Causal Model of the Relationship Between Work Ethic and Organizational Loyalty and the Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment of Principals of Midandawab Schools

Subject Areas : Education

Ghive Joudy Shahabad ¹ (Islamic Azad University, Tabriz)
Sadegh Maleki Avarsin ² (Associate Professor of Education manegment. Tabriz Branch. Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.)
Zarin Dneshvar Haris ³ (Assistant Professor of Consulting. Tabriz Branch. Islamic Azad University. Tabriz. Iran.)

Received: 2024-01-01 Accepted : 2024-06-01 Published : 2024-08-09

Keywords: work ethics, organizational loyalty, organizational commitment, school managers,

Abstract :

Introduction: Organizational loyalty of school administrators is the most important factor affecting their performance. The aim of the current research is to determine the causal relationship between work ethics and organizational loyalty and the mediating role of organizational commitment of Miandoab school principals. research methodology: This research is of applied type, correlation based on structural equations. The statistical population is all principals of girls' and boys' schools in Miandoab in all academic years in the academic year 1401-1400, and 262 people were selected as a sample using the proportional stratification method. The tools of data collection were organizational loyalty questionnaires of Kumar and Shekhar (2012), organizational commitment of Balfour and Wechsler (1996) and work ethics of Petty (1995). The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that all three questionnaires have good relative fit. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS 3.2.8 software. Findings: Work ethic has a positive and significant effect on organizational loyalty (p<0.01), organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on organizational loyalty (p<0.01), work ethic has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment (p<0.01). has it. Also, the mediating effect of organizational commitment on the relationship between work ethic and organizational loyalty was confirmed (p<0.01). Conclusion: Because the improvement and development of school performance requires good work ethics and the commitment and loyalty of school administrators towards education. It is necessary for the managers and experts of education regions to pay special attention to this issue in empowering school managers.

References:

