Study on the effects of ethanolic extract of broccoli on oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen in rat kidney
Subject Areas : Veterinary Clinical PathologyHossein Jeddi 1 , داریوش مهاجری 2
1 - Geaduate of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2 - استاد، گروه پاتوبیولوژی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران
Keywords: Acetaminophen, Oxidative stress, Rat, kidney, Brassica oleracea L. var. italica,
Abstract :
Acetaminophen overdose causes kidney injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica against acetaminophen -induced damage in rat kidney. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 8 animals each. Groups I (control) and II received intraperitoneal injections of normal saline (10 ml/kg) and ethanolic extract of broccoli (200 mg/kg) every other day for 14 days. Group Ш received a single intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg). Group IV received ethanolic extract of broccoli similar to group Ш after administration of a single intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg). At the end of experiment, serum levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine were assessed. Moreover, histopathological observations were also conducted to assess the degree of renal tissue injury. Product of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were assayed in kidney homogenates. In acetaminophen-treated rats, ethanolic extract of broccoli significantly decreased serum urea, uric acid and creatinine and renal tissue peroxidation levels and elevated the values of anti-oxidants. Histopathologically, ethanolic extract of broccoli ameliorated acetaminophen-induced kidney injury. The results of this study indicated that ethanolic extract of broccoli exerts a protective effect against acetaminophen induced renotoxicity in rats which might be related to its anti-oxidant potential.
References:
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Burtis, C.A. and Ashwood, E.R. (1996). Teitz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 4th ed., Philadelphia: NB Saunders Company, pp: 312-335.
Bosetti, C., Scotti, L., Maso, L.D., Talamini, R., Montella, M., Negri, E., et al. (2007). Micronutrients and the risk of renal cell cancer: A case-control study from Italy. International Journal of Cancer, 120(4): 892-896.
Canene, A.K., Lindshield, B.L., Wang, S., Jeffery, E.H., Clinton, S.K. and Erdman, J.W. (2007). Combinations of tomato and broccoli enhance antitumor activity in dunning r3327-h prostate adenocarcinomas. Cancer Research, 67(2): 836-843.
Caraway, W.T. (1955). Determination of uric acid in serum by carbonate method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology; 25: 840-845.
Chance, B., Greenstein, D.S. and Roughton, R.J.W. (1952). The mechanism of catalase action. 1. Steady-state analysis. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 37: 301-321.
Chiu, B. and Houghton, P. (2005). Investigation of common vegetables for cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Proceeding of 142nd British Pharmaceutical Conference, 25-28 September 2005, Manchester, United Kingdom, pp: 151.
Claiborne, A. (1985). Catalase activity. In: Boca Raton, F.L. editor. CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research. Florida: CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp: 283-284.
Curtis, S.J., Mortiz, M. and Sondgrass, P.J. (1972). Serum enzyme derived from liver cell fraction and the response of carbon tetrachloride intoxication in rats. Gastroentrology, 62: 84-92.
Fahey, J.W., Zhang, Y. and Talalay, P. (1997). Broccoli sprouts: An exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94(19): 10367-10372.
Fawcett, J.K. and Scott, J.E. (1960). A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 13: 156-159.
Finley, J.W., Sigrid-Keck, A., Robbins, R.J. and Hintze, K.J. (2005). Selenium enrichment of broccoli: interactions between selenium and secondary plant compounds. Journal of Nutrition, 135(5): 1236-1238.
Fraga, C.G., Leibouitz, B.E. and Toppel A.L. (1988). Lipid peroxidation measured as TBARS in tissue slices: characterization and comparison with homogenates and microsomes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 4: 155-161.
Gordon, R.E., Shaked, A.A. and Solano, D.F. (1986). Taurine protects hamster bronchioles from acute NO2-induced alterations. A histologic, ultrastructural, and freeze-fracture study. American Journal of Pathology, 125: 585-600.
Han, J.M., Lee, Y.J., Lee, S.Y., Kim, E.M., Moon, Y., Kim, H.W., et al. (2007). Protective effect of sulforaphane against dopaminergic cell death. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 321(1): 249-256.
