Investigating factors affecting the acceptance and use of augmented reality applications in education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Subject Areas : EducationYazdan Shirmohammadi 1 , Afsaneh Abdolahi 2 , Amene Kamali Sarvestani 3
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran, PO Box-4697-19394
2 - Master of Business Management, Department of Business Management, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Master Student of Environmental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahroud University of Technology – Iran.
Keywords: Augmented Reality, virtual reality, Tourism education, Technology acceptance model,
Abstract :
Introduction: Augmented reality and virtual reality are considered smart and digital technologies that have left their impact in many industries and environments. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic creates a series of issues and challenges for tourism education. Education through augmented reality and virtual reality has become very important. The tourism industry, as one of the most important service industries, experiences tight competition compared to other industries and services in the world. research methodology: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the acceptance and use of augmented reality and virtual reality applications in tourism education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method of this study is quantitative, and data analysis is done using structural equations. The statistical population of the research also includes education experts in the field of augmented reality. The basic idea of this research and its dimensions and spheres are taken from Barta's research model (2023), and changes and innovations have been made to the said model. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire with reliable sources. The final designed conceptual model was estimated using structural equations and Smart PLS software. Findings: Based on the modeling results of structural equations, usefulness, ease, pleasure motivation, perceived value of price and perceived quality are effective on the attitude of using augmented reality and virtual reality applications in tourism education with values of 0.560, 0.485, 0.303, 0.677 and 0.444 respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, the perceived value of price has a greater impact on the attitude and acceptance of the use of augmented reality and virtual reality applications in tourism education in the era of COVID-19 than other identified factors.
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior: Some unresolved issues. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
Akçayır, M., & Akçayır, G. (2017). Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literature. Educational Research Review, 20, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.002
Ali, F., Kumar Nair, P., & Hussain, K. (2016). An assessment of students’ acceptance and usage of computer supported collaborative classrooms in hospitality and tourism schools. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 18, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2016.03.002. in Persian.
Azimi, M., seyyedkalan, S., & taher niya, A. B. (2023). Analyzing the requirements for maintaining and promoting the educational, training and research productivity of student-teachers in the corona situation with a phenomenological approach. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, (In Persian)-.doi: 10.30495/jedu.2023.31040.6222 Boulton, C. A., Kent, C., & Williams, H. T. (2018). Virtual learning environment engagement and learning outcomes at a ‘bricks-and-mortar’ university. Computers & Education, 126, 129–142.
Barta, S., Belanche, D., Fernández, A., & Flavián, M. (2023). Influencer marketing on TikTok: The effectiveness of humor and followers’ hedonic experience. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 70, 103149.
Bower, M., Howe, C., McCredie, N., Robinson, A., & Grover, D. (2014). Augmented Reality in education – cases, places and potentials. Educational Media International, 51(1), 1–15.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 447–454.
Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 100089.
Cha, S. S., & Seo, B. K. (2018). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health psychology open, 5(1), 2055102918755046.
Chan, C.-S., Chan, Y.-H., & Fong Tsz, H. A. (2020). The effectiveness of online scenario game for ecotourism education from knowledge-attitude-usability dimensions. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2020.100264. Article 100264, available online 10 September 2020.
Chauhan Shaylika, Comprehensive review of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Biomedical Journal, b i ome d i c a l j ournal 4 3 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 3 3 4e3 4 0.
Chiao, H.-M., Chen, Y.-L., & Huang, W.-H. (2018). Examining the usability of an online virtual tour-guiding platform for cultural tourism education. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 23, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2018.05.002
Choi, D. H., Dailey-Hebert, A., & Estes, J. S. (Eds.). (2016). Emerging tools and applications of virtual reality in education. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
Chylinski, M., Heller, J., Hilken, T., Keeling, D. I., Mahr, D., & de Ruyter, K. (2020). Augmented reality marketing: A technology-enabled approach to situated customer experience. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 28(4), 374-384.
