Life Skills Training in Vocational Schools: An Essential and Effective Strategy to Reduce Aggression and Bullying
Subject Areas : Educational Psychology
Mansoureh Hajhosseini
1
,
Mohammad Khorsandi - Shirghan
2
,
Saeid Zandi
3
1 - استادیار روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران
2 - کارشناس ارشد روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران
3 - دانشجوی دکتری مشاوره، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی
Keywords: aggression, Life skills, Violence, bullying, school students,
Abstract :
The present study intended to investigate the effects of life skills training on reducing aggression and bullying among vocational school students. In so doing, a quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest and control group design was utilized. The population included all vocational school male students in Karaj (region 2). Through convenience sampling method, 30 students were selected and were randomly assigned into two groups (experimental and control). First, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) and Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) were administered for both groups. Then, the experimental group received life skills training for eight sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Finally, both groups were assessed once more. The findings demonstrated that after intervention, total Aggression and its subscales (Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility), and also Bullying and its subscales have significantly decreased in the experimental group as compared to the control group. Therefore, it is highly recommended to include life skills training in school curriculum.
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Azarbaijani, M., Salarifar, M., Abbasi, A., Kavyani, M., & Mousavi-Asl, M. (2011). Social Psychology Considering Islamic Resources. Qom: Research Institute of Hawzah and University [In Persian].
Baş, A. U., & Kabasakal, Z. T. (2010). Teachers views and Knowledge about reactive and proactive aggression: Finding from a Survey in Turkey. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1654-1659.
Basiratnejad, B. (2013). Efficacy of life skills training on aggression of school students. [Unpublished Master’s thesis]. University of Tehran [In Persian].
Beyrami, M., & Alaei, P. (2013). Bullying in feminine secoundary schools: Role of parenting styles and perception of emotional atmosphere of family. School Psychology, 2(3), 38-56 [In Persian].
Boss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
Disqiuseppe, R.C. (2003) Aggression in Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10, 254-260.
Dukes, R. L., Stein, J. A., & Zane, J. I. (2009). Effect of relational bullying on attitudes, behavior and injury among adolescent bullies, victims and bully-victims. The Social Science Journal, 46(4), 671-688.
Ferris, D. L., Ming, Y., Lim, V. G., Yuanyi, C., & Fatimah, S. (2016). An approach-avoidance framework of workplace aggression. Academy of Management Journal, 59(5), 1777-1800. doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0221
Greeff, P. (2004). The nature and prevalence of bullying during the intermediate school phase. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of the Free State.
Hemayattalab, R., Homayounnia, M., & Zandi, S. (2016). Effects of SPARK physical education program on behavioral problems of children with ADHD. International Journal of Psychology,10(2), 17-32.
Hooman, A., Akbari-Zardkhaneh, S., Moradi, A., & Zandi, S. (2016). The styles of encountering conflict among parents of students with psychologically normal and abnormal behaviors. Education Research, 11(46), 117-136 [In Persian].
Hosein-Khanzadeh, A., Rashidi, N., Yeganeh, T., Zarei-Manesh, Q., & Qanbari, N. (2013). Efficacy of life skills training on anxiety and aggression of students. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 12(7), 545-558 [In Persian].
Israel, A., & Wicks Nelson, R. (2009). Behavior disorders of childhood. (M. Monshi-Tousi Trans.). Tehran: Behnashr [In Persian].
Johnson, D. (2007). Life Skills: Stress, anger, and emotion management. (Q. Ebrahimi & S. Naeli Trans.). Tehran: Abed [In Persian].
Kaplan, H., & Saduc, B. (2009). Synopsis of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. (N. Pourafkari Trans.). Tehran: Shahr-e-Ab [In Persian].
Karimi, R. (2015). Shortcommings of the books “Thinking and Research” and “Thinking and Life Style”. Ethics & Psychology & Education Book Review Quarterly, 1(1), 255-268 [In Persian].
Kaveh, M. (2012). Social Diseases Pathology (Vol. 1). Tehran: Sociologists Publications [In Persian].
Khodayarifard, M., & Parand, A. (2014). Psychological Testing and Assessment. Tehran: Tehran University Press [In Persian].
Khodayarifard, M., Akbari-Zardkhaneh, S., Ghobari-Bonab, B., Shokouhi-Yekta, M., Afrooz, G., Faqihi, A., Tahmasb-Kazemi, B., & Zandi, S. (2016). Effectiveness of religious-based life skills training on religiosity of university students: A pilot study. Islamic Psychology, 2(2), 9-31 [In Persian].
Kianirad, D. (2010). Relationship of school bullying with self-esteem and school connectedness among second grade masculine middle school students in Tehran. [Unpublished Master’s thesis], University of Tehran [In Persian].
Krahe, B. (2011). The social psychology of aggression. Translated by M. Nazarinejad, Tehran: Roshd [In Persian].
Mehrabizadeh-Honarmand, M., Gravand, L., & Arzi, S. (2009). Effects of life skills training on anxiety and aggression of martyrs’ spouses. Woman and Culture, 1(1), 3-16 [In Persian].