Abbasi, Kh, (2014). Investigating the relationship between loyalty, commitment and organizational belonging with the performance of school principals in Miandoab city. Master's thesis. Faculty of Humanities and Education. Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. (in Persian)
Ahmed, A., Arshad, M. A., Mahmood, A., & Barkat, W. (2021). The impact of spiritual values on employees loyalty: the moderating role of Islamic work ethic. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 37(3), 341-355.
Akbari, T., Fathi, D., Dargahi, S., & Ahmadboukani, S. (2020). Providing a Structural Model for Workplace Spirituality, Occupational Ethics, and Organizational Loyalty in Nurses of Ardabil Hospitals in 2019-2020. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 9(2), 124-129.
Alhmoud, A. and Rjoub, H. (2019). Total Rewards and Employee Retention in a Middle Eastern Context’, SAGE Open. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, 9(2), p.2158244019840118.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Ammari, G. et al. (2017). Investigating the impact of communication satisfaction on organizational commitment: a practical approach to increase employees’ loyalty’, International Journal of Marketing Studies. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 9(2), pp. 113–133.
Auer Antoncic, J. and Antoncic, B. (2011). Employee satisfaction, intrapreneurship and firm growth: a model’, Industrial Management & Data Systems. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 111(4), pp. 589–607.
Azar, A,, Gholamzadeh, R., & Qanawati, M. (2011). Path-structural modeling in management: working with SmartPLS software. Tehran: Negha Danesh Publication. (in Persian)
Azzam, M. A., & Harsono, M. (2021). Organizational commitment and loyalty: A millennial generation perspective in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 1371-1383.
Balfour, D. L., & Wechsler, B. (1996). Organizational commitment: Antecedents and outcomes in public organizations. Public Productivity & Management Review, 256-277.
Bruhn, J. G. (2009). The functionality of gray area ethics in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(2),205–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9994-7
Çelebi, N., & Korumaz, M. (2016). Teachers' Loyalty to Their Supervisors and Organizational Commitment. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(12), 1161-1167.
Chandra, S., Goh, T. S., & Julitawaty, W. (2022). The Influence of Work Motivation And Loyalty on Employees Work Ethos Pt. United Rope Medan. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 12(3), 1526-1534.
Chaudhary, A., Islam, T., Ali, H. F., & Jamil, S. (2023). Can paternalistic leaders enhance knowledge sharing? The roles of organizational commitment and Islamic work ethics. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 72(1/2), 98-118.
Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P., & B. Victor. (2003). The effects of ethical climates on organizational commitment: a two-study analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 127–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025089819456
Davari, A., & Rezazadeh, A. (2013). Structural equation modeling with PLS software. Tehran: Academic Jihad Publishing Organization. (in Persian)
Devece, C., Palacios-Marqués, D. and Alguacil, M. P. (2016). Organizational commitment and its effects on organizational citizenship behavior in a high-unemployment environment’, Journal of Business Research. Elsevier, 69(5), pp. 1857–1861
. Dib, F., & Yabrir, S. (2022). The relationship between psychological burnout and organizational loyalty among primary school teachers. Psychological & Educational Studies. 1(2). 167-180.
Dwidjosumarno, B. H. S. (2021). The Effect of Ethics and Work Environment on Loyalty Through Employee Satisfaction and Commitment. Matrik: Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan.
Emamdost, Z., Jabbari, N., & Niazazari, K. (2020). Provide a model for school principals' perceptions of the challenges of professional ethics in modern society. Iranian Journal of Educational Society, 6(1), 221-231. (in Persian) doi: 10.22034/ijes.2021.526340.1013
Fagih, S. M. A. (2023). The philosophy of organizational commitment in educational management. The first international conference and the fourth national conference on management, psychology and behavioral sciences. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/1046509/fa
Fedorchuk, Y. (2019, May). Professional standard of a school principal: Russian and international experience. In International Conference on the Development of Education in Eurasia (ICDEE 2019) (pp. 102-106). Atlantis Press.
Fleming, J. H. and Asplund, J. (2007). Human sigma: Managing the employee-customer encounter.Simon and Schuster.
Ford, R. C., Newman, S. A., & Ford, L. R. (2023). Giving to get loyalty: How organizations signal their loyalty to employees. Organizational Dynamics, 52(1), 100956.
Gharibzadeh, R., Zahedbabolan, A., Moeinikia, M., & Khalegkhah, A. (2021). .Meta-Analysis of Factors Correlated with the Organizational Commitment of Teachers as an Ethical Variable in Educational Organizations. Ethics in Science and Technology. 15 (4) :31-38. (in Persian)
Ghanbari, S., & Abdolmaleki, J. (2019). The role of ethical leadership in organizational loyalty with the mediation of work engagement. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran, 8(4), 17-36.
Habibi, S., Mohamad Davoudi, A., & Mohammadkhani, K. (2021). Presenting a model for promoting the professional ethics of high school principals in Tehran. Educational Administration Research, 12(47), 293-307. (in Persian)
Haryanti, H., & Zulganef, Z. (2023). The influence of transformational leadership style and employee loyalty on employee performance Pt. Smart Talenta Multitama. International Journal of Global Operations Research, 4(1), 13-18.
Heidari Shorshjani, N., Nasiri, F., & Ghanbari, S. (2023). The effect of intelligent leadership on organizational loyalty; the mediation role‎ of knowledge-creation. Technology of Education Journal (TEJ), 573-588.
Hidayat, R., & Okta, M. A. (2022). The Influence of Work Motivation and Loyalty on Employees Work Ethic PT. United Rope Medan. Jurnal Mantik, 6(2), 2508-2517.