Kamiyama, T., Sato, C., Liu, J., Tajiri, K., Mijakawa, H. and Marumo, F. (1993). Role of lipid peroxidation in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: comparison with carbon tetrachloride. Toxicology Letters, 66: 7-12.
Kensler, T.W., Chen, J.G., Egner, P.A., Fahey, J.W., Jacobson, L.P., Stephenson, K.K., et al. (2005). Effects of glucosinolate-rich broccoli sprouts on urinary levels of aflatoxin-DNA adducts and phenanthene tetraols in a randomized clinical trial in He Zuo Township, Qidong, PRC. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention Journal, 14(11): 2605-2613.
Kind, P.R. and King, E.J. (1954). Estimation of plasma phosphates by determination of hydrolyzed phenol with antipyrin. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 7: 322-326.
Larson, R.A. (1988). The antioxidants of higher plants. Photochemistry, 4: 969-978.
Lil, J.L., Stantman, F.W. and Lardy, H.A. (1988). Antioxidant enzyme systems in rat liver and skeletal muscle. Influences of selenium deficiency, chronic training, and acute exercise. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 263(1): 150-160.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275.
Malloy, H.T. and Evelyn, K.A. (1937). The determination of bilirubin level with the photoelectric colorimeter. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 119: 481-484.
Mohandas, J., Marshall, J.J., Duggin, G.G., Horvath, J.S.L. and Tiller, D.G. (1984). Low activities of glutathione-related enzymes as factors in the genesis of urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Research, 44: 5086-5091.
Moreno, C.J., Prats, D., Moral, R., Perez-Murcia, M.D., Perez-Espinosa, A., Paredes, C., et al. (2006). Effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) in sewage sludge amended soils on nutrient contents of broccoli plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 37(15-20): 2605-2614.
Murashima, M., Watanabe, S., Zhuo, X.G., Uehara, M. and Kurashige, A. (2004). Phase 1 study of multiple biomarkers for metabolism and oxidative stress after one-week intake of broccoli sprouts. Bio Fac, 22: 271-275.
Naik, S.R. 2003). Antioxidants and their role in biological functions: An overview. Indian Drugs, 40(9): 501-12.
Nishikimi, M., Rao, N.A. and Yagi, K. (1972). The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulphate and molecular oxygen. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 46: 849-854.
Parra, C.T., Conejo, G.F., Carballo, A. and De Arriba, G. (2003). Antioxidant nutrients protect CsA nephrotoxicity. Toxicology, 189: 99-111.
Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28: 56-63.
Ritz, S.A., Wan, J. and Diaz-Sanchez, D. (2007). Sulforaphane-stimulated phase II enzyme induction inhibits cytokine production by airway epithelial cells stimulated with diesel extract. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 292: 33-39.
Rotruck, I.T., Pope, A.L., Ganther, H.E., Swanson, A.B., Hafeman, D.G. and Hoekstra, W.G. (1973). Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179: 588-590.
Singletary, K. and MacDonald, C. (2000). Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene- and 1, 6-dinitropyrene-DNA adduct formation in human mammary epithelial cells by dibenzoylmethane and sulforaphane. Cancer Letters, 155(1): 47-54.
Suresh, R.N. and Vandana, S.P. (2008). Hepatoprotective effect of Ginkgoselect Phytosome® in rifampicin induced liver injurym in rats: Evidence of antioxidant activity. Fitoterapia, 79(6): 439-45.
Talalay, P., Fahey, J.W., Healy, Z.R., Wehage, S.L., Benedict, A.L., Min, C., et al. (2007). Sulforaphane mobilizes cellular defenses that protect skin against damage by UV radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(44): 17500-17505.
Teitz, N.W. (1987). Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia: NB Saunders Company, pp: 638.
Vadivel, S. and Gowry, S. (2011). Antitumor Activity and Antioxidant Role of Brassica oleracea Italica against Ehrlich ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological And Chemical Sciences, 2(3): 275-285.
Verhoeven, D.T., Verhagen, H., Goldbohm, R.A., Van Den Brandt, P.A. and Van Poppel, G. (1997). A review of mechanisms underlying anti-carcinogenecity by Brassica vegetables. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 103: 79-129.
Zhang, D. and Hamauzu, Y. (2004). Phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and antioxidant activity of broccoli and their changes during conventional and microwave cooking. Food Chemistry, 88: 503-509.