Miller, J. P., & Bowen, B. E. (1993). Competency, Coping, and Contributory Life Skills Development of Early Adolescents. Journal of Agricultural Education, 31(1), 68-76.
Naseri, A., & Babakhani, N. (2014). The effect of life skills training on physical and verbal aggression of male delinquent adolescents marginalized in Karaj. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(21), 4875-4879.
Olweus, D. (1995). Bullying or peer abuse at school: Facts and interventions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(6), 196-200.
Olweus, D. (1996). The revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire for Students. Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen.
Parkhill, M. R., & Pickett, S. M. (2016). Difficulties in Emotion Regulation as a Mediator of the Relationship between Child Sexual Abuse Victimization and Sexual Aggression Perpetration in Male College Students. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(6), 674-685. doi:10.1080/10538712.2016.1205161
Priest, N., King, T., Bécares, L., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2016). Bullying Victimization and Racial Discrimination among Australian Children. American Journal of Public Health,106(10), 1882-1884. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303328
Qaleshahi, Z. (2010). A sociological approach to philosophy of life skills and etiquettes. Development of Social Science Education, 23, 18-48 [In Persian].
Razi-Moradi, M., Etemadi, A., & Naeimabadi, E. (2010). Effectiveness of group counseling based on choice theory with bullying victims to increase resisting power against bullying. Psychological Studies, 6(4), 11-36 [In Persian].
Sadeqi, A. (2011). Efficacy of group training of anger management skill using REBT approach on aggression of male high school students. [Unpublished Master’s thesis], University of Isfahan [In Persian].
Saeidnia, Z. (2006). Relationship between aggressive behavior, marital conflicts, and probability of divorce in couples referring to family courts. [Unpublished Master’s thesis], Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz Branch [In Persian].
Safari, K. (2014). Effects of life skills training by teachers on bullying behavior of primary school students in Minab County. [Unpublished Master’s thesis], Payame Noor University [In Persian].
Shahriarfar, M. (2010). Normalization of Olweus’s Bullying Questionnaire. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation], Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services [In Persian].
Swearer, S. M., Espelage, D. L., & Napolitano, S. A. (2009). Bulling prevention and intervention realistic strategies for schools. New York: Guilford Press.
Taremian, F., Mahjoei, M., & Fathi, T. (2005). Life skills: Teacher’s book. Tehran: Barg-e-Sefid [In Persian].
Turner, N. E., Macdonald, J., & Somerset, M. (2008). Life skills, mathematical reasoning and critical thinking: A curriculum for the prevention of problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies,24(3), 367-80.
Urbanski, J. (2007). The relationship between school connectedness and bullying victimization in secondary students. (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), University of South Florida.
Vernon, A. (2013). Life skills training: Emotional, social, cognitive, and ego development. (M. Firouzbakht Trans.). Tehran: Danjeh [In Persian].
Yurtal, F. & Artut, K. (2010). An investigation of school violence through Turkish children. Interpersonal Violence, 25(1), 50-62.
_||_Aqatehrani, M., Rahnamaei, A., Zarean, M., Sajedi, A., & Mesbah, A. (2006). Developmental Psychology Considering Islamic Resources. Qom: Research Institute of Hawzah and University [In Persian].
Atkinson, M., & Horenby, G. (2008). Mental Health Handbook for Schools. (A. Rahnama & M. Faridi, Trans.), Tehran: Ayizh [In Persian].
Azarbaijani, M., Salarifar, M., Abbasi, A., Kavyani, M., & Mousavi-Asl, M. (2011). Social Psychology Considering Islamic Resources. Qom: Research Institute of Hawzah and University [In Persian].
Baş, A. U., & Kabasakal, Z. T. (2010). Teachers views and Knowledge about reactive and proactive aggression: Finding from a Survey in Turkey. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1654-1659.
Basiratnejad, B. (2013). Efficacy of life skills training on aggression of school students. [Unpublished Master’s thesis]. University of Tehran [In Persian].
Beyrami, M., & Alaei, P. (2013). Bullying in feminine secoundary schools: Role of parenting styles and perception of emotional atmosphere of family. School Psychology, 2(3), 38-56 [In Persian].
Boss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
Disqiuseppe, R.C. (2003) Aggression in Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10, 254-260.
Dukes, R. L., Stein, J. A., & Zane, J. I. (2009). Effect of relational bullying on attitudes, behavior and injury among adolescent bullies, victims and bully-victims. The Social Science Journal, 46(4), 671-688.
Ferris, D. L., Ming, Y., Lim, V. G., Yuanyi, C., & Fatimah, S. (2016). An approach-avoidance framework of workplace aggression. Academy of Management Journal, 59(5), 1777-1800. doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0221
Greeff, P. (2004). The nature and prevalence of bullying during the intermediate school phase. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of the Free State.
Hemayattalab, R., Homayounnia, M., & Zandi, S. (2016). Effects of SPARK physical education program on behavioral problems of children with ADHD. International Journal of Psychology,10(2), 17-32.
Hooman, A., Akbari-Zardkhaneh, S., Moradi, A., & Zandi, S. (2016). The styles of encountering conflict among parents of students with psychologically normal and abnormal behaviors. Education Research, 11(46), 117-136 [In Persian].
