Development and validation of predictors of human resource outsourcing in Iran's agricultural sector: Meta-Synthesis Approach
Subject Areas :
Industrial Management
Rahman
iranpour
1
(PhD student in Public Administration, Human Resources, Sanandaj Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran)
رویا
شاکری
2
(استادیار گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، واحد سنندج)
kumars
ahmadi
3
(Department of Management, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran)
Received: 2022-12-06
Accepted : 2023-02-05
Published : 2023-06-20
Keywords:
Agricultural research education and promotion organization,
absorption,
outsourcing,
education,
Human Resources,
Abstract :
The aim of this research was to identify the predictors of human resource outsourcing in Iran's agricultural sector using a Meta-Synthesis Approach. The research method is developmental and mixed research (qualitative-quantitative) and based on the method of data collection, documentation and correlation.The research population in the first stage included all the research in the field of outsourcing from 2000 to 2020, and in the second stage, there were 750 managers and experts of the Agricultural Research and Training Organization. The sample size was obtained by simple random sampling method and according to Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose reliability was 0/93 through Cronbach's alpha Was obtained. After refining the articles, finally, 44 scientific articles that directly addressed the issue of human resources outsourcing entered the analysis stage in MAXQDA software. After the integration stage, 44 distinct codes were identified and among the identified codes, cost reduction strategy codes with 8 references, formulation of supplier selection criteria with 6 references, creation of internal organizational capacity with 4 references, organizational culture with 4 references, monitoring, evaluation suppliers with 4 references, knowledge management with 3 references, reforming the employment system, training and improving human resources with 3 references, re-engineering human resources processes with an emphasis on improving quality with 3 references, improving productivity with 3 references, networking (collaboration external organizations) with 3 references, upstream policies and documents with 2 references and senior management support with 1 reference respectively had the highest number of references in research texts.
References:
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Alwani, M., & Farzad, A. (2008). Outsourcing (a guide for managers in outsourcing services). Tehran: Qaseidasera.
Armostrong, M. (2012). Human Resource Management Practice (12th edition). Sterling, USA: Kogan Page Ltd.
Awoloh, R. P., & Owusu-Manu, D. G. (2021). Assessing the effect of outsourcing on organizational Performance: A case study of Metro Mass Transit Ltd(Doctoral dissertation).
Bals, L. & Turkulainen, V. (2017). Achieving efficiency and effectiveness in purchasing and supply management: organization design and outsourcing. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 23 (4), 256-267.
Belcourt, M. (2006). Outsourcing: the benefits and the risks. Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), 269– 279.
Bertrand, O., & Mol, M. J. (2013). The antecedents and innovation effects of domestic and offshore R&D outsourcing: The contingent impact of cognitive distance and absorptive capacity. Strategic Management Journal, 34(6), 751-760.
K. V & Munivekatappa.(2015). A study of human resource outsourcing. International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences, 2(7).
Borges, R. (2013). Are public officials really less satisfied than private sector workers? A comparative study in Brazil. Revista de Administração Pública, 47 (6), 1477-1496.
Brown, T.L., Potoski, M. & Van Slyke, D. (2008). Managing public service contracts: aligning values, institutions, and markets. Public Administration Review, 66 (3), 323-331, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00590.x.
Bustinza, O. F., Molina, L. M., & Gutierrez‐Gutierrez, L. J. (2010). Outsourcing as seen from the perspective of knowledge management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 46(3), 23-39.
Damghanian, H., Keshavarz, M., Ismailian, H., and Zadeh Mohammad, Z. (2021). Investigating the relationship between demand uncertainty, strategic partnership and outsourcing of human resources in gaining competitive advantage. Human Resource Development and Support Management Quarterly, 60, 55-82.
Dess, G.G. Rasheed, A.M. A. McLaughlin, K.J. Priem, R.L. and Robinson, G. (1995). The new corporate architecture. Engineering management Review, 9, 7-18.
Edvardsson, IR & Óskarsson. GK. (2021). Outsourcing of Human Resources: The Case of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Merits, 1(1):5-15.
