Design and Validation of a Servant Leadership Development Model in Elementary Schools
Nader Heidari Raziabad
1
(
Ph.D. Student in Educational Adminstration, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
)
Adel Zahed Babolan
2
(
Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
)
Vahid Rahimzadeh
3
(
PhD student in educational management, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
)
Keywords: Design, Validation, Servant Leadership, Elementary Schools,
Abstract :
Introduction: Servant leadership is globally recognized as a transformational leadership model focused on identifying and meeting the needs of others. The goal of this study was to design and validate a servant leadership development model for elementary schools.
Research Methodology: The research was applied in terms of its aim, mixed in terms of data nature, and exploratory in terms of implementation method. In the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews and grounded theory were employed. The qualitative sample consisted of university professors in the field of educational sciences, 14 of whom were selected based on the saturation principle using purposive sampling. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included all elementary school teachers in Ardabil during the 2023-2024 academic year, totaling 2,600 teachers. Based on Cochran's formula, 335 of them were selected through non-random convenience sampling. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the basic themes.
Findings: The collected data, after undergoing continuous open, axial, and selective coding processes, were organized into 57 basic themes, 5 organizing themes, and 1 overarching theme based on a systematic approach. The research findings indicate that the servant leadership development model in elementary schools in Ardabil is categorized under the components of leadership and management, organizational culture and psychological climate, personal and professional development, communication and social interactions, and organizational innovation and growth, and was validated in terms of fit (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Finally, it is recommended that the findings of this study be used as a guide and general framework for the development of servant leadership in elementary schools in Ardabil.
Aboramadan, M. (2021). Servant leadership and followers' creativity: does climate for creativity matter? Paper presented at the Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship.
Ahmad, S., Batool, A., & Abdullah, N. A. (2023). Perceived servant leadership style of principals correlates with job satisfaction of secondary school teachers in Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 11(1), 62-88.
Alharbi, M. F., & Kundi, G. M. (2023). The servant leadership and leadership effectiveness in healthcare institutions. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(3), 361-372.
Andrade, M. S. (2023). Servant leadership: developing others and addressing gender inequities. Strategic HR Review, 22(2), 52-57.
Aruoren, E. E., & Erhuen, E. P. (2023). Servant Leadership and Job Satisfaction: Mediatory Role of Perceived Organizational Support.
Beik Khormizi, D., Kamali, M. J., Salajeghe, S., & Anjom Shoa, Z. (2021). Analyzing the Servant Leadership Style based on the Leadership Style of Sardar Delha Martyr Haj Qassem Soleimani in the Social Security Organization and Presenting the Ideal Model. Islamic lifestyle with a focus on health, 5(4), 952-973. [In Persian].
Bugeja, M. (2024). Types of Leadership: Know When to Employ Each. The Department Chair, 34(3), 5-7.
Cai, Z., Mao, Y., Gong, T., Xin, Y., & Lou, J. (2023). The effect of servant leadership on work resilience: evidence from the hospitality industry during the COVID-19 period. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(2), 1322.
Chughtai, A. (2019). Servant leadership and perceived employability: proactive career behaviours as mediators. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(2), 213-229.
Cordova Jr, N., Kilag, O. K., Andrin, G., Groenewald, E., & Abella, J. (2024). Promoting Literacy in Early Childhood: Leadership Practices and Long-Term Educational Impact. Excellencia: International Multi-disciplinary Journal of Education (2994-9521), 2(1), 79-89.
D’Ascoli, S., & Piro, J. S. (2023). Educational servant-leaders and personal growth. Journal of School Leadership, 33(1), 26-49.
Dami, Z. A., Imron, A., Burhanuddin, B., & Supriyanto, A. (2022). Servant leadership and job satisfaction: The mediating role of trust and leader-member exchange. Paper presented at the Frontiers in Education.
Dami, Z. A., Imron, A., Burhanuddin, B., Supriyanto, A., & Mustiningsih, M. (2022). Servant leadership and life satisfaction at public school in Indonesia: career satisfaction as mediator. Pedagogika, 145(1), 94-116.
Ekmekcioglu, E. B., & Öner, K. (2024). Servant leadership, innovative work behavior and innovative organizational culture: the mediating role of perceived organizational support. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 33(3), 272-288.
Fadam, N. O., & Jawad, S. M. (2023). Building and codifying the servant leadership scale for secondary school principals from the point of view of teachers of physical education. Modern Sport, 22(2).
Febrian, W. D., & Sani, I. (2023). Systematic Literature Review: Implementation of Talent Management for Crewing in Shipping Companies to Organizational Sustainability. Indonesian Journal of Business Analytics, 3(5), 1837-1848.