Clune, A. (2020). Using technology to cope with Covid-19 on (Or off) campus. Retrieved from https://wonkhe.com/blogs/using-technology-to-cope-with-covid-19- on-or-off-campus/. (Accessed 4 December 2020).
Compeau, D.R., & Higgins, C.A., Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 1995b, 189-211.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003.
Davis, Fred D., Bagozzi, R. P., Warshaw, P. R., “Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Use Computers in the Workplace,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22 (1992): 1111-1132.
Deale, C. S. (2013). Incorporating second life into online hospitality and tourism education: A case study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 13, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2013.09.002
Di Marco, Moreno, Michelle L Baker, Peter Daszak, Paul De Barro, Evan A Eskew, Cecile M Godde, Tom D Harwood, Mario Herrero, Andrew] Hoskins, erica Johnson, et al. Opinion: "Sustainable development must account for pandemic risk". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(8):3888-3892, 2020.
Donthu, N. & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research, Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289.
European Commission. (2017). Digital transformation monitor: Augmented and virtual reality. Brussels: EU, European Commission.
Faiz, D, Asghari, Najib, M, Alipour, S, Melki Min Bash Rozgah, M, (1401), the effectiveness of virtual reality-based advertising in creating a customer empathy map, Commercial Management Research Quarterly, Volume 14, Number 29. pp. 212-181. 4.[In Persian]
Fatemeh SPasandideh B, Mehdi Gharib P, Haji Reza M. R, (2019), Strategies and solutions to deal with Corona, Iranian Expert Accountants Association publication. 4.[In Persian]
Ferguson, Neil, Daniel Laydon, Gemma Nedjati Gilani, Natsuko Imal, Kylie Ainslie, Marc Baguelin, Sangeeta Bhatia, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, ZULMA Cucunuba Perez, Gina Cuomo Dannenburg, et al. Report 9: (2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (npis) to reduce covid19 mortality and healthcare demand. 2020.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research (pp. 216–287). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation modeling with unobserved variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gharibi, F, Natghi, F, Mousavipour, S, Saifi, H (1401), The effect of virtual reality on learning, memory and cognitive load, Quarterly Journal of Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, Volume 12, Number 4, pp. 39 -25. 4.[In Persian]
Gurbanpour Lefmjani, A, (2022), Examining students' lived experience of virtual education during the Covid-19 pandemic, Roish Psychology, Volume 10, Number 8, pp. 33-44. 4.[In Persian]
Homan, H A, (2017), Structural Equation Modeling Using Lisrel Software, Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books (Samt). 4.[In Persian]
Hopkins Tanne, Janice, Erika Hayasaki, Mark Zastrow, Priyanka Pulla, Paul Smith, and ACer Garcia Rada. (2020). Covid-19: "how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus Worldwide". Bmj, 368.
Hsu, L. (2012). Web 3D simulation-based application in tourism education: A case study with second life. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 11(2), 113–124. http://doi:10.1016/j.jhlste.2012.02.013.
Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., Chang, L.-L., Backman, K. F., & McGuire, F. A. (2013). Experiencing student learning and tourism training in a 3D virtual world: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 13, 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2013.09.007
Hunter, W. C. (2016). Virtual reality. In Jafar Jafari, & Honggen Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of tourism (pp. 1006–1007). New York & Wien: Springer.
Iarca , Ion; Lupu, Elena; Mihaela Stanescu, Denisa; Lavinia Mocanu,Daniela.( 2011): The psycho-social impact of the Olympic Winter Games organization on the Romanian tourism.
Kennedy Tavares Lima, Carlos., Poliana Moreira de Medeiros Carvalho, Igor de Ara'ujo Silva Lima, Jose Victor Alexandre de Oliveira Nunes, Jeferson Seves Saraiva, Ricardo In'acio De Souza, Claudio Gleidiston Lima da Silva, and Modesto Leite Rolim Neto. (2020). The emotional Impact of coronavirus 2019-ncov (new coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research.
