The effect of aerobic training and cinnamon extract gavage on adiponectin gene expression in liver and fat tissues of male rats fed by high fat diet
Subject Areas :
Maria Dehvari
1
,
AbdolAli BanaeiFar
2
,
Sajad Arshadi
3
,
Ardeshir Zafari
4
1 - PhD student Sports Physiology, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch
2 - Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.
Received: 2022-07-03
Accepted : 2022-09-21
Published : 2022-11-22
Keywords:
Cinnamon,
Adiponectin,
high-fat food,
liver,
Training,
Abstract :
Introduction & Objective: Adiponectin with properties similar to exercise increases glucose uptake in muscle and decreases glucose production in the liver. Cinnamon has modulating properties against oxidative stress, blood sugar and obesity. Therefore, considering the effect of exercise training on adiponectin gene expression, the effect of high-fat diets on obesity and the effects of cinnamon on weight loss, the present study seeks to answer the question whether six weeks of aerobic exercise and cinnamon extract on adiponectin gene expression in Fat and liver tissues and the mass of these tissues have different effects in male rats fed with a high-fat diet.Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted in the form of a multi-group research project with a control group the average of the research variables among the groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni supplementary test and independent t-tests and two-way analysis of variance at the significance level p ≥ 0.05 for all tests with the aim of determining the differences between the groups.Results: The results showed the effect of high-fat diet on adverse changes in adiponectin gene expression in adipose tissue and liver, body weight and weight of adipose tissue and liver. Performing aerobic exercise alone, consuming cinnamon extract alone and the interaction of aerobic exercise and cinnamon extract caused favorable changes in the expression of adiponectin gene in adipose tissue and liver and the weight of adipose tissue and liver compared to the high-fat diet group.Conclusion: It seems that from the desirable and accepted physical activities and sports exercises on the Adipose tissue and liver, maybe some food intakes such as cinnamon supplement extract combined with sports exercises have synergy with useful exercises.
References:
Ouchi, N., Parker, J.L., Lugus, J.J., Walsh, K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2011; 11(2):85-97.
Nigro, E., Scudiero, O., Ludovica Monaco, M., Palmieri, A., Mazzarella, G., Costagliola, C., Bianco, A., Daniele, A. New Insight into Adiponectin Role in Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases. 2014; Doi: 10, 1155.
Messier, C., Whately, K., Liang, J., Du, L., Puissant, D. The effects of a high-fat, high-fructose, and combination diet on learning, weight, and glucose regulation in C57BL/6 mice. Behavioral Brain Research. 2007; 178(1):139-145.
Yamauchi, M., Moss, K.A., Bovenkerk, J.E., Shankar, S.S., Morrison, C.L., Lelliott, C.J., and et al. Regulation of adiponectin expression in human adipocytes: effects of adiposity, glucocorticoids, and TNF. Obesity Research. 2005; 13(4): 662-669.
Wade, T.E., and et al. Adiponectin receptor-1 expression is decreased in the pancreas of obese mice. Journal of Surgical Research. 2009; 154(1): 78-84.
Martin, R.R., Castracane, V.D. Exercise and Humoral Mediators of Peripheral Energy Balance: Ghrelin and Adiponectin. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2007; 232(2): 184-194.
Drolet, R., Belanger, C., Fortier, M., and et al. Fat depot-specific impact of visceral obesity on adipocyte adiponectin release in women. Obesity. 2009; 17(3): 424-430.
Wagner, A., Simon, C., Oujaa, M., Platat, C., Schweitzer, B., Arveiler, D. Adiponectin is associated with lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in French adolescents. Diabetes Metab, 2008; 34(5): 465-471.
Nayak, B.S., Ramsingh, D., Gooding, Sh., Legall, G., Bissram S., Mohammed, A., and et al. Plasma adiponectin levels are related to obesity, inflammation, blood lipids and insulin in type II diabetic and non-diabetic Indians. Prim Care Diabetes. 2010; 4:187-192.
Iskandar, K., Farhour, R., Ficek, M., and Ray, A. Obesity-related complications: Few biochemical phenomena with reference to tumor genesis. Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2013; 35(1):1-15.
Yilmaz, M.I., Sonmez, A., Acikel, C., and et al. adiponectin may play a part in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2004; 151(1): 135-140.
Lim, S., Yoon, J.W., Choi, S.H., and et al. Combined impact of adiponectin and Retinol-binding protein on metabolic syndrome in elderly people. The Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging Obesity. 2009; 6: 232-241.