Hosein-Khanzadeh, A., Rashidi, N., Yeganeh, T., Zarei-Manesh, Q., & Qanbari, N. (2013). Efficacy of life skills training on anxiety and aggression of students. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 12(7), 545-558 [In Persian].
Israel, A., & Wicks Nelson, R. (2009). Behavior disorders of childhood. (M. Monshi-Tousi Trans.). Tehran: Behnashr [In Persian].
Johnson, D. (2007). Life Skills: Stress, anger, and emotion management. (Q. Ebrahimi & S. Naeli Trans.). Tehran: Abed [In Persian].
Kaplan, H., & Saduc, B. (2009). Synopsis of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. (N. Pourafkari Trans.). Tehran: Shahr-e-Ab [In Persian].
Karimi, R. (2015). Shortcommings of the books “Thinking and Research” and “Thinking and Life Style”. Ethics & Psychology & Education Book Review Quarterly, 1(1), 255-268 [In Persian].
Kaveh, M. (2012). Social Diseases Pathology (Vol. 1). Tehran: Sociologists Publications [In Persian].
Khodayarifard, M., & Parand, A. (2014). Psychological Testing and Assessment. Tehran: Tehran University Press [In Persian].
Khodayarifard, M., Akbari-Zardkhaneh, S., Ghobari-Bonab, B., Shokouhi-Yekta, M., Afrooz, G., Faqihi, A., Tahmasb-Kazemi, B., & Zandi, S. (2016). Effectiveness of religious-based life skills training on religiosity of university students: A pilot study. Islamic Psychology, 2(2), 9-31 [In Persian].
Kianirad, D. (2010). Relationship of school bullying with self-esteem and school connectedness among second grade masculine middle school students in Tehran. [Unpublished Master’s thesis], University of Tehran [In Persian].
Krahe, B. (2011). The social psychology of aggression. Translated by M. Nazarinejad, Tehran: Roshd [In Persian].
Mehrabizadeh-Honarmand, M., Gravand, L., & Arzi, S. (2009). Effects of life skills training on anxiety and aggression of martyrs’ spouses. Woman and Culture, 1(1), 3-16 [In Persian].
Miller, J. P., & Bowen, B. E. (1993). Competency, Coping, and Contributory Life Skills Development of Early Adolescents. Journal of Agricultural Education, 31(1), 68-76.
Naseri, A., & Babakhani, N. (2014). The effect of life skills training on physical and verbal aggression of male delinquent adolescents marginalized in Karaj. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(21), 4875-4879.
Olweus, D. (1995). Bullying or peer abuse at school: Facts and interventions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(6), 196-200.
Olweus, D. (1996). The revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire for Students. Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen.
Parkhill, M. R., & Pickett, S. M. (2016). Difficulties in Emotion Regulation as a Mediator of the Relationship between Child Sexual Abuse Victimization and Sexual Aggression Perpetration in Male College Students. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(6), 674-685. doi:10.1080/10538712.2016.1205161
Priest, N., King, T., Bécares, L., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2016). Bullying Victimization and Racial Discrimination among Australian Children. American Journal of Public Health,106(10), 1882-1884. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303328
Qaleshahi, Z. (2010). A sociological approach to philosophy of life skills and etiquettes. Development of Social Science Education, 23, 18-48 [In Persian].
Razi-Moradi, M., Etemadi, A., & Naeimabadi, E. (2010). Effectiveness of group counseling based on choice theory with bullying victims to increase resisting power against bullying. Psychological Studies, 6(4), 11-36 [In Persian].
Sadeqi, A. (2011). Efficacy of group training of anger management skill using REBT approach on aggression of male high school students. [Unpublished Master’s thesis], University of Isfahan [In Persian].
Saeidnia, Z. (2006). Relationship between aggressive behavior, marital conflicts, and probability of divorce in couples referring to family courts. [Unpublished Master’s thesis], Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz Branch [In Persian].
Safari, K. (2014). Effects of life skills training by teachers on bullying behavior of primary school students in Minab County. [Unpublished Master’s thesis], Payame Noor University [In Persian].
Shahriarfar, M. (2010). Normalization of Olweus’s Bullying Questionnaire. [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation], Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services [In Persian].
Swearer, S. M., Espelage, D. L., & Napolitano, S. A. (2009). Bulling prevention and intervention realistic strategies for schools. New York: Guilford Press.
Taremian, F., Mahjoei, M., & Fathi, T. (2005). Life skills: Teacher’s book. Tehran: Barg-e-Sefid [In Persian].
Turner, N. E., Macdonald, J., & Somerset, M. (2008). Life skills, mathematical reasoning and critical thinking: A curriculum for the prevention of problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies,24(3), 367-80.
Urbanski, J. (2007). The relationship between school connectedness and bullying victimization in secondary students. (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), University of South Florida.
Vernon, A. (2013). Life skills training: Emotional, social, cognitive, and ego development. (M. Firouzbakht Trans.). Tehran: Danjeh [In Persian].
Yurtal, F. & Artut, K. (2010). An investigation of school violence through Turkish children. Interpersonal Violence, 25(1), 50-62.