Kock, N. (2008). E-collaboration and e-commerce in virtual worlds: The potential of Second Life and World of Warcraft. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 4(3), 1-13.
Kuusisto, M. (2017). Organizational effects of digitalization: A literature review. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 20(03), 341-362.
Lai, V.S., & Li, H. (2005). Technology acceptance model for Internet banking: An invariance analysis. [Electronic version]. Information & Management, 42, 373- 386. Lee, H. T. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management, 34, 37-46.
Li, K., Kim, D.J., Lang, K.R., Kauffman, R.J. & Naldi, M. (2020). How Should We Understand the Digital Economy in Asia? Critical Assessment and Research Agenda, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.
Liu, S.T. (2020). Comparing the perspectives of municipal tourism departments and cultural departments on urban cultural-tourism development, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16.
Margherio, L., Henry, D., Cooke, S., Montes, S., (1998). The emerging digital economy. Department of Commerce, U.S. Government, Washington, DC.
Maruti Sharifabadi, A, Abu Hashemabadi, F, Asadian Ardakani, F, (2016), Identification and ranking of factors affecting the development of tourism industry in Yazd with fuzzy VIKOR approach, Tourism and Development Scientific Research Quarterly, 5(1), 147- 129. 4.[In Persian]
Olsen, J. K., Faucon, L., & Dillenbourg, P. (2020). Transferring interactive activities in large lectures from face-to-face to online settings. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(7/8), 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-04-2020-0109
Panya, D.S., Kim, T. & Choo, S. (2023). An interactive design change methodology using a BIM-based Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality, Journal of Building Engineering.
Pratt, M. A., & Hahn, S. (2016). Enhancing hospitality student learning through the use of a business simulation. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 19, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2016.05.001
Qanbari, A, Shojai-vand, B, (2014), Survey of people's attitude towards the development of urban tourism, a case study of regions 7 and 10 of Tabriz, Geographical Research Quarterly, 30(4), 168-185. 4.[In Persian]
Qiu, H., Li, Q., & Li, C. (2020). How technology facilitates tourism education in COVID-19: Case study of Nankai University. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2020.100288. Article 100288, available online 2 November 2020.
Raaper, R., & Brown, C. (2020). The covid-19 pandemic and the dissolution of the university campus: Implications for student support practice. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(3/4), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-06-2020-0032
Rachinger, M., Rauter, R., Müller, C., Vorraber, W., & Schirgi, E. (2019). Digitalization and its influence on business model innovation. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 30(8), 1143-1160.
Radianti, J., Majchrzak, T. A., Fromm, J., & Wohlgenannt, I. (2020). A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Computers & Education, 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103778. article 103778.
Schaffer, V. (2017). Enhancing learning to diverse cohorts via immersive visualization. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 21(Part A), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2017.07.001
Sebelt, S.L. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana, Tourism Management 31 (2010) 136–146.
Shen, S., Xu, K., Sotiriadis, M. & Wang, Y. (2022). Exploring the factors influencing the adoption and usage of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality applications in tourism education within the context of COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 30.
Shirmohammadi, Y., & Atri, N. (2021). The effect of traction factors and marketing drive factors on attracting older cultural tourists (Case study of European tourists). Tourism of Culture, 2(5), 49-60.
Shirmohammadi, Y., & Bostan Manesh, A. (2021). Factor recognition analysis on the performance of employees of service companies in the use of big data information technology. Science and Technology Policy Letters, 11(3), 24-43 (In Persian).
Shirmohammadi, Y., & Bostan manesh, A. (2022). Designing a model for customers to buy from smart stores in the days of Corona with an emphasis on artificial intelligence. Business Intelligence Management Studies, 10(40), 233-263. doi: 10.22054/ims.2021.61125.1969 (In Persian).
Shirmohammadi, Y., & Mohammadi, A. (2022). The effect of augmented reality marketing on the behavior and experiences of tourists during the Quaid 19 epidemic (case study of the virtual tour application of the National Museum of Iran). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 11(41), 171-200. doi: 10.22080/jtpd.2022.22055.3610 (In Persian).
