The impact of salt stress on growth and some biochemical parameters of Echinaceae purpurea L.
Subject Areas : GeneticMahnaz Aghdasi 1 , Mohammad Fatemi 2 , Asieh Asadi 3
1 - Deptartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Deptartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
3 - Deptartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
Keywords: growth, phenol, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Cichoric acid, Echinaceae prupurea,
Abstract :
Echinaceae prupurea, belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a perennial herb with different medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salt stress on growth and some important biochemical parameters of this plant. For this purpose, Echinaceae prupurea plantlets were grown in Hoagland medium supplemented with different concentrations of NaCl (including 10, 50, 100, 300, and 500 mM) for 20 days. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five replications. The obtained result showed that the effects of different concentrations of NaCl were not significant on shoot dry weights. But root fresh and dry weights exhibited a significant increasing trend by 25 mM NaCl treatment. Meanwhile, the current data showed that increasing salt concentration in the medium caused an increase and decrease in soluble sugar level in shoots and roots, respectively. While salt stress did not show any significant effect on catalase enzyme activity, peroxidase enzyme activity was significantly increased by 75 mM NaCl treatment, in both shoots and roots. On the other hands, salinity treatment significantly decreased and increased total phenol levels in shoots and roots, respectively. The data from HPLC analysis demonstrated that the highest level of cichoric acid (1.3 mg/g dry weight) was observed in roots of control samples. While NaCl at the level of 25 and 50 mM concentrations did not show any significant effect on cichoric acid amount, it was significantly decreased by 75 mMN aCl treatment. Moreover, 50 mM NaCl treatment enhanced 2 and 5 fold caffeic acid (precursor of cichoric acid) and chlorogenic acid level in root organ, respectively. It seems salt stress can increase the important medicinal secondary metabolites of Echinaceae purpurea.
Aghaei, K., Ehsanpour, A. A., Shah, A. H. and Komatsu, S. (2008). Proteome analysis of soybean hypocotyl and root under salt stress. Amino Acids. 36: 91–98.
Aghaei, K., Ehsanpour, A. A. and Komatsu, S. (2009). Potato responds to salt stress by increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Journal of Integrated Plant Biology 51: 1095–1103.
Amirjani, M.R. (2010). Effect of NaCl on some physiological parameters of rice. European Journal of Biological Sciences. 3: 06-16.
Barnes, J., Anderson, L.A., Gibbons, S. and Philipson, J.D. (2005). Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 57: 929-954.
Bandehhagh, A. Toorchi, M., Mohammadi, A., Chaparzadeh, N., Hosseini Salekdeh, G. and Kazemnia, H. (2008). Growth and osmotic adjustment of canola genotypes in response to salinity. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 6: 201-208.
Bauer, R. (1998). Echinacea: biological effects and active principles. In: Phytomedicines of Europe: chemistry and biological activity, eds.: L.D. Lawson and R. Bauer; American Chemical Society, Washington. 140-157.
Bayuelo-Jimenez, J.S. Jasso-Plata, N. and Ochoa, I. (2012). Growth and physiological responses of Phaseolus species to salinity stress. International Journal of Agronomy. 3: 13-23.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-due binding. Annual Biochemistry. 72:284-254.
Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1955). Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology. 11: 764-755.
Charrouf, Z. and Guillaume, D. (2007). Phenols and polyphenols from Argania spinosa. American Journal of Food Technology. 2: 679-683.
Chunha, W.R., Silva, M.L.A., Veneziani, R.C.S., Ambrosio, S.R. and Bastos, J.K. (2012). Lignans: Chemical and biological properties. In: Rao V (ed) Phytochemicals - A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health. InTech Europe, Rijeka, Crotia, pp 213–234.
De Oliveira, V.P., Marques, E.C., de Lacerda, C.F., Prisco, J.T. and Gomes-Filho, E. (2013). Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum sudanense subjected to salt stress in two stages of development. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 8: 660–670.
Dubey, R.S. (1994). Protein synthesis by plants under stressful conditions. In: Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress (Ed. M. Pessarakli) 277-299.
Eckhardt, U., Grimm, B. and Hortensteiner, S. (2004). Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants. Plant Molecular Biology 56: 1-14.
Elansary, H.O. and Mahmoud, E.A. (2015). In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of six international basil cultivars. Natural Product Research. 29: 2149-54.
Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. (2003). Redox sensing and signaling associated with reactive oxygen in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Physiolgia Plantarum 119: 355-364.