Ellram, L. & Tate, W. (2015). Redefining supply management’s contribution in services sourcing. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 21 (1), 64-78.
Falagara Sigala, I. & Wakolbinger, T. (2019). "Outsourcing of humanitarian logistics to commercial logistics service providers: An empirical investigation", Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 9 (1), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-12-2017-0073.
Flowers, G.M.(2021). Human Resources and Outsourcing: An Exploratory Case Study of Employee Concerns. University of Phoenix, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 283.
Ganebnykh, E. Kozlova, L, & Stativa, E. (2021). HR-outsourcing in Natural resources sector. E3S Web of Conferences,244, 11026 (2021).
Gobble, M.M. (2013). Outsourcing innovation. Research-Technology Management, 56 (4), 64-67.
Gossler, T., Wakolbinger, T. & Burkart, C. (2020), "Outsourcing in humanitarian logistics – status quo and future directions", International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 50 (4), 403-438. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-12-2018-0400.
Griffith, D.A., Harmancioglu, N. & Droge, C. (2009). Governance decisions for the offshore outsourcing of new product development in technology intensive markets. Journal of World Business, 44, 217-224.
Gurung, A., & Prater, E. (2017). A research framework for the impact of cultural differences on IT outsourcing. In Global sourcing of services: strategies, issues and challenges (49-82).
Haji Karimi, A.A, Jamalieh Bastami, B. (2008). Investigation and analysis of human resource outsourcing in new structures from the perspective of benefits and risks. The fourth human resources development conference. Tehran, Iran Industrial Development and Modernization Organization, Productivity and Human Resources Studies Institute
Handley, S. M., & Angst, C. M. (2015). The impact of culture on the relationship between governance and opportunism in outsourcing relationships. Strategic Management Journal, 36(9), 1412-1434.
Harland, C., Knight, L., Lamming, R. & Walker, H. (2005). Outsourcing: assessing the risks and benefits for organisations, sectors and nations. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 25 (9), 831-850, doi: 10.1108/01443570510613929.
Javalgi, R. R. G., Dixit, A., & Scherer, R. F. (2009). Outsourcing to emerging markets: Theoretical perspectives and policy implications. Journal of International Management, 15(2), 156-168.
Johansson, T. (2015). A critical appraisal of the current use of transaction cost explanations for government make-or-buy choices: towards a contingent theory and forms of tests. Public Management Review, 17 (5), 661-678, doi: 10.1080/14719037.2013.848922.
Kim, S. M., Anand, G., Larson, E. C., & Mahoney, J. (2019). Resource co-specialization in outsourcing of enterprise systems software: Impact on exchange success and firm growth. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 10(5), 1015-1046.
Kraus, K. & Lind, J. (2007). Management control in inter-organisational relationships. in Hopper, T., Northcott, D. and Scapens, R. (Eds), Issues in Management Accounting, Pearson, Harlow, 269-296.
Krishna, S., Sahay, S., & Walsham, G. (2004). Managing cross-cultural issues in global software outsourcing. Communications of the ACM, 47(4), 62-66.
Langfield-Smith, K., & Smith, D. (2003). Management control systems and trust in outsourcing relationships. Management accounting research, 14(3), 281-307.
Legget, C, (2007). From industrial relations to manpower planning: the transformations of Singapores industrial relations. Human resource management, 18(4): 642-664
Lepistö, S., Dobroszek, J., Lepistö, L., & Zarzycka, E. (2020). Controlling outsourced management accounting to build legitimacy. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 17(3), 435-463.
Mahmoodzadeh, E., Jalalinia, S., & Nekui Yazdi, F. (2009). A business process outsourcing framework based on business process management and knowledge management. Business Process Management Journal, 15(6), 845-864.
Maskell, P., Pedersen, T., Petersen, B. & Dick-Nielsen, J. (2007). Learning paths to offshore outsourcing: from cost reduction to knowledge seeking. Industry and Innovation, 14 (3), 239-257.
McIvor, R. (2000). A practical framework for understanding the outsourcing process. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 5 (1), 22-36.
Mehmood, F. & Zulfqar, S.(2021). Effect of Human Related Factors on Requirements Change Management in Offshore Software Development Outsourcing: A theoretical framework. Soft Computing and Machine Intelligence Journal, 1 (1).