Zhang, Y., Munday, R., Jobson, H.E., Munday, C.M., Lister, C., Wilson, P., et al. (2006). Induction of GST and NQO1 in cultured bladder cells and in the urinary bladders of rats by an extract of broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica) sprouts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(25): 9370-9376.
Zhao, J., Moore, A.N., Redell, J.B. and Dash, P.K. (2007). Enhancing expression of Nrf2-driven genes protects the blood-brain barrier after brain injury. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(38): 10240-10248.
Bhalodia, Y., Kanzariya, N., Patel, R., Patel, N., Vaghasiya, J., Jivani, N., et al. (2009). Renoprotective activity of Benincasa cerifera fruit extract on ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal damage in rat. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases, 3(2): 80-85.
Burtis, C.A. and Ashwood, E.R. (1996). Teitz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 4th ed., Philadelphia: NB Saunders Company, pp: 312-335.
Bosetti, C., Scotti, L., Maso, L.D., Talamini, R., Montella, M., Negri, E., et al. (2007). Micronutrients and the risk of renal cell cancer: A case-control study from Italy. International Journal of Cancer, 120(4): 892-896.
Canene, A.K., Lindshield, B.L., Wang, S., Jeffery, E.H., Clinton, S.K. and Erdman, J.W. (2007). Combinations of tomato and broccoli enhance antitumor activity in dunning r3327-h prostate adenocarcinomas. Cancer Research, 67(2): 836-843.
Caraway, W.T. (1955). Determination of uric acid in serum by carbonate method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology; 25: 840-845.
Chance, B., Greenstein, D.S. and Roughton, R.J.W. (1952). The mechanism of catalase action. 1. Steady-state analysis. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 37: 301-321.
Chiu, B. and Houghton, P. (2005). Investigation of common vegetables for cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Proceeding of 142nd British Pharmaceutical Conference, 25-28 September 2005, Manchester, United Kingdom, pp: 151.
Claiborne, A. (1985). Catalase activity. In: Boca Raton, F.L. editor. CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research. Florida: CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp: 283-284.
Curtis, S.J., Mortiz, M. and Sondgrass, P.J. (1972). Serum enzyme derived from liver cell fraction and the response of carbon tetrachloride intoxication in rats. Gastroentrology, 62: 84-92.
Fahey, J.W., Zhang, Y. and Talalay, P. (1997). Broccoli sprouts: An exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94(19): 10367-10372.
Fawcett, J.K. and Scott, J.E. (1960). A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 13: 156-159.
Finley, J.W., Sigrid-Keck, A., Robbins, R.J. and Hintze, K.J. (2005). Selenium enrichment of broccoli: interactions between selenium and secondary plant compounds. Journal of Nutrition, 135(5): 1236-1238.
Fraga, C.G., Leibouitz, B.E. and Toppel A.L. (1988). Lipid peroxidation measured as TBARS in tissue slices: characterization and comparison with homogenates and microsomes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 4: 155-161.
Gordon, R.E., Shaked, A.A. and Solano, D.F. (1986). Taurine protects hamster bronchioles from acute NO2-induced alterations. A histologic, ultrastructural, and freeze-fracture study. American Journal of Pathology, 125: 585-600.
Han, J.M., Lee, Y.J., Lee, S.Y., Kim, E.M., Moon, Y., Kim, H.W., et al. (2007). Protective effect of sulforaphane against dopaminergic cell death. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 321(1): 249-256.
Kamiyama, T., Sato, C., Liu, J., Tajiri, K., Mijakawa, H. and Marumo, F. (1993). Role of lipid peroxidation in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity: comparison with carbon tetrachloride. Toxicology Letters, 66: 7-12.
Kensler, T.W., Chen, J.G., Egner, P.A., Fahey, J.W., Jacobson, L.P., Stephenson, K.K., et al. (2005). Effects of glucosinolate-rich broccoli sprouts on urinary levels of aflatoxin-DNA adducts and phenanthene tetraols in a randomized clinical trial in He Zuo Township, Qidong, PRC. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention Journal, 14(11): 2605-2613.
