Phytochemical variation of the seed essential oils of several populations of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) in different habitats of Iran

Subject Areas : Phytochemistry

Niloufar Jelvehgar ¹ (Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran)
Seied Mehdi Miri ² (Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran)
Khodadad Mostafavi ³ (Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran)
Abdollah Mohammadi ⁴ (Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran)

Received: 2023-04-24 Accepted : 2024-06-12 Published : 2024-06-17

Keywords: essential oil, seed, garden cress population, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, medicinal plants, monoterpene, secondary metabolites,

Abstract :

The genus Lepidium from the family Brassicaceae has 16 species in Iran, and the most famous species is garden cress (L. sativum), which is used as a vegetable or medicinal plant. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality and quantity of seed essential oil of seven L. sativum populations collected from different climatic regions of Iran. Seeds of L. sativum populations were hydro-distillated by clevenger, and the chemical composition of the essential oils and their quantitative percentages were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The main compounds of seed essential oil were monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (44.5%), α-terpinyl acetate (13.9%) and α-pinene (7.7%). The populations of Karaj, Kerman and Qazvin had the highest amounts of 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate and α-pinene, respectively. The results of cluster analysis based on the chemical composition of garden cress seed essential oil using the Nearest neighbor method showed that seven studied populations were divided into two groups, and this grouping did not match the geographical coordinates of the regions. The first group included the populations of Kerman, Qazvin, Shahriar and Tabriz, and the second group were the populations of Shiraz, Hamadan and Karaj, which had the highest amount of 1,8-cineole and the lowest amount of α-terpinyl acetate and 7,10-hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester. According to the results of the bi-plot diagram of principle component analysis (PCA), Karaj population -which had the lowest values of the first and second components- was placed in a distinct group. No significant correlation was observed between the main compositions of the essential oil with the geographic coordinates and weather conditions of the collection sites.

References:

Aali, E., Mahmoudi, R., Kazeminia, M., Hazrati, R., and Azarpey, F. 2017. Essential oils as natural medicinal substances: review article. Tehran University Medical Journal. 75(7): 480-489.
Adera, F., Yusuf, Z., and Desta, M. 2022. Physicochemical properties and biological activities of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seed and leaf oil extracts. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2022: Article ID 2947836.
Ait-yahia, O., Perreau, F., Bouzroura, S.A., Benmalek, Y., Dob, T., and Belkebir, A. 2018. Chemical composition and biological activities of n-butanol extract of Lepidium sativum L (Brassicaceae) seed. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 17: 891-896.
Ale Omrani Nejad, S.M.H., Naghdi Badi, H., Mehrafarin, A., Abdossi, V., and Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F. 2019. The Impact of macro environmental factors on essential oils of Oliveria decumbens Vent. from different regions of Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 14: e59456.
Alqahtani, F.Y., Aleanizy, F.S., Mahmoud, A.Z., Farshori, N.N., Alfaraj, R., Al-sheddi, E.S., and Alsarra, I.A. 2019. Chemical composition and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Lepidium sativum seed oil. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 26: 1089-1092.
Al-shehbaz, I.H., Beilstein, M.A., and Kellogg, E.A. 2006. Systematics and phylogeny of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): an overview. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 259: 89-120.
Campos, J.F., and Berteina-Raboin, S. 2022. Eucalyptol, an all-purpose product. Catalysts. 12: 48.
Chatoui, Kh., Harhar, H., El Kamli, T., and Tabyaoui, M. 2020. Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of Lepidium sativum seeds from four regions of Morocco. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020: Article ID 7302727.
Chowdhury, S., and Kumar, S. 2020. Alpha-terpinyl acetate: a natural monoterpenoid from Elettaria cardamomum as multi-target directed ligand in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Functional Foods. 68: 103892.
Getahun, T., Sharma, V., and Gupta, N. 2020. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of oils obtained by different extraction methods from Lepidium sativum L. seeds. Industrial Crops and Products. 156: 112876.
Hashemi Moghaddam, H., Sefidkon, F., Jafari, A.A., and Kalatejari, S. 2022. Effect of habitat factors on aerial yield, morphological traits and essential oil content ‎of Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad‎. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 52(4): 813-824.
Hossein Jafari, S., Saadatfar, A., Mohkami, A., and Karimian, A.A. 2020. Investigating genetic and phytochemical diversity of cumin ecotypes cultivated in different rangelands of Yazd province. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 11(4): 51-66.
Jelvehgar, N., Miri, S.M., Mostafavi, Kh., and Mohammadi, A. 2021a. Assessing the suitability of SCoT markers for genetic variation and genetic structure of Lepidium species. Iranian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 10: 91-100.
Jelvehgar, N., Miri, S.M., Mostafavi, Kh., and Mohammadi, A. 2021b. Genetic analysis of Lepidium spp. by SSR and ISSR molecular markers. Plant Gene. 28: 100332.
Jelvehgar, N., Miri, S.M., Mostafavi, Kh., and Mohammadi, A. 2023. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in seven populations of Lepidium sativum L. leaves. Journal of Medicinal Herbs. 14(1): 37-44.
Mali, R.G., Mahajan, Sh.G., and Mehta, A.A. 2007. Lepidium sativum (garden cress): a review of contemporary literature and medicinal properties. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine. 7: 331-335.
Miri, S.M., Ahmadi, S., and Moradi, P. 2015. Influence of salicylic acid and citric acid on the growth, biochemical characteristics and essential oil content of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products. 2: 141-146.
Mozafari Dehshiri, T., Sefidkon, F., Asgari, F., and Bakhshi Khaniki, G. 2014. Investigation on essential oil content and composition of Pimpinella aurea DC. seeds from three habitats of Tehran province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 30(4): 611-620.
Nasseh, Y., and Joharchi, M.R. 2019. A new record of Lepidium (Brassicaceae) for the flora of Iran. Nova Biologica Reperta. 6: 347-51.
Nigussie, G., Desta, D., Ashenafi, S., and Werede, Y. 2021. Essential oil chemical characterization and antibacterial activities of Lepidium sativum seed. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry. 5: 157-164.
Rahimi, V. 2019. Investigation of genetic variation in garden cress genotypes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.
Ramadan, M.F., and Oraby, H.F. 2020. Lepidium sativum seeds: therapeutic significance and health-promoting potential. In: Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention. Preedy, V.R., and Watson, R.R. (Eds.). Academic Press.
Roughani, A. 2017. Study of morphological and cytogenetic variation in some accessions and species of Lepidium. Ph.D. Dissertation, Islamic Azad University- Science and Research Branch.
Roughani, A., and Miri, S.M. 2018. Lepidium species as antidiabetic herbal medicines. In: Proceedings of the First National Congress and International Fair of Medicinal Plants and Strategies for Persian Medicine that Affect Diabetes, Mashhad, Iran.
Roughani, A., Miri, S.M., Hassandokht, M.R., Moradi, P., and Abdossi, V. 2018a. Agro-morphological study on several accessions of garden cress (Lepidium sativum–Brassiaceae) in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 50: 655-660.
Roughani, A., Miri, S.M., Hassandokht, M.R., Moradi, P., and Abdossi, V. 2018b. Genetic variation within Iranian Lepidium species using morphological traits. The First National Congress and International Fair of Medicinal Plants and Strategies for Persian Medicine that Affect Diabetes, Mashhad, Iran.
Roughani, A., Miri, S.M., Hassandokht, M.R., Moradi, P., and Abdossi, V. 2018c. Morphological variation of some Lepidium draba and L. latifolium populations. Taiwania. 63: 41-48.
Roughani, A., Miri, S.M., Hassandokht, M.R., Moradi, P., and Abdossi, V. 2021. Cytogenetic and micro–morphological studies on several accessions of some Lepidium L. species in Iran. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction A-science. 45: 417-426.
Safaii, L., Zeinali, H., and Afiuni, D. 2020. The effect of environmental condition on essential oil and essential oil components in superior fennel genotypes (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 33(1): 129-141.
Sharma, S., and Agarwal, N. 2011. Nourishing and healing prowess of garden cress (Lepidium sativum Linn.) - A review. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2: 292-297.
Tarar, A., Peng, S., Cheema, S., and Peng, C.A. 2022. Anticancer activity, mechanism, and delivery of Allyl isothiocyanate. Bioengineering (Basel). 9: 470.
Weston-Green, K., Clunas, H., and Jimenez Naranjo, C. 2021. A review of the potential use of Pinene and Linalool as terpene-based medicines for brain health: discovering novel therapeutics in the flavours and fragrances of Cannabis. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12: 583211.
Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Ahmad, S., Calani, L., Mazzeo, T., Del Rio, D., Pellegrini, N., and De Feo, V. 2012. Compositional study and antioxidant potential of Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. and Lepidium sativum L. seeds. Molecules. 17: 10306-10321.