Shirmohammadi, Y., Abyaran, P. (2020). Brand Image of Mystical Spiritual Tours and Tourists’ Satisfaction and Quality of Life. International journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 4(2), 165-195.
Singh, N., & Lee, M. J. (2009). Exploring perceptions toward education in 3-D virtual environments: An introduction to “second life”. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 8(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220903047896
Soltani, P., & Morice, A. H. P. (2020). Augmented reality tools for sports education and training. Computers & Education, 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compedu. 2020.103923. article 103923.
Stank, T., Esper, T., Goldsby Thomas, J., Zinn, W., & Autry, C. (2019). Toward a Digitally Dominant Paradigm for twenty-first century supply chain scholarship. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 49(10), 956-971.
Stöhr, K., & Esveld, M. (2004). Will vaccines be available for the next influenza pandemic? Science, 306, 2195–2196.
Stojkoski, Viktor, Zoran Utkovski, Petar Jolakoskii, Dragan Tevdovskil, and Ljupco Kocare. "The socio-economic determinants of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic". SSRN Electronic Journal 2020.
Sun, H.-M., Li, S.-P., Zhu, Y.-Q., & Hsiao, B. (2015). The effect of user’s perceived presence and promotion focus on usability for interacting in virtual environments. Applied Ergonomics, 50, 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.03.006
Tapscott, D., (1996). The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Taylor,S. & Todd,P. A. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: a test of competing models, Information Systems Research ,vol. 6,No. 2, pp 144–176.
Thompson, R. L., Higgins, C.A. and Howell, J.M. 1991. Personal computing: toward a conceptual model of utilization. MIS quarterly, 15(1): 125-143.
Venkatesh, V. (2000). Determinants of perceived ease of use: Integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model. Information Systems Research, 11(4), 342–365.
Venkatesh, Viswanath, Morris, Michael G., Davis, Gordon B., Davis, Fred D.(2003) “User Acceptance of information Technology,487-493.
Vice President of Infrastructure Research and Production Affairs, (2018), Office of Energy, Industry and Mining Studies, Islamic Council Research Center. 4.[In Persian]
Xiao Wu, Rachel C Nethery, Benjamin M Sabath, Danielle Braun, and Francesca Dominici. "Exposure to air pollution and covid-19 mortality in the United States". MedRxiv, 2020.
Ye, H. B., Ye, H., & Law, R. (2020). Systematic review of smart tourism research. Sustainability, 12(8), 3401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083401
Yung, R., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2019). New realities: A systematic literature review on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(17), 2056–2081.
_||_
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior: Some unresolved issues. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
Akçayır, M., & Akçayır, G. (2017). Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literature. Educational Research Review, 20, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.002
Ali, F., Kumar Nair, P., & Hussain, K. (2016). An assessment of students’ acceptance and usage of computer supported collaborative classrooms in hospitality and tourism schools. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 18, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2016.03.002. in Persian.
Azimi, M., seyyedkalan, S., & taher niya, A. B. (2023). Analyzing the requirements for maintaining and promoting the educational, training and research productivity of student-teachers in the corona situation with a phenomenological approach. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, (In Persian)-.doi: 10.30495/jedu.2023.31040.6222 Boulton, C. A., Kent, C., & Williams, H. T. (2018). Virtual learning environment engagement and learning outcomes at a ‘bricks-and-mortar’ university. Computers & Education, 126, 129–142.
Barta, S., Belanche, D., Fernández, A., & Flavián, M. (2023). Influencer marketing on TikTok: The effectiveness of humor and followers’ hedonic experience. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 70, 103149.
Bower, M., Howe, C., McCredie, N., Robinson, A., & Grover, D. (2014). Augmented Reality in education – cases, places and potentials. Educational Media International, 51(1), 1–15.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 447–454.
Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 100089.
Cha, S. S., & Seo, B. K. (2018). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health psychology open, 5(1), 2055102918755046.
Chan, C.-S., Chan, Y.-H., & Fong Tsz, H. A. (2020). The effectiveness of online scenario game for ecotourism education from knowledge-attitude-usability dimensions. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2020.100264. Article 100264, available online 10 September 2020.
Chauhan Shaylika, Comprehensive review of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Biomedical Journal, b i ome d i c a l j ournal 4 3 ( 2 0 2 0 ) 3 3 4e3 4 0.
Chiao, H.-M., Chen, Y.-L., & Huang, W.-H. (2018). Examining the usability of an online virtual tour-guiding platform for cultural tourism education. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 23, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2018.05.002
Choi, D. H., Dailey-Hebert, A., & Estes, J. S. (Eds.). (2016). Emerging tools and applications of virtual reality in education. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
Chylinski, M., Heller, J., Hilken, T., Keeling, D. I., Mahr, D., & de Ruyter, K. (2020). Augmented reality marketing: A technology-enabled approach to situated customer experience. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 28(4), 374-384.
Clune, A. (2020). Using technology to cope with Covid-19 on (Or off) campus. Retrieved from https://wonkhe.com/blogs/using-technology-to-cope-with-covid-19- on-or-off-campus/. (Accessed 4 December 2020).
Compeau, D.R., & Higgins, C.A., Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, 1995b, 189-211.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003.
Davis, Fred D., Bagozzi, R. P., Warshaw, P. R., “Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Use Computers in the Workplace,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22 (1992): 1111-1132.
Deale, C. S. (2013). Incorporating second life into online hospitality and tourism education: A case study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 13, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2013.09.002
Di Marco, Moreno, Michelle L Baker, Peter Daszak, Paul De Barro, Evan A Eskew, Cecile M Godde, Tom D Harwood, Mario Herrero, Andrew] Hoskins, erica Johnson, et al. Opinion: "Sustainable development must account for pandemic risk". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(8):3888-3892, 2020.
Donthu, N. & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on business and research, Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289.
European Commission. (2017). Digital transformation monitor: Augmented and virtual reality. Brussels: EU, European Commission.
Faiz, D, Asghari, Najib, M, Alipour, S, Melki Min Bash Rozgah, M, (1401), the effectiveness of virtual reality-based advertising in creating a customer empathy map, Commercial Management Research Quarterly, Volume 14, Number 29. pp. 212-181. 4.[In Persian]
Fatemeh SPasandideh B, Mehdi Gharib P, Haji Reza M. R, (2019), Strategies and solutions to deal with Corona, Iranian Expert Accountants Association publication. 4.[In Persian]
Ferguson, Neil, Daniel Laydon, Gemma Nedjati Gilani, Natsuko Imal, Kylie Ainslie, Marc Baguelin, Sangeeta Bhatia, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, ZULMA Cucunuba Perez, Gina Cuomo Dannenburg, et al. Report 9: (2020). Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (npis) to reduce covid19 mortality and healthcare demand. 2020.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research (pp. 216–287). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation modeling with unobserved variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gharibi, F, Natghi, F, Mousavipour, S, Saifi, H (1401), The effect of virtual reality on learning, memory and cognitive load, Quarterly Journal of Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, Volume 12, Number 4, pp. 39 -25. 4.[In Persian]
Gurbanpour Lefmjani, A, (2022), Examining students' lived experience of virtual education during the Covid-19 pandemic, Roish Psychology, Volume 10, Number 8, pp. 33-44. 4.[In Persian]
Homan, H A, (2017), Structural Equation Modeling Using Lisrel Software, Organization for the Study and Compilation of University Humanities Books (Samt). 4.[In Persian]
Hopkins Tanne, Janice, Erika Hayasaki, Mark Zastrow, Priyanka Pulla, Paul Smith, and ACer Garcia Rada. (2020). Covid-19: "how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus Worldwide". Bmj, 368.