Holtschlag, C., Masuda, A. D., Reiche, B. S., & Morales, C. (2020). Why do millennials stay in their jobs? The roles of protean career orientation, goal progress and organizational career management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 118, 103366.
Imam, A., & Kim, D. Y. (2022). Ethical leadership and improved work behaviors: A moderated mediation model using prosocial silence and organizational commitment as mediators and employee engagement as moderator. Current Psychology, 1-14.
Imani, Taghvi Lalimi, & Murad. (2022). The relationship between organizational loyalty and work ethics with job adaptation in the hospital work environment. Applied researches in management and humanities, 7(3), 152-159. (in Persian)
Izogo, E. E. (2015). Determinants of attitudinal loyalty in Nigerian telecom service sector: Does commitment play a mediating role? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 23, 107–117.
Jafari, Z., & Baloch, M. (2021). The role of Islamic work ethics in internal motivation, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance of South Pars Oil and Gas Refinery employees. (in Persian) https://civilica.com
Jaiswal, D. and Dhar, R. L. (2016). Impact of perceived organizational support, psychological empowerment and leader member exchange on commitment and its subsequent impact on service quality’, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management.
Kaptein, M. (2008). Developing and testing a measure for the ethical culture of organizations: the corporate ethical virtues model. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 29(7), 923–947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.520
Keenan, F. J. F. (2015). University ethics: How colleges can build and benefit from a culture of ethics. Rowman & Littlefield.
Kentaro, B. (2018). Employee empowerment, job satisfaction and employee loyalty. a case of new vision printing and publishing company limited (NYPPCL).
Kukenberger, M. R., Mathieu, J. E., & Ruddy, T. (2015). A cross-level test of empowerment and process influences on members’ informal learning and team commitment. Journal of Management, 41(3), 987-1016.
Kumar, D. N. S., & Shekhar, N. (2012). Perspectives envisaging employee loyalty: A case analysis. Journal of Management Research, 12(2):100-112. Retrieved from. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1033786746?accountid=14407
Lestari, S., Laksana, R. D., Nurfitri, T., Banani, A., Tohir, T., & Sunarko, B. (2023). Influence of Work-Life Balance on Job Contentment and Organizational Loyalty in Manufacturing Companies. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 20, 1347-1356.
Ling Suan, C. and Mohd Nasurdin, A. (2016). Supervisor support and work engagement of hotel employees in Malaysia: is it different for men and women?’, Gender in Management: An International Journal. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 31(1), pp. 2–18.
Maddahian, S. & Pourmohammadi, A. (2021). The relationship between social responsibility, organizational commitment and perceived organizational support with organizational loyalty. Quarterly journal of contemporary researches in management and accounting sciences. 3(9). 162-173. (in Persian)
Marsadina, D., & Abd Jabar, C. S. (2022, January). The Effect of Work Loyalty and Work Ethics on Teacher’s Career in Banjar District. In 5th International Conference on Current Issues in Education (ICCIE 2021) (pp. 143-147). Atlantis Press.
Mahalingam, S., & Suresh, M. (2018). The impact of organizational commitment on employee loyalty in IT industry with reference to Coimbatore City. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 1(5), 55-59.
Mahdad, A., & Khoshnami, A. (2015). Relationship between perceived organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviors: mediating role of organizational loyalty. Scientific Journal of Social Psychology, 3(36), 31-44. (in Persian)
Masakure, O. (2016). The effect of employee loyalty on wages’, Journal of Economic Psychology. Elsevier, 56, pp. 274–298.
McGinley, S. P., & Shi, X. (2022). Loyalty as a guide to organizational retention: Applying moral foundation theory to hospitality. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 10963480221085510.
Mehdad, A., Sajadi, M. A., & Haghjoo, S. (2023). Predicting of Organizational loyalty, Organizational Identity, and Adaptive Performance through Psychological Contract Fulfillment and Professional Ethics. Scientific Quarterly Journal of Work Psychology, 1(4), 9-24. (in Persian) doi: 10.30473/jpsy.2023.67482.1034
Mehta, S., Singh, T., Bhakar, S. S., & Sinha, B. (2010). Employee loyalty towards organization - A study of academician. International Journal Business Management Eco.Res., 1(1), 98-108.
Moasseghi, M. (2019). The present research examines the effect of ethical leadership on deviant behavior with the mediation of ethical climate and organizational commitment of employees and workers of Iran Ports Cooperative Company. Master's thesis. Islamic Azad University, Bandar Anzali branch. Faculty of Humanities. (in Persian)
Mohajeran, B., Ghalaie, A., Shojakhani, A., & Ashrafi Salimkandi, F. (2021). Relationship between Work Ethics with Social Responsibility and Organizational Commitment. Ethics in Science and Technology, 15 (4) :138-146. (in Persian)
Mohtaram, M., & Shafiei Sarvestani, M. (2021). Structural Modeling of Readiness for Organizational Change of Employees of the Department of Education based on the Type of Organizational Culture with a Mediating Role of Social Undermining: Fars Province. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, 12(4), 1-18. doi: 10.30495/jedu.2021.26176.5228
Murdock, P. (2018). The New Reality of Employee Loyalty. Human Resource Council, 168-656.
Naravi, M. (2022). The relationship between professional ethics and organizational commitment and job satisfaction of managers in Iranshahr city. Professional Ethics in Education, 2(1), 101-83. (in Persian)
Nateghi, M. (2019). Investigating the mediating role of organizational commitment in the relationship between ethical leadership and the incidence of deviant behaviors of employees (Study case: employees of Iran Insurance Company, North Khorasan Province. Master's thesis. Hakeeman Institute of Higher Education - Bojnoord, Department of Management. (in Persian)