Ghasemnezhad, A., Bagherifard, A. Asghari, A. (2013). Study on the effect of driing temperature on some phytochemical characteristics of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medical Plants. 3: 10-21
Jamil, M. and Rha, E.S. (2013). NaCl stress-induced reduction in growth, photosynthesis and protein in Mustard. Journal of Agricultural Science. 5: 114-127.
Jamil, M., Lee, D.B., Jung, K.Y., Ashraf, M.S. Lee, C. and Raha, E.S. (2006). Effect of salt stress on germination and early seedling growth of four vegetable species. Journal of Centeral Europian Agriculture. 27: 47-59.
Jiang, M. and Zhang, J. (2001). Effect of abscisic acid on active oxygen species, antioxidative efence system and oxidative damage in leaves of maize seedlings. Plant Cell Physiology. 42: 1265- 1273.
Kar, M. and Mishra, D. (1976). Catalase, Peroxidase, and Polyphenoloxidase activities during Rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology. 57: 315-319.
Kayser, O. and Quax, W.J. (2007). Medicinal Plant Biotechnology: From Basic Research to Industrial Applications. Weinheim,Wiley-VCH Press,576p.
Khan, M.A., Ungar I.A. and Showalter, A.M. (2005). Salt stimulation and tolerance in an intertidal succulent halophyte. Journal of Plant nutrition. 28:1365-1374.
Koyro, H.W. (2006). Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Plantago coronopus (L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 56: 136–146.
Lee, J. and Scagel, C.F. (2010). Chicoric acid levels in commercial basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Echinacea purpurea products. Journal Functional Foods. 2: 77-84.
Lee, J. and Scagel, C.F. (2013). Chicoric acid: chemistry, distribution, and production. Frontiers in Chemistry.1:1-17.
Lee, M.J., Son, J.E. and Oh, M.M. (2014). Growth and phenolic compounds of Lactuca sativaL. Grown in a closed-type plant production system with UV-A, -B, or -C lamp. Journal Science Food Agricultural. 94: 197-204.
Liu C.Z., Abassi, B.H., Gao, M., Murch, S.J. and Saxena, P.K. (2006). Caffeic acid derivatives production by hairy root cultures of Echinacea purpurea. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 54: 8456- 8460.
Mccready, R.M., Guggolz, J., Silviera, V. and Owens, H.S. (1950). Determination of Starch and amylose in vegetables. Annual Chemistry. 22:1156-1158.
Meda, A., Lamien, C.E., Romito, M., Millogo, J. and Nacoulma, O.G. (2005). Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and pralin contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their scavenging activity. Food Chemistry. 91: 571-577.
Milauskas, G., Venskutonis, P.R. and Beek, T.A. (2004). Screening of radical activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extract. Food Chemistry. 85:231-237.
Mita, S., Murano, N. and Nakamura, K. (1997). Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with pleiotropic effects on the expression of the gene for beta-amylase and on the accumulation of anthocyanin that is inducible by sugars. Plant Journal. 11: 841-851.
Molgaard, P., Johnsen, S., Christensen, P. and Cornett, C. (2003). HPLC method validated for the simultaneous analysis of cichoric acid and alkamides in Echinacea purpurea plants and products. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 51: 6922-6933.
Montanari, M., Elene, R., Maggini, S., Pacifici, A., Pardossi, A. and Guidi L. (2008). Effect of nitrate fertilization and saline stress on the contents of active constituents of Echinacea angustifolia DC. Food Chemistry. 107: 1461-1466.
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Journal of Plant Cell Environment. 25: 239-250.
Murthy, H.N., Kim, Y.S., Park, K. and Paek, Y. (2014). Biotechnological production of caffeic acid derivatives from cell and organ cultures of Echinacea species. Applied Microbiol Biotechnology. 98:7707-7717.
Navarro, J.M., Flores, P., Garrido, C. and Martinez, V. (2006). Changes in the contents of antioxidant compounds in pepper fruits at ripening stages, as affected by salinity. Food Chemisrtry 96: 66-73.
Pourmorad, F, Hosseinimehr, S.J. and Shahabimajd, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity , phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5:1142–1145.
Rajaravindran, M. and Natarajan, S. (2012). Effects of salinity stress on growth and antioxidant enzymes of the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum. International Journal of Research in Plant Science. 2: 23-28.
Saad, E.M., Madbouly, A., Ayoub, N. and El Nashar, R.M. (2015). Preparation and application of molecularly imprinted polymer for isolation of chicoric acid from Chicorium intybus L. medicinal plant. Annual Chimistry Acta. 877: 80- 9.
Sabra, A., Adam, L., Daayf, F., and Renault, S. (2012). Salinity-induced changes in caffeic acidderivatives, alkamides and ketones in three Echinacea species. Environment Experimental Botany.1:11-17.
Sairam, R. K., Veerrabhadra, K. and Srivastava, G.C. (2002). Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, Antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science. 163:1037-1046.
Qu, L., Chen, Y. C., Wang, X., Scalzo, R. and Davis, J.M. (2005). Patterns of variation in 1019 alkamides and cichoric acid in roots and aboveground parts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) 1020 Monench. HortScience. 40: 1239-1242.
Tavakkoli, E., Rengasamy, P. and McDonald, G.K. (2010). High concentrations of Na+ and Cl- ions in soil solution have simultaneous detrimental effects on growth of faba bean under salinity stress. Journal of Experimental Botany. 61: 4449-4459.
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Aghaei, K., Ehsanpour, A. A., Shah, A. H. and Komatsu, S. (2008). Proteome analysis of soybean hypocotyl and root under salt stress. Amino Acids. 36: 91–98.
Aghaei, K., Ehsanpour, A. A. and Komatsu, S. (2009). Potato responds to salt stress by increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Journal of Integrated Plant Biology 51: 1095–1103.
Amirjani, M.R. (2010). Effect of NaCl on some physiological parameters of rice. European Journal of Biological Sciences. 3: 06-16.
Barnes, J., Anderson, L.A., Gibbons, S. and Philipson, J.D. (2005). Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 57: 929-954.
Bandehhagh, A. Toorchi, M., Mohammadi, A., Chaparzadeh, N., Hosseini Salekdeh, G. and Kazemnia, H. (2008). Growth and osmotic adjustment of canola genotypes in response to salinity. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 6: 201-208.
Bauer, R. (1998). Echinacea: biological effects and active principles. In: Phytomedicines of Europe: chemistry and biological activity, eds.: L.D. Lawson and R. Bauer; American Chemical Society, Washington. 140-157.
Bayuelo-Jimenez, J.S. Jasso-Plata, N. and Ochoa, I. (2012). Growth and physiological responses of Phaseolus species to salinity stress. International Journal of Agronomy. 3: 13-23.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-due binding. Annual Biochemistry. 72:284-254.
Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1955). Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods in Enzymology. 11: 764-755.
Charrouf, Z. and Guillaume, D. (2007). Phenols and polyphenols from Argania spinosa. American Journal of Food Technology. 2: 679-683.
Chunha, W.R., Silva, M.L.A., Veneziani, R.C.S., Ambrosio, S.R. and Bastos, J.K. (2012). Lignans: Chemical and biological properties. In: Rao V (ed) Phytochemicals - A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health. InTech Europe, Rijeka, Crotia, pp 213–234.
De Oliveira, V.P., Marques, E.C., de Lacerda, C.F., Prisco, J.T. and Gomes-Filho, E. (2013). Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum sudanense subjected to salt stress in two stages of development. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 8: 660–670.
Dubey, R.S. (1994). Protein synthesis by plants under stressful conditions. In: Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress (Ed. M. Pessarakli) 277-299.
Eckhardt, U., Grimm, B. and Hortensteiner, S. (2004). Recent advances in chlorophyll biosynthesis and breakdown in higher plants. Plant Molecular Biology 56: 1-14.
Elansary, H.O. and Mahmoud, E.A. (2015). In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of six international basil cultivars. Natural Product Research. 29: 2149-54.
Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. (2003). Redox sensing and signaling associated with reactive oxygen in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Physiolgia Plantarum 119: 355-364.
Ghasemnezhad, A., Bagherifard, A. Asghari, A. (2013). Study on the effect of driing temperature on some phytochemical characteristics of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medical Plants. 3: 10-21
Jamil, M. and Rha, E.S. (2013). NaCl stress-induced reduction in growth, photosynthesis and protein in Mustard. Journal of Agricultural Science. 5: 114-127.
Jamil, M., Lee, D.B., Jung, K.Y., Ashraf, M.S. Lee, C. and Raha, E.S. (2006). Effect of salt stress on germination and early seedling growth of four vegetable species. Journal of Centeral Europian Agriculture. 27: 47-59.
Jiang, M. and Zhang, J. (2001). Effect of abscisic acid on active oxygen species, antioxidative efence system and oxidative damage in leaves of maize seedlings. Plant Cell Physiology. 42: 1265- 1273.
Kar, M. and Mishra, D. (1976). Catalase, Peroxidase, and Polyphenoloxidase activities during Rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology. 57: 315-319.
Kayser, O. and Quax, W.J. (2007). Medicinal Plant Biotechnology: From Basic Research to Industrial Applications. Weinheim,Wiley-VCH Press,576p.
Khan, M.A., Ungar I.A. and Showalter, A.M. (2005). Salt stimulation and tolerance in an intertidal succulent halophyte. Journal of Plant nutrition. 28:1365-1374.
Koyro, H.W. (2006). Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Plantago coronopus (L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany. 56: 136–146.
Lee, J. and Scagel, C.F. (2010). Chicoric acid levels in commercial basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Echinacea purpurea products. Journal Functional Foods. 2: 77-84.
Lee, J. and Scagel, C.F. (2013). Chicoric acid: chemistry, distribution, and production. Frontiers in Chemistry.1:1-17.
Lee, M.J., Son, J.E. and Oh, M.M. (2014). Growth and phenolic compounds of Lactuca sativaL. Grown in a closed-type plant production system with UV-A, -B, or -C lamp. Journal Science Food Agricultural. 94: 197-204.
Liu C.Z., Abassi, B.H., Gao, M., Murch, S.J. and Saxena, P.K. (2006). Caffeic acid derivatives production by hairy root cultures of Echinacea purpurea. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 54: 8456- 8460.
Mccready, R.M., Guggolz, J., Silviera, V. and Owens, H.S. (1950). Determination of Starch and amylose in vegetables. Annual Chemistry. 22:1156-1158.
Meda, A., Lamien, C.E., Romito, M., Millogo, J. and Nacoulma, O.G. (2005). Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and pralin contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their scavenging activity. Food Chemistry. 91: 571-577.
Milauskas, G., Venskutonis, P.R. and Beek, T.A. (2004). Screening of radical activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extract. Food Chemistry. 85:231-237.
Mita, S., Murano, N. and Nakamura, K. (1997). Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with pleiotropic effects on the expression of the gene for beta-amylase and on the accumulation of anthocyanin that is inducible by sugars. Plant Journal. 11: 841-851.
Molgaard, P., Johnsen, S., Christensen, P. and Cornett, C. (2003). HPLC method validated for the simultaneous analysis of cichoric acid and alkamides in Echinacea purpurea plants and products. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 51: 6922-6933.
Montanari, M., Elene, R., Maggini, S., Pacifici, A., Pardossi, A. and Guidi L. (2008). Effect of nitrate fertilization and saline stress on the contents of active constituents of Echinacea angustifolia DC. Food Chemistry. 107: 1461-1466.
Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Journal of Plant Cell Environment. 25: 239-250.
Murthy, H.N., Kim, Y.S., Park, K. and Paek, Y. (2014). Biotechnological production of caffeic acid derivatives from cell and organ cultures of Echinacea species. Applied Microbiol Biotechnology. 98:7707-7717.
Navarro, J.M., Flores, P., Garrido, C. and Martinez, V. (2006). Changes in the contents of antioxidant compounds in pepper fruits at ripening stages, as affected by salinity. Food Chemisrtry 96: 66-73.
Pourmorad, F, Hosseinimehr, S.J. and Shahabimajd, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity , phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5:1142–1145.
Rajaravindran, M. and Natarajan, S. (2012). Effects of salinity stress on growth and antioxidant enzymes of the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum. International Journal of Research in Plant Science. 2: 23-28.
Saad, E.M., Madbouly, A., Ayoub, N. and El Nashar, R.M. (2015). Preparation and application of molecularly imprinted polymer for isolation of chicoric acid from Chicorium intybus L. medicinal plant. Annual Chimistry Acta. 877: 80- 9.
Sabra, A., Adam, L., Daayf, F., and Renault, S. (2012). Salinity-induced changes in caffeic acidderivatives, alkamides and ketones in three Echinacea species. Environment Experimental Botany.1:11-17.
Sairam, R. K., Veerrabhadra, K. and Srivastava, G.C. (2002). Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, Antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science. 163:1037-1046.
Qu, L., Chen, Y. C., Wang, X., Scalzo, R. and Davis, J.M. (2005). Patterns of variation in 1019 alkamides and cichoric acid in roots and aboveground parts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) 1020 Monench. HortScience. 40: 1239-1242.
Tavakkoli, E., Rengasamy, P. and McDonald, G.K. (2010). High concentrations of Na+ and Cl- ions in soil solution have simultaneous detrimental effects on growth of faba bean under salinity stress. Journal of Experimental Botany. 61: 4449-4459.