Hsu, L. (2012). Web 3D simulation-based application in tourism education: A case study with second life. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 11(2), 113–124. http://doi:10.1016/j.jhlste.2012.02.013.
Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., Chang, L.-L., Backman, K. F., & McGuire, F. A. (2013). Experiencing student learning and tourism training in a 3D virtual world: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 13, 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2013.09.007
Hunter, W. C. (2016). Virtual reality. In Jafar Jafari, & Honggen Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of tourism (pp. 1006–1007). New York & Wien: Springer.
Iarca , Ion; Lupu, Elena; Mihaela Stanescu, Denisa; Lavinia Mocanu,Daniela.( 2011): The psycho-social impact of the Olympic Winter Games organization on the Romanian tourism.
Kennedy Tavares Lima, Carlos., Poliana Moreira de Medeiros Carvalho, Igor de Ara'ujo Silva Lima, Jose Victor Alexandre de Oliveira Nunes, Jeferson Seves Saraiva, Ricardo In'acio De Souza, Claudio Gleidiston Lima da Silva, and Modesto Leite Rolim Neto. (2020). The emotional Impact of coronavirus 2019-ncov (new coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research.
Kock, N. (2008). E-collaboration and e-commerce in virtual worlds: The potential of Second Life and World of Warcraft. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 4(3), 1-13.
Kuusisto, M. (2017). Organizational effects of digitalization: A literature review. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 20(03), 341-362.
Lai, V.S., & Li, H. (2005). Technology acceptance model for Internet banking: An invariance analysis. [Electronic version]. Information & Management, 42, 373- 386. Lee, H. T. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management, 34, 37-46.
Li, K., Kim, D.J., Lang, K.R., Kauffman, R.J. & Naldi, M. (2020). How Should We Understand the Digital Economy in Asia? Critical Assessment and Research Agenda, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.
Liu, S.T. (2020). Comparing the perspectives of municipal tourism departments and cultural departments on urban cultural-tourism development, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16.
Margherio, L., Henry, D., Cooke, S., Montes, S., (1998). The emerging digital economy. Department of Commerce, U.S. Government, Washington, DC.
Maruti Sharifabadi, A, Abu Hashemabadi, F, Asadian Ardakani, F, (2016), Identification and ranking of factors affecting the development of tourism industry in Yazd with fuzzy VIKOR approach, Tourism and Development Scientific Research Quarterly, 5(1), 147- 129. 4.[In Persian]
Olsen, J. K., Faucon, L., & Dillenbourg, P. (2020). Transferring interactive activities in large lectures from face-to-face to online settings. Information and Learning Sciences, 121(7/8), 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-04-2020-0109
Panya, D.S., Kim, T. & Choo, S. (2023). An interactive design change methodology using a BIM-based Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality, Journal of Building Engineering.
Pratt, M. A., & Hahn, S. (2016). Enhancing hospitality student learning through the use of a business simulation. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 19, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2016.05.001
Qanbari, A, Shojai-vand, B, (2014), Survey of people's attitude towards the development of urban tourism, a case study of regions 7 and 10 of Tabriz, Geographical Research Quarterly, 30(4), 168-185. 4.[In Persian]
Qiu, H., Li, Q., & Li, C. (2020). How technology facilitates tourism education in COVID-19: Case study of Nankai University. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2020.100288. Article 100288, available online 2 November 2020.
Raaper, R., & Brown, C. (2020). The covid-19 pandemic and the dissolution of the university campus: Implications for student support practice. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(3/4), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-06-2020-0032
Rachinger, M., Rauter, R., Müller, C., Vorraber, W., & Schirgi, E. (2019). Digitalization and its influence on business model innovation. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 30(8), 1143-1160.
Radianti, J., Majchrzak, T. A., Fromm, J., & Wohlgenannt, I. (2020). A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Computers & Education, 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103778. article 103778.