Kobayashi, J., Murase, Y., Asano, A., Nohara, A., Kawashiri, M.-a., Inazu, A., et. al. (2006). Effect of walking with a pedometer on serum lipid and adiponectin levels in Japanese middle-aged men. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 13(4), 197.
Pedersen, B.k. and M.A. Febbraio (2012). “Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ.” Nat Rev Endocrinol 8(8): 457-465
Calton, E.K., Miller, V.S., Soares, M.J. Factors determining the risk of the metabolic syndrome: is there a central role for adiponectin? The European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013; 67(5): 485-491.
De Rosa, A., Ludovica Monaco, M., Capasso, M., and et al. Adiponectin oligomers has potential indicators of adipose tissue improvement in obese subjects. Eur J of Endocrinology. 2013; 169(1): 37-43.
Patterson, C.M., Dunn-Meynell, A.A., Levin, B.E. Three weeks of early-onset exercise prolongs obesity resistance in DIO rats after exercise cessation. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2008; 294(2): 290-301.
Kang, S., Woo, J.H., Shin, K.O., Kim, D., Lee, H.J., and et al. Circuit resistance exercise improves glycemic control and Adipokines in females with type II diabetes mellitus. Journal of Sports Sciences and Medicine. 2009; 8: 682-688.
Bergouignan A, Momken I, Schoeller DA, Normand S, Zahariev A, Lescure B, Simon C, Blanc S: Regulation of energy balance during long-term physical inactivity induced by bed rest with and without exercise training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010, 95:1045-1053.
Ossanloo, P., Najar, L., Zafari, A., The Effects of Combined Training (Aerobic Dance, Step Exercise and Resistance Training) on Body Fat Percent and Lipid Profiles in Sedentary Females of AL_ZAHRA University, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 2 (5):1598-1602. Pelagia Research Library, ISSN: 2248 –9215, CODEN (USA): EJEBAU.
Eftekhari, E., Zafari, A., Gholami, M., Physical activity, lipid profiles and leptin, The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2016, 56(4): 465-469.
Hagobian, T. A., Sharoff, C. G., Stephens, B. R., Wade, G. N., Silva, J. E., Chipkin, S. R., et al. (2009). Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 296(2), 233-42.
Tjonna, A. E., Lee, S. J., Rognmo, O., Stolen, T. O., Bye, A., Haram, P. M., et. al. (2008). Aerobic Interval Training Versus Continuous Moderate Exercise as a Treatment for the Metabolic Syndrome a Pilot Study. Circulation, 118(4), 346-54.
Sun, Y., Xun, K., Wang, C., Zhao, H., and et al. Adiponectin, an unlocking adipocytokine. Cardiovasc Ther. 2009; 27(1): 59-75.
Ellomi, M., Ben Ounis, O., Makni, E., Van Praagh, E., Tabka, Z., Lac, G. Effect of individualized weight-loss programmes on adiponectin, leptin and resistin levels in obese adolescent boys. Acta Pediatr, 2009; 98(9):1487-1493.
Dhooge R, Hellinckx T, Van Laethem C, Stegen S, De Schepper J, Van Aken S, et al. Influence of combined aerobic and resistance training on metabolic control, cardiovascular fitness and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011; 25(4):349-59.
Johnson ML, Zarins Z, Fattor JA, Horning MA, Messonnier L, Lehman SL, Brooks GA: Twelve weeks of endurance training increases FFA mobilization and reesterification in postmenopausal women.J Appl Physiol. 2010, 109:1573-1581.
Jurimae J., Maestu J., Jurimae T., Mangus B., von Duvillard S.P. Peripheral signals of energy homeostasis as possible markers of training stress in athletes: a review.Metabolism, 2011,60:335-350.
Kim, S. M., Cho, G. J., Yannakoulia, M., Hwang, T. G., Kim, I. H., Park, E. K., et al. Lifestyle modification increases circulating adiponectin concentrations but does not change vaspin concentrations. Metabolism, 2011, 60(9).
Kern, P.A., di Gregorio, G.B., Lu, T., Rassouli, N., and Ranganathan, G. Adiponectin expression from human adipose tissue: relation to obesity, insulin resistance, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. Diabetes, 2015; 52(7):1779-1785.
Mollazadeh, H., Hosseinzadeh, H. Cinnamon effects on metabolic syndrome: a review based on its mechanisms. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2016; 19:1258-1270; http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijbms.2016.7906.
Pittler, M.H., Ernst, E. Complementary therapies for reducing body weight: a systematic review. Int. J. Obes. 2005; 29; 1030-1038.
Khan, A., Safdar, M., Ali Khan, M.M., Khattak, K.N., Anderson, R.A. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type II diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(12): 3215-3218.
Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Larijani, B., Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety herbal medicine used in the treatment of obesity, World Journal of Gastroenterology (WJG), 2009; 15(25(: 3073.
Roussel, A.M., Hininger, I., Benaraba, R., Ziegenfuss, T.N., Anderson, R.A. Antioxidant effects of a cinnamon extract in people with impaired fasting glucose that are overweight or obese. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2009; 28(1):16-21.
Dylan, W.P., Roshni, C.G., Francesca, S., Nichole, E.L. Cinnamon Extract Inhibits Tau Aggregation Associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease. 2009; 17: 585-597.
Chua, M.T., Tung, Y.T., Chang, S.T. Antioxidant activities of extracts from the twigs Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Bioresource Technology, 2008; 99: 1918-1925.
Moslehy, S.S., Husein, K., and et al. Hepatoprotective effect of cinnamon extracts against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. Biol Res. 2009; 42: 93-98.
Badalzadeh, R., Shaghaghi, M., Mohammadi,M., Dehghan,G., Mohammadi, Z. The effect of cinnamon extract and long-term aerobic training on heart function, biochemical alterations and lipid profile following exhaustive exercise in male rats. Coronary Artery Disease. 2014; 2:8.
Shalaby, M.A., Saifan, H.A. some pharmacological effects of cinnamon and ginger herbs in obese diabetic rate. Journal of Intercultural Ethno pharmacology, 2014; 3(4):144.
Sartorius, T., Peter, A., Schulz, N., Drescher, A., Bergheim, I., Machann, J., and et al. Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models of obesity, PloS one. 2014; 9(3):e92358.
Hamidpour, R., Hamidpour, M., Hamidpour, S., Shahlari, M. Cinnamon from the selection of traditional applications to its novel effects on the inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer cells and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, and a series of function such as antioxidant, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, nematicidal, acaracidal, and repellent activity. J of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2015; 5(2):66-70.
Rashid Lamir, A., Alizadeh, A., Ebrahimi Atri, A., Dastani, M. Effects of 4 Weeks of aerobic exercise with the consumption of cinnamon on lipoprotein parameters and blood glucose in type II diabetic women. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Service. 2011; 20(5): 605-614.
Sokhanvardastjerdi, S., Banaeifar, A., Arshadi, S., Zafari, A. The Effect of 12 Weeks Aerobic Training on PDX-1 and GLUT2 Gene Expression in the Pancreatic
Tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity, 2020;12(2): 98-103.
Noura, M., Arshadi, S., Zafari, A., Banaeifar, A. The effect of running on positive and negative slopes on TNF-α and INF- γ gene expression in the muscle tissue of rats with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Science. 2020; 7(1):35-42. J Bas Res Med Sci 2020; 7(1):35-42.
Anderson, R. A., Qin, B., Canini, F., Poulet, L., Rousse, A. M. Cinnamon Counteracts the Negative Effects of a High Fat/ High Fructose Diet on Behavior, Brain Insulin Signaling and Alzheimer-Associated Changes. PLoS One, 2013; 8(12): e 83243.
Dyck, D.J.2005. Leptin Sensitivity in Skeletal muscle is modulated by Diet and Exercise. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 33, 189-194.
Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F. 2002. Aspects of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Body weight Homeostasis. American Endocrinology, 63, 125-128.
Meier, U., Gressner, A.M. 2004. Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism: Review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of Leptin, Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and Resistin. Clinical Chemistry, 50, 1511-1525.
_||_
Ouchi, N., Parker, J.L., Lugus, J.J., Walsh, K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2011; 11(2):85-97.
Nigro, E., Scudiero, O., Ludovica Monaco, M., Palmieri, A., Mazzarella, G., Costagliola, C., Bianco, A., Daniele, A. New Insight into Adiponectin Role in Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases. 2014; Doi: 10, 1155.
Messier, C., Whately, K., Liang, J., Du, L., Puissant, D. The effects of a high-fat, high-fructose, and combination diet on learning, weight, and glucose regulation in C57BL/6 mice. Behavioral Brain Research. 2007; 178(1):139-145.
Yamauchi, M., Moss, K.A., Bovenkerk, J.E., Shankar, S.S., Morrison, C.L., Lelliott, C.J., and et al. Regulation of adiponectin expression in human adipocytes: effects of adiposity, glucocorticoids, and TNF. Obesity Research. 2005; 13(4): 662-669.
Wade, T.E., and et al. Adiponectin receptor-1 expression is decreased in the pancreas of obese mice. Journal of Surgical Research. 2