Moreno, V., Coelho, M. A., & Pitassi, C. (2020). Outsourcing of IT and Absorptive Capacity: A Multiple Case Study in the Brazilian Insurance Sector. Brazilian Business Review, 17, 97-113.
Moschuris, S.J. (2008). Organizational participants in the make-or-buy process. Industrial Marketing Management, 37 (2), 143-153.
Mouritsen, J. & Thrane, S. (2006). Accounting, network complementarities and the development of inter-organisational relations’, accounting. Organizations and Society, 31 (3), 241-275.
Musonda, I. & Okoro, C.S. (2022), "A hermeneutic research on project management approaches applied in a business process re-engineering project", Business Process Management Journal, 28 (8), 66-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-11-2021-069.
Nurmala, N., De Vries, J. and De Leeuw, S. (2018). Cross-sector humanitarian–business partnerships in managing humanitarian logistics: an empirical verification. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (21), 6842-6858.
Oliveira, L.B. & Costa, E.M.T.C.M.d. (2019), "Comparing attitudes of public servants and outsourced employees", RAUSP Management Journal, 54 (1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2018-0049.
Palley, T. (2008). The economics of outsourcing: How should policy respond?. Review of Social Economy, 66(3), 279-295.
Petersen, O.H., Christensen, L.R. & Houlberg, K. (2015). Contracting out local services: a tale of technical and social services. Public Administration Review, 75 (4), 560-570, doi: 10.1111/puar.12367.
Platts, K., W., Probert, D., R., L. & Canez, (2002). Make vs buy decisions: a process incorporating multi-attribute decision-making. International Journal of Production Economics, 77 (3), 247-257, doi: 10.1016/S0925-5273(00)00177-8.
Potapiuk, I. & Diukariev, D. (2021). Hr-outsourcing: modern approach to enterprise management. Modern Science
Quinn, J.B. (2000). Outsourcing innovation: new engine of growth. Sloan Management Review, 41 (4), 13-28.
Rahnavard, F., & Khavand Kar, J. (2009). Effect of Knowledge Sharing on Success of IT Outsourcing. Journal of Information Technology Management, 1(1).
Raymond, J. (2008). Benchmarking in public procurement. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 15 (6), 782-793, doi: 10.1108/14635770810915940.
Reichel, A., & Lazarova, M. (2021). Human Resource Management Outsourcing. In The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Approaches to Human Resource Management (pp. 582-603). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190861162.013.27
Sim, S.C., Kaliannan, M. and Avvari, M. (2021). Conceptualising HR outsourcing effectiveness and scale development of HROSERVPERF using PLS-SEM. Benchmarking: An International Journal, ahead-of-print.
Sundquist, V., Hulthén, K. & Gadde, L.E. (2015). Economic consequences of alternative make-or-buy configurations. Industrial Marketing Management, 46, 98-107.
Taponen, S. & Kauppi, K. (2020), "Service outsourcing decisions – a process framework", Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 13 (2), 171-194. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-02-2019-0012.
Tomasini, R.M. & Van Wassenhove, L.N. (2009). From preparedness to partnerships: case study research on humanitarian logistics. International Transactions in Operational Research, 16 (5), 549-559.
Ugnė, D., Žitkienė, R., Jurevičienė, D. Skvarciany, V. & Lapinskaite, I. (2021). Evaluation of Outsourcing Development in the Service Sector. Economies, 9(2) 44.
Un, C. A. (2017). Absorptive capacity and R&D outsourcing. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 43, 34-47.
Weeks, M. R., & Thomason, S. (2011). An exploratory assessment of the linkages between HRM practices, absorptive capacity, and innovation in outsourcing relationships. International Journal of Innovation Management, 15(02), 303-334.
Williams, A.M., Lau, F. & McCue, C.P. (2018). Acknowledging knowledge: the perception of knowledge requirements for public procurement officials and their professional development. Journal of Public Procurement, 18 (1), 50-67, available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOPP-03-2018-004.