Schaffer, V. (2017). Enhancing learning to diverse cohorts via immersive visualization. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education, 21(Part A), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2017.07.001
Sebelt, S.L. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana, Tourism Management 31 (2010) 136–146.
Shen, S., Xu, K., Sotiriadis, M. & Wang, Y. (2022). Exploring the factors influencing the adoption and usage of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality applications in tourism education within the context of COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 30.
Shirmohammadi, Y., & Atri, N. (2021). The effect of traction factors and marketing drive factors on attracting older cultural tourists (Case study of European tourists). Tourism of Culture, 2(5), 49-60.
Shirmohammadi, Y., & Bostan Manesh, A. (2021). Factor recognition analysis on the performance of employees of service companies in the use of big data information technology. Science and Technology Policy Letters, 11(3), 24-43 (In Persian).
Shirmohammadi, Y., & Bostan manesh, A. (2022). Designing a model for customers to buy from smart stores in the days of Corona with an emphasis on artificial intelligence. Business Intelligence Management Studies, 10(40), 233-263. doi: 10.22054/ims.2021.61125.1969 (In Persian).
Shirmohammadi, Y., & Mohammadi, A. (2022). The effect of augmented reality marketing on the behavior and experiences of tourists during the Quaid 19 epidemic (case study of the virtual tour application of the National Museum of Iran). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 11(41), 171-200. doi: 10.22080/jtpd.2022.22055.3610 (In Persian).
Shirmohammadi, Y., Abyaran, P. (2020). Brand Image of Mystical Spiritual Tours and Tourists’ Satisfaction and Quality of Life. International journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 4(2), 165-195.
Singh, N., & Lee, M. J. (2009). Exploring perceptions toward education in 3-D virtual environments: An introduction to “second life”. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 8(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220903047896
Soltani, P., & Morice, A. H. P. (2020). Augmented reality tools for sports education and training. Computers & Education, 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compedu. 2020.103923. article 103923.
Stank, T., Esper, T., Goldsby Thomas, J., Zinn, W., & Autry, C. (2019). Toward a Digitally Dominant Paradigm for twenty-first century supply chain scholarship. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 49(10), 956-971.
Stöhr, K., & Esveld, M. (2004). Will vaccines be available for the next influenza pandemic? Science, 306, 2195–2196.
Stojkoski, Viktor, Zoran Utkovski, Petar Jolakoskii, Dragan Tevdovskil, and Ljupco Kocare. "The socio-economic determinants of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic". SSRN Electronic Journal 2020.
Sun, H.-M., Li, S.-P., Zhu, Y.-Q., & Hsiao, B. (2015). The effect of user’s perceived presence and promotion focus on usability for interacting in virtual environments. Applied Ergonomics, 50, 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.03.006
Tapscott, D., (1996). The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Taylor,S. & Todd,P. A. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: a test of competing models, Information Systems Research ,vol. 6,No. 2, pp 144–176.
Thompson, R. L., Higgins, C.A. and Howell, J.M. 1991. Personal computing: toward a conceptual model of utilization. MIS quarterly, 15(1): 125-143.
Venkatesh, V. (2000). Determinants of perceived ease of use: Integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model. Information Systems Research, 11(4), 342–365.
Venkatesh, Viswanath, Morris, Michael G., Davis, Gordon B., Davis, Fred D.(2003) “User Acceptance of information Technology,487-493.
Vice President of Infrastructure Research and Production Affairs, (2018), Office of Energy, Industry and Mining Studies, Islamic Council Research Center. 4.[In Persian]
Xiao Wu, Rachel C Nethery, Benjamin M Sabath, Danielle Braun, and Francesca Dominici. "Exposure to air pollution and covid-19 mortality in the United States". MedRxiv, 2020.
Ye, H. B., Ye, H., & Law, R. (2020). Systematic review of smart tourism research. Sustainability, 12(8), 3401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083401
Yung, R., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2019). New realities: A systematic literature review on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(17), 2056–2081.