Kind, P.R. and King, E.J. (1954). Estimation of plasma phosphates by determination of hydrolyzed phenol with antipyrin. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 7: 322-326.
Larson, R.A. (1988). The antioxidants of higher plants. Photochemistry, 4: 969-978.
Lil, J.L., Stantman, F.W. and Lardy, H.A. (1988). Antioxidant enzyme systems in rat liver and skeletal muscle. Influences of selenium deficiency, chronic training, and acute exercise. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 263(1): 150-160.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275.
Malloy, H.T. and Evelyn, K.A. (1937). The determination of bilirubin level with the photoelectric colorimeter. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 119: 481-484.
Mohandas, J., Marshall, J.J., Duggin, G.G., Horvath, J.S.L. and Tiller, D.G. (1984). Low activities of glutathione-related enzymes as factors in the genesis of urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Research, 44: 5086-5091.
Moreno, C.J., Prats, D., Moral, R., Perez-Murcia, M.D., Perez-Espinosa, A., Paredes, C., et al. (2006). Effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) in sewage sludge amended soils on nutrient contents of broccoli plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 37(15-20): 2605-2614.
Murashima, M., Watanabe, S., Zhuo, X.G., Uehara, M. and Kurashige, A. (2004). Phase 1 study of multiple biomarkers for metabolism and oxidative stress after one-week intake of broccoli sprouts. Bio Fac, 22: 271-275.
Naik, S.R. 2003). Antioxidants and their role in biological functions: An overview. Indian Drugs, 40(9): 501-12.
Nishikimi, M., Rao, N.A. and Yagi, K. (1972). The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulphate and molecular oxygen. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 46: 849-854.
Parra, C.T., Conejo, G.F., Carballo, A. and De Arriba, G. (2003). Antioxidant nutrients protect CsA nephrotoxicity. Toxicology, 189: 99-111.
Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28: 56-63.
Ritz, S.A., Wan, J. and Diaz-Sanchez, D. (2007). Sulforaphane-stimulated phase II enzyme induction inhibits cytokine production by airway epithelial cells stimulated with diesel extract. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 292: 33-39.
Rotruck, I.T., Pope, A.L., Ganther, H.E., Swanson, A.B., Hafeman, D.G. and Hoekstra, W.G. (1973). Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179: 588-590.
Singletary, K. and MacDonald, C. (2000). Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene- and 1, 6-dinitropyrene-DNA adduct formation in human mammary epithelial cells by dibenzoylmethane and sulforaphane. Cancer Letters, 155(1): 47-54.
Suresh, R.N. and Vandana, S.P. (2008). Hepatoprotective effect of Ginkgoselect Phytosome® in rifampicin induced liver injurym in rats: Evidence of antioxidant activity. Fitoterapia, 79(6): 439-45.
Talalay, P., Fahey, J.W., Healy, Z.R., Wehage, S.L., Benedict, A.L., Min, C., et al. (2007). Sulforaphane mobilizes cellular defenses that protect skin against damage by UV radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(44): 17500-17505.
Teitz, N.W. (1987). Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia: NB Saunders Company, pp: 638.
Vadivel, S. and Gowry, S. (2011). Antitumor Activity and Antioxidant Role of Brassica oleracea Italica against Ehrlich ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological And Chemical Sciences, 2(3): 275-285.
Verhoeven, D.T., Verhagen, H., Goldbohm, R.A., Van Den Brandt, P.A. and Van Poppel, G. (1997). A review of mechanisms underlying anti-carcinogenecity by Brassica vegetables. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 103: 79-129.
Zhang, D. and Hamauzu, Y. (2004). Phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and antioxidant activity of broccoli and their changes during conventional and microwave cooking. Food Chemistry, 88: 503-509.
Zhang, Y., Munday, R., Jobson, H.E., Munday, C.M., Lister, C., Wilson, P., et al. (2006). Induction of GST and NQO1 in cultured bladder cells and in the urinary bladders of rats by an extract of broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica) sprouts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(25): 9370-9376.
Zhao, J., Moore, A.N., Redell, J.B. and Dash, P.K. (2007). Enhancing expression of Nrf2-driven genes protects the blood-brain barrier after brain injury. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(38): 10240-10248.
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