Yadav, S.K.S., & Joshiya, V.K.(2021). Human Resources Practices for Retention in Business Process Outsourcing Industry in National Capital Region. International Journal of Trade and Commerce, 10(1) 38-50.
Yeo, C. & Saboori-Deilami, V. (2017). "Strategic challenges of outsourcing innovation in global market", Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11 (1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-04-2017-017.
Yoon, S.-J. & Lee, S. (2019). "Fee Structures of Outsourced CIO and the Operational Efficiency". Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies: 27 (3), 275-296. https://doi.org/10.1108/JDQS-03-2019-B0002.
Zafra-Gomez, J., Prior, D., Plata Diaz, A.M. & Lopez-Hernandez, A. (2013). Reducing the costs in times of crisis: delivery forms in small and medium sized local governments´ waste management services. Public Administration, 91 (1), 51-68, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.02012.x.
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Aguezzoul, A. (2014). Third-party logistics selection problem: a literature review on criteria and methods. Omega, 49, 69-78, available at: sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305048314000711?via%3Dihub.
Alwani, M., & Farzad, A. (2008). Outsourcing (a guide for managers in outsourcing services). Tehran: Qaseidasera.
Armostrong, M. (2012). Human Resource Management Practice (12th edition). Sterling, USA: Kogan Page Ltd.
Awoloh, R. P., & Owusu-Manu, D. G. (2021). Assessing the effect of outsourcing on organizational Performance: A case study of Metro Mass Transit Ltd(Doctoral dissertation).
Bals, L. & Turkulainen, V. (2017). Achieving efficiency and effectiveness in purchasing and supply management: organization design and outsourcing. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 23 (4), 256-267.
Belcourt, M. (2006). Outsourcing: the benefits and the risks. Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), 269– 279.
Bertrand, O., & Mol, M. J. (2013). The antecedents and innovation effects of domestic and offshore R&D outsourcing: The contingent impact of cognitive distance and absorptive capacity. Strategic Management Journal, 34(6), 751-760.
K. V & Munivekatappa.(2015). A study of human resource outsourcing. International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences, 2(7).
Borges, R. (2013). Are public officials really less satisfied than private sector workers? A comparative study in Brazil. Revista de Administração Pública, 47 (6), 1477-1496.
Brown, T.L., Potoski, M. & Van Slyke, D. (2008). Managing public service contracts: aligning values, institutions, and markets. Public Administration Review, 66 (3), 323-331, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00590.x.
Bustinza, O. F., Molina, L. M., & Gutierrez‐Gutierrez, L. J. (2010). Outsourcing as seen from the perspective of knowledge management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 46(3), 23-39.
Damghanian, H., Keshavarz, M., Ismailian, H., and Zadeh Mohammad, Z. (2021). Investigating the relationship between demand uncertainty, strategic partnership and outsourcing of human resources in gaining competitive advantage. Human Resource Development and Support Management Quarterly, 60, 55-82.
Dess, G.G. Rasheed, A.M. A. McLaughlin, K.J. Priem, R.L. and Robinson, G. (1995). The new corporate architecture. Engineering management Review, 9, 7-18.
Edvardsson, IR & Óskarsson. GK. (2021). Outsourcing of Human Resources: The Case of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Merits, 1(1):5-15.
Ellram, L. & Tate, W. (2015). Redefining supply management’s contribution in services sourcing. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 21 (1), 64-78.
Falagara Sigala, I. & Wakolbinger, T. (2019). "Outsourcing of humanitarian logistics to commercial logistics service providers: An empirical investigation", Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 9 (1), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-12-2017-0073.
Flowers, G.M.(2021). Human Resources and Outsourcing: An Exploratory Case Study of Employee Concerns. University of Phoenix, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 283.
Ganebnykh, E. Kozlova, L, & Stativa, E. (2021). HR-outsourcing in Natural resources sector. E3S Web of Conferences,244, 11026 (2021).
Gobble, M.M. (2013). Outsourcing innovation. Research-Technology Management, 56 (4), 64-67.
Gossler, T., Wakolbinger, T. & Burkart, C. (2020), "Outsourcing in humanitarian logistics – status quo and future directions", International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 50 (4), 403-438. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-12-2018-0400.