Fitri, M. A. (2023). The Influence of Servant Leadership and Interpersonal Communication on the Organizational Commitment of Astra Dealer Employees Padang Jati Bengkulu City. Jurnal Bisnis Strategi, 32(2), 14-20.
Fitzpatrick, M. M. (2023). Servant Leadership in Catholic Institutions of Higher Education. Journal of Vincentian Social Action, 7(1), 9.
Greenleaf, R. K. (2002). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness: Paulist press.
Hanif, S., Afzal, S., & Ullah, S. (2023). Examining Servant Leadership in Head Teachers in Government High Schools of South Punjab. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 7(3), 65-76.
Heine, E. C., Stouten, J., & Liden, R. C. (2023). Providing service during a merger: the role of organizational goal clarity and servant leadership. Journal of business ethics, 184(3), 627-647.
Hoque, K. E., & Raya, Z. T. (2023). Relationship between principals’ leadership styles and teachers’ behavior. Behavioral Sciences, 13(2), 111.
Huda, M., bin Ramli, A. F., Ritonga, M., Rahim, M. M. B. A., Borham, A. H., Hashim, A., . . . Isa, N. K. M. (2024). Towards digital servant leadership for organisational stability: driving processes in the pandemic age Digital Transformation for Business and Society (pp. 23-42): Routledge.
Jaiwant, S. V., Gowda, K. R., & Kureethara, J. V. (2023). Servant leadership and diversity: a focus on ethnic and cultural diversity Cases on Servant Leadership and Equity (pp. 177-191): IGI Global.
Khan, D., & Chaudhry, H. K. (2023). An Empirical Review of Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Case of Higher Education Institutes of Pakistan. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 4(2), 568-578.
Khan, I. U., Idris, M., & Amin, R. U. (2023). Leadership style and performance in higher education: the role of organizational justice. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 26(6), 1111-1125.
Klassen, A. C., Creswell, J., Plano Clark, V. L., Smith, K. C., & Meissner, H. I. (2012). Best practices in mixed methods for quality of life research. Quality of life Research, 21, 377-380.
Latif, K. F., Ahmed, I., & Aamir, S. (2022). Servant leadership, self-efficacy and life satisfaction in the public sector of Pakistan: exploratory, symmetric, and asymmetric analyses. International Journal of Public Leadership, 18(3), 264-288.
Listyaningrum, P., Hadi, S., & Purnamarini, T. R. (2024). Analysis of Servant Leadership and Transformational Leadership on Affective Commitment: a Mediation of Person Organizational Fit. Paper presented at the International Conference on Humanity Education and Society (ICHES).
Maqbool, S., Zafeer, H. M. I., Zeng, P., Mohammad, T., Khassawneh, O., & Wu, L. (2023). The role of diverse leadership styles in teaching to sustain academic excellence at secondary level. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1096151.
Meuser, J. D., & Smallfield, J. (2023). Servant leadership: The missing community component. Business Horizons, 66(2), 251-264.
Nazarizadeh Dehkourdi, N., & Haggouyan, Z. (2021). Examining the Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support in the Relationship Between Servant Leadership and Employees' Psychological Capital. Management and Entrepreneurship Studies, 7(3), 81-98. [In Persian].
Paradiso-Testa, M. (2023). The Influence Servant Leadership Has on Emergent Leaders in the Field of Education Cases on Servant Leadership and Equity (pp. 87-94): IGI Global.
Pasaribu, M., Widodo, P. B., & Kristiana, I. F. (2023). Servant Leadership in Religious Boarding Schools Leaders: A Case Study. Paper presented at the Proceedings of International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche).
Pawar, A., Sudan, K., Satini, S., & Sunarsi, D. (2020). Organizational servant leadership. International Journal of Educational Administration, Management, and Leadership, 63-76.
Purnomo, E. N., Supriyanto, A., & Dami, Z. A. (2021). The effectiveness of principal leadership styles in crisis management. Pedagogika, 141(1), 5-25.
Purwaningtyas, E. K., Arifin, Z., Aghniacakti, A., & Hawabi, A. I. (2023). Characteristics of Servant Leadership in Islamic Educational Institutions. Paper presented at the Conference of Psychology and Flourishing Humanity (PFH 2022).
Raghavendra, A., Thalari, S. K., & Chandrika, N. (2024). Transforming Future Start-Ups Through Servant Leadership and Social Entrepreneurship Profitability Fostering Global Entrepreneurship Through Business Model Innovation (pp. 206-216): IGI Global.
Ram, S. H., Daud, M., & Anwar, H. (2024). The Effect of Servant Leadership on Teacher Performance and Organizational Citizenship Behavior as Mediation Variables. Paper presented at the ITM Web of Conferences.
