Phenetic study of Trifolium species using pollen grain characters

Subject Areas : Developmental biology of plants and animals , development and differentiation in microorganisms

فهیمه سلیم پور ¹ ( عضوهییت علمی گروه ریست شناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی- تهران شمال )
Golale Mostafavi ² ( Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran )
شادی حاج رسولیها ³ ( عضوهییت علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحدرودهن )
فریبا شریف نیا ⁴ ( عضوهییت علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحدتهران شمال )

Received: 2016-04-18 Accepted : 2016-07-13 Published : 2016-09-21

Keywords: Iran, pollen, Trifolium,

Abstract :

Iran is one of centers of diversity for Trifolium species in Asia with 49 species in 6 sections . There are high similarities between species specially in calyx tube, so taxonomic identification are difficult. In this research, major pollen grain characters were studied in 34 species of this genus by used Scaning Electron Microscopy (S.E.M). The results showed that, pollen grains are trizoncolporate, the equatorial view was oblong to circular shapes and sculpture of exine were reticulate, irregular reticulate, perforate, scrobiculate and foveolate. T. tomentosum and T. bullatum was distinguished with their sculptures, also in T. campestre exine surface was reticulate but in T. aureum was regulate. In the other hand, T. pilulare has the most different sculpture between other species. Based on cluster analysis, two main groups were detected. One cluster is containing both species of Vesicaria and Trifolium sections and another clade divided into three subclades, but the species of all sections are complex .Our results showed that Trifolium is the heterogenous with variation in morphology and pollen grain.

References:

[1] Badr A.. 1995. Electrophoretic studies of seed protein in relation to chromosomal criteria and the relationships of some taxa of Trifolium. Taxon; 44: 183 – 191.

[2] Ellison N. W.، Liston A.، Steiner J. J.، Williams W. M. and Taylor N. L. 2006. Molecular phylogenetics of the Clover genus (Trifolium). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution; 39(3): 688- 705.

[3] Erdtman G.، Praglowski، J. and S. Nilsson. 1969. An Introduction to a Scandinavian Pollen Flora، vol. 2، Almquist & Wikscell، Stockholm.

[4] Erdtman G.. 1989. Handbook of palynology (An introduction to the Study of pollen grains and spores.

52
[5] Gillett J. M..1973. Pollen Morphology and it’s relationship to the North American Trifolium species. Pollen & Spores; 15: 91 – 205.

[6] Hoen P.. 1999. Glossary of Pollen and Spore terminology.

[7] Moore F.. 1991. Pollen analysis; 83 – 159. Springer.

[8] Preveen A. and Qaiser M.. 1998. Pollen flore of Pakistan. VIII leguminosae (subfamily Papilinoideae)، Turkish Jourrnal of Botany; 22: 73 – 91.

[9] Rechinger K. H.. 1984. Flora des Iranischen hochlandes und der umrahmenden CCBIRCE. Verlagsanstalt. 157: 275 – 325.

[10] Salimpour F، Mozafari M. and Asadi M.. 2003. Biosyetematic study of Trifolium genus (Vesicaria section) in Iran، PhD Thesis.
[11] Salimpour F، Mozafari M. and Asadi M.. 2003. A simple technique for determination of ploidy level using chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells of Trifolium plants. Pajouhesh- Sazandegi; 59: 54-59.

[12] Sveinsson S. and Cronk Q. 2014. Evolutionary origin of highly repetitive plastid genomes within the clover genus (Trifolium). BMC Evolutionary Biology; 14: 228-238.

[13] Watson L. E.، Sayed A. and Badr A.. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of old world Trifolium (Fabaceae)، based on plastied and nuclear markers. Plant Systematic and Evolution; 224: 153 – 171.

[14] Zohary M. and Heller D. .1984. The genus Trifolium. Israel Academy of Science and Humanities. Flora Palestina; 2: 157 – 193.