Griffith, D.A., Harmancioglu, N. & Droge, C. (2009). Governance decisions for the offshore outsourcing of new product development in technology intensive markets. Journal of World Business, 44, 217-224.
Gurung, A., & Prater, E. (2017). A research framework for the impact of cultural differences on IT outsourcing. In Global sourcing of services: strategies, issues and challenges (49-82).
Haji Karimi, A.A, Jamalieh Bastami, B. (2008). Investigation and analysis of human resource outsourcing in new structures from the perspective of benefits and risks. The fourth human resources development conference. Tehran, Iran Industrial Development and Modernization Organization, Productivity and Human Resources Studies Institute
Handley, S. M., & Angst, C. M. (2015). The impact of culture on the relationship between governance and opportunism in outsourcing relationships. Strategic Management Journal, 36(9), 1412-1434.
Harland, C., Knight, L., Lamming, R. & Walker, H. (2005). Outsourcing: assessing the risks and benefits for organisations, sectors and nations. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 25 (9), 831-850, doi: 10.1108/01443570510613929.
Javalgi, R. R. G., Dixit, A., & Scherer, R. F. (2009). Outsourcing to emerging markets: Theoretical perspectives and policy implications. Journal of International Management, 15(2), 156-168.
Johansson, T. (2015). A critical appraisal of the current use of transaction cost explanations for government make-or-buy choices: towards a contingent theory and forms of tests. Public Management Review, 17 (5), 661-678, doi: 10.1080/14719037.2013.848922.
Kim, S. M., Anand, G., Larson, E. C., & Mahoney, J. (2019). Resource co-specialization in outsourcing of enterprise systems software: Impact on exchange success and firm growth. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 10(5), 1015-1046.
Kraus, K. & Lind, J. (2007). Management control in inter-organisational relationships. in Hopper, T., Northcott, D. and Scapens, R. (Eds), Issues in Management Accounting, Pearson, Harlow, 269-296.
Krishna, S., Sahay, S., & Walsham, G. (2004). Managing cross-cultural issues in global software outsourcing. Communications of the ACM, 47(4), 62-66.
Langfield-Smith, K., & Smith, D. (2003). Management control systems and trust in outsourcing relationships. Management accounting research, 14(3), 281-307.
Legget, C, (2007). From industrial relations to manpower planning: the transformations of Singapores industrial relations. Human resource management, 18(4): 642-664
Lepistö, S., Dobroszek, J., Lepistö, L., & Zarzycka, E. (2020). Controlling outsourced management accounting to build legitimacy. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 17(3), 435-463.
Mahmoodzadeh, E., Jalalinia, S., & Nekui Yazdi, F. (2009). A business process outsourcing framework based on business process management and knowledge management. Business Process Management Journal, 15(6), 845-864.
Maskell, P., Pedersen, T., Petersen, B. & Dick-Nielsen, J. (2007). Learning paths to offshore outsourcing: from cost reduction to knowledge seeking. Industry and Innovation, 14 (3), 239-257.
McIvor, R. (2000). A practical framework for understanding the outsourcing process. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 5 (1), 22-36.
Mehmood, F. & Zulfqar, S.(2021). Effect of Human Related Factors on Requirements Change Management in Offshore Software Development Outsourcing: A theoretical framework. Soft Computing and Machine Intelligence Journal, 1 (1).
Moreno, V., Coelho, M. A., & Pitassi, C. (2020). Outsourcing of IT and Absorptive Capacity: A Multiple Case Study in the Brazilian Insurance Sector. Brazilian Business Review, 17, 97-113.
Moschuris, S.J. (2008). Organizational participants in the make-or-buy process. Industrial Marketing Management, 37 (2), 143-153.
Mouritsen, J. & Thrane, S. (2006). Accounting, network complementarities and the development of inter-organisational relations’, accounting. Organizations and Society, 31 (3), 241-275.
Musonda, I. & Okoro, C.S. (2022), "A hermeneutic research on project management approaches applied in a business process re-engineering project", Business Process Management Journal, 28 (8), 66-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-11-2021-069.