Rasheed, R., Rashid, A., Amirah, N. A., & Afthanorhan, A. (2023). Quantifying the moderating effect of servant leadership between occupational stress and employee in-role and extra-role performance. Calitatea, 24(195), 60-68.
Riyadi, A., Bafadal, I., Burhanuddin, B., & Timan, A. (2023). Instructional leadership, differentiated instruction, community of practice, and student wellbeing: Based on the perspective of the principal strengthening training policy. Pedagogika, 149(1), 5-34.
Robiah, R., Telaumbanua, E., Marzuki, M., Zulkipli, Z., & Dwiputra, F. K. (2024). The Role Of Collaborative Leadership In Improving The Quality Of Higher Education. International Journal Of Teaching And Learning, 2(2), 538-548.
Rosales, M., Noble, J. I., Patual, L. R., Olasiman, J., Biñas, S., & Montilla, R. (2024). The School Head's Leadership Style and Its Impact on the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy and Job Satisfaction. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research for Innovation, Sustainability, and Excellence (IMJRISE), 1(2), 195-200.
Saleem, F., Zhang, Y. Z., Gopinath, C., & Adeel, A. (2020). Impact of servant leadership on performance: The mediating role of affective and cognitive trust. Sage Open, 10(1), 2158244019900562.
Saleha, L. (2023). Servant Leadership: Maintaining Teacher Commitment And Building Community Trust. Journal of Social Studies and Education, 1(1), 13-22.
Salehi, Z., & Rahimi, H. (2021). The Mediating Role of Organizational Resilience in the Relationship between Servant Leadership Style & Social Capital Development (Case Study: Delijan Teachers). Quartely Journal of Logistics & Human Resources Management, 1400(61), 109-130. [In Persian].
Sawan, F., & Robe, I. F. R. B. M. (2023). The Influences of Servant Leadership Implementation in Education. Paper presented at the ICEHHA 2022: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Education, Humanities, Health and Agriculture, ICEHHA 2022, 21-22 October 2022, Ruteng, Flores, Indonesia.
Setiadi, M. T., Sofi’i, I., Wahyudi, W., & Haryadi, D. (2023). Dynamic capability of servant leadership as a triggering factor for organizational commitment and employee performance. International Journal of Applied Finance and Business Studies, 11(2), 246-254.
Setiawan, I. G. A., & Sheidu, C. F. (2024). Impact of Leadership Styles on Employees' Performance. International Journal of Economics and Management Review, 2(1), 53-62.
Setyaningrum, R. P., & Muafi, M. (2023). Indonesia's successful women entrepreneurs: Servant leadership, ECommerce Digitalization Adoption, self efficacy as Mediation and Adoption of ECommerce Digitization as Moderation. Calitatea, 24(192), 235-248.
Stofkova, Z., & Sukalova, V. (2020). Sustainable development of human resources in globalization period. Sustainability, 12(18), 7681.
Sudargini, Y., Raharjo, T. J., & Wardani, S. (2023). The role of technology to enhance servant leadership in the organisation. Russian Law Journal, 11(3), 457-465.
Susanto, P. C., Agusinta, L., Setyawati, A., & Panjaitan, A. R. P. (2023). Determinant Organization Commitment and Development Organization: Analysis Servant Leadership, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(3), 541-558.
Ulfah, U., Supriani, Y., & Arifudin, O. (2022). Kepemimpinan Pendidikan di Era Disrupsi. JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah ilmu pendidikan, 5(1), 153-161.
Villanueva, D. (2024). A Narrative Review: The Impact of Servant Leadership on Educational Leadership Practices and Teacher Empowerment. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2(1), 1-1.
Walker, K., & Kutsyuruba, B. (2023). Developing a Conceptual Framework for Assessing and Promoting Servant Leadership in a Catholic School System The Palgrave Handbook of Servant Leadership (pp. 1351-1375): Springer.
Wang, S., Rofcanin, Y., Las Heras, M., Bosch, M. J., & Marescaux, E. (2023). Do you get what you desire? Consequences of (mis) fit of desired versus actual servant leadership, and the role of context across 10 countries. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 23409444231168421.
Wang, Z., Guan, C., Cui, T., Cai, S., & Liu, D. (2021). Servant leadership, team reflexivity, coworker support climate, and employee creativity: A multilevel perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 28(4), 465-478.
Wu, C. X., & Snell, R. S. (2024). Examining the follower-related antecedents and effects of servant leadership in the PRC and Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Business Review, 30(1), 140-171.
Zhou, D., Liu, S., & Xin, H. (2024). Servant leadership behavior: Effects on leaders’ work–family relationship. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal.