental and Water Resources Congress.
Ziyai Begdeli, Public International Law, Ganj Danesh Publishing House, 2013, 307. (In Persian)
Mirhydar, D., 2007, the Trend of Territoriality of the Littoral Countries in the Persian Gulf, International Quarterly of Geopolitics, Third Year, No. 1, P. 190.
Aghai, B., 2009, Legal Regime of the Artificial Islands in the Persian Gulf, Published in the Soochow Law Journal, Vol. 6, PP. 1-3.
Aghai, B., 2006, Artificial Islands in the Persian Gulf and the International Law of the Sea, Persian Journal, PP. 2-5.
Salahuddin, B., 2006, the Environmental Impacts of the Artificial Islands Construction in Dubai of the UAE, Duke University.18-20
Fowler, J. and Stephen, T., 2009, Amwaj Islands Constructed With Geotubes, Bahrain.3-2
McCreery, K., Khurshid, M., 2009, Introduction to Civil Engineering Critique, PP.1-24.
Kumar, A., 2009, Reclaimed Islands and New Offshore Townships in the Arabian Gulf: Potential Natural Hazards, Current Science, Vol. 96, PP. 1-6.
Butler, T., 2005, Dubai’s Artificial Islands Have High Environmental Cost the Price of “The World”, Dubai’s Artificial Future, August 23.
Salahuddin, B., 2006, the Environmental Impacts of the Artificial Islands Construction in Dubai of the UAE, Duke University.
United Nations University, 2005, International Network on Water, Environment and Health, Coastal Zone Management in the Persian Gulf.P80.
Salahuddin, B., 2006, the Environmental Impacts of the Artificial Islands Construction in Dubai of the UAE, Duke University.
The Environmental Impacts of the Artificial Islands Construction in Dubai of the UAE, Duke University.
Salahuddin, B., 2006, the Environmental Impacts of the Artificial Islands Construction in Dubai of the UAE, Duke University.86-87.
Krane, J., 2005, Arab Island Resorts Are Reshaping Geography, Associated Press, http://www.stumbleupon.com.
Jones, Greta, Social Darwinism and English Thought: organic theory of the state. (1980) (Brighton, from: http://www.politicsprofessor.com/ politicaltheories /organic-theory-of-the-state.php.
Poorhashemi, A., (2020). Emergence of “International Environmental Law”: as a new branch of International Public Law.”. CIFILE Journal of International Law, 1(2), 33-39. DOI: 10.30489/cifj.2020.218985.1013
ROPME publication, Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment,2002 .
ROPME Publication, Proposal for the Establishment of an Oil Response and Salvage Corporation in the ROPME Sea Area, 2003
Robin Churchill and Alan Lowe, translated by Bahman Aghaei, International Law of the Seas, Ganj Danesh Publishing House, second edition, 2013
Ashqaly, A., 2010, the Construction of Artificial Islands in the Persian Gulf from the Perspective of International Law of the Environment, Research and Scientific Quarterly, Twentieth Year, No. 58, P. 55. (In Persian)
United Nations University, 2005, International Network on Water, Environment and Health, Coastal Zone Management in the Persian Gulf. Ponian, C., 2003, the Effects of the 1991 Gulf War Om Marine and Coastal Environment of the Arabian Gulf, MS.c Aquatic Resource Management, King’s College, London.