Nurmala, N., De Vries, J. and De Leeuw, S. (2018). Cross-sector humanitarian–business partnerships in managing humanitarian logistics: an empirical verification. International Journal of Production Research, 56 (21), 6842-6858.
Oliveira, L.B. & Costa, E.M.T.C.M.d. (2019), "Comparing attitudes of public servants and outsourced employees", RAUSP Management Journal, 54 (1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2018-0049.
Palley, T. (2008). The economics of outsourcing: How should policy respond?. Review of Social Economy, 66(3), 279-295.
Petersen, O.H., Christensen, L.R. & Houlberg, K. (2015). Contracting out local services: a tale of technical and social services. Public Administration Review, 75 (4), 560-570, doi: 10.1111/puar.12367.
Platts, K., W., Probert, D., R., L. & Canez, (2002). Make vs buy decisions: a process incorporating multi-attribute decision-making. International Journal of Production Economics, 77 (3), 247-257, doi: 10.1016/S0925-5273(00)00177-8.
Potapiuk, I. & Diukariev, D. (2021). Hr-outsourcing: modern approach to enterprise management. Modern Science
Quinn, J.B. (2000). Outsourcing innovation: new engine of growth. Sloan Management Review, 41 (4), 13-28.
Rahnavard, F., & Khavand Kar, J. (2009). Effect of Knowledge Sharing on Success of IT Outsourcing. Journal of Information Technology Management, 1(1).
Raymond, J. (2008). Benchmarking in public procurement. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 15 (6), 782-793, doi: 10.1108/14635770810915940.
Reichel, A., & Lazarova, M. (2021). Human Resource Management Outsourcing. In The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Approaches to Human Resource Management (pp. 582-603). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190861162.013.27
Sim, S.C., Kaliannan, M. and Avvari, M. (2021). Conceptualising HR outsourcing effectiveness and scale development of HROSERVPERF using PLS-SEM. Benchmarking: An International Journal, ahead-of-print.
Sundquist, V., Hulthén, K. & Gadde, L.E. (2015). Economic consequences of alternative make-or-buy configurations. Industrial Marketing Management, 46, 98-107.
Taponen, S. & Kauppi, K. (2020), "Service outsourcing decisions – a process framework", Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 13 (2), 171-194. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-02-2019-0012.
Tomasini, R.M. & Van Wassenhove, L.N. (2009). From preparedness to partnerships: case study research on humanitarian logistics. International Transactions in Operational Research, 16 (5), 549-559.
Ugnė, D., Žitkienė, R., Jurevičienė, D. Skvarciany, V. & Lapinskaite, I. (2021). Evaluation of Outsourcing Development in the Service Sector. Economies, 9(2) 44.
Un, C. A. (2017). Absorptive capacity and R&D outsourcing. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 43, 34-47.
Weeks, M. R., & Thomason, S. (2011). An exploratory assessment of the linkages between HRM practices, absorptive capacity, and innovation in outsourcing relationships. International Journal of Innovation Management, 15(02), 303-334.
Williams, A.M., Lau, F. & McCue, C.P. (2018). Acknowledging knowledge: the perception of knowledge requirements for public procurement officials and their professional development. Journal of Public Procurement, 18 (1), 50-67, available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOPP-03-2018-004.
Yadav, S.K.S., & Joshiya, V.K.(2021). Human Resources Practices for Retention in Business Process Outsourcing Industry in National Capital Region. International Journal of Trade and Commerce, 10(1) 38-50.
Yeo, C. & Saboori-Deilami, V. (2017). "Strategic challenges of outsourcing innovation in global market", Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11 (1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-04-2017-017.
Yoon, S.-J. & Lee, S. (2019). "Fee Structures of Outsourced CIO and the Operational Efficiency". Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies: 27 (3), 275-296. https://doi.org/10.1108/JDQS-03-2019-B0002.
Zafra-Gomez, J., Prior, D., Plata Diaz, A.M. & Lopez-Hernandez, A. (2013). Reducing the costs in times of crisis: delivery forms in small and medium sized local governments´ waste management services. Public Administration, 91 (1), 51-68, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.02012.x.