Nourani, M., Shabannejhad, R., & Akbari Moghaddam, B. (2021). Explain the Role of State Policies in Creating Loyalty of Employees of Iranian Governmental Organizations. Political and International Researches Quarterly, 12(48), 47-66. (in Persian)
Pandey, C., & Khare, R. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee loyalty. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 1(8), 26-41.
Petty, G. C. (1995). Adults in the work force and the occupational work ethic. Journal of Studies in Technical Careers, 15(3), 133-40.
PHIENRUNGRUANG, S., & Intarak, P. (2019). ORGANIZATIONAL LOYALTY AFFECTING ADMINISTRATION OF ROYAL AWARDED SCHOOLS UNDER SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AREA OFFICE IN SOUTHERN REGION (Doctoral dissertation, Silpakorn University).
Putra, P. J. A., Hastuti, T., & Mas’ud, M. H. (2023, March). The Effect of Servant Leadership And Loyalty On Employee Performance And Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) As A Mediating Variable. In Conference on Economic and Business Innovation (CEBI) (pp. 380-393).
Quade, M.J., Greenbaum, R.L. & Mawritz, M.B. (2019). If Only My Coworker Was More Ethical: When Ethical and Performance Comparisons Lead to Negative Emotions, Social Undermining, and Ostracism. J Bus Ethics 159, 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3841-2
Raj, R., & Srivastava, K. B. L. (2013). The mediating role of organization learning on the relationship among organizational culture, HRM practices and innovativeness. Management and Labour Studies, 38(3), 201-223.
Ram, P. P. (2011). The role of employee engagement in work-related outcomes. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business , 47-61.
Rezaeisharif, A., karimianpour, G., moradi, G., & karimianpour, E. (2018). the mediating role of job engagement in relationship between work ethic with commitment to change. Career and Organizational Counseling, 10(34), 64-79. (in Persian)
Rezalo, M., Fazlolahi, S., & Bakhtiari, A. (2021). Providing a model of professional ethics of high school managers based on religious teachings. Educational researches, 16(68), 62-82. (in Persian) doi: 10.30495/educ.2021.682799
Sales, C. (2006). Organisational culture in multinational organisations’, Journal of Contemporary Management. Prof. Ansie Lessing, 3(1), pp. 60–76. Sezer, Ş., & Uzun, T. (2023). The relationship between school principals’ social-emotional education leadership and teachers’ organizational trust and job performance. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 26(6), 1062-1081.
Sepah, Z. (1402). The relationship between work ethics and work commitment and organizational performance of Bandar Abbas municipality employees. Management and entrepreneurship studies. 9(2). 128-135. (in Persian)
Shakki, M. H., & Fazli Alavikolaee, M. (2023). Examining the effect of professional ethics of managers on the responsibility of employees with regard to the mediating role of. Journal of New Research Approaches in Management and Accounting work commitment. 7(89). 1721-1729. (in Persian)
Shuck, M. (2010). Employee engagement: An examination of antecedent and outcome variables. Florida International University, Miami, Florida, FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 112-180.
Siregar, B. A., Suma, D., & Goenawan, R. D. (2022). The Influence of Work Characteristics, Organizational Culture, and Leadership Ethics on The Loyalty of Employees in Indo Furniture. PENANOMICS: International Journal of Economics, 1(2), 173-180.
Soltanifard, A., Mohammad Davodi, A. H., & Ghorchian, N. G. (2023). Designing a model for promotion of ethical leadership in the Management of the headquarters of the Ministry of Education. Educational Leadership & administration, 17(1), 30-57. (in Persian)
Suddaby, R. and Foster, W. M. (2017). History and organizational change’. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
Tomic, I. K. (2018). An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality, cost reduction and company performance. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 827-846.
Turkyilmaz, A. et al. (2011). Empirical study of public sector employee loyalty and satisfaction’, Industrial Management & Data Systems. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 111(5), pp. 675–696.
Valdez, E. J. T., & Limos-Galay, J. A. (2023). The impact of career pathing on employees’ loyalty among the private schools in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. International Journal of Research, 11(1), 59-74.
Valentine, S., & Barnett, T. (2007). Perceived organizational ethics and the ethical decisions of sales and marketing personnel. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 27(4), 373–388. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/PSS0885-3134270407
Valentine, S., Godkin, L., Fleischman, G. M., & Kidwell, R. (2011). Corporate ethical values, group creativity, job satisfaction and turnover intention: The impact of work context on work response. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(3), 353–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0554-6
Vuong, B., Tung, D., Tushar, H., Quan, T., & Giao, H. (2021). Determinates of factors influencing job satisfaction and organizational loyalty. Management Science Letters, 11(1), 203-212.
Wang, W. (2023). Factors Affecting Teacher Performance and Loyalty Of National Training Program in Yunnan, China. AU-GSB e-JOURNAL, 16(1), 112-120.
Wangloan, E. H., Moeins, A., Marhalinda, M., & Endri, E. (2022). The Influence of Transformational Leadership, Professional Ethics, and Work Competence on Organizational Commitment and Its Implications for the Performance of Ship Safety. J. Legal Ethical & Regul. Isses, 25, 1
Yadav, S., & Agarwal, V. (2016). Benefits and barriers of learning organization and its five discipline. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(12), 18-24.
Zhang, J. (2023). A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT ON EMPLOYEE LOYALTY: USING ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY AS A MEDIATION. The EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, (6 (43)), 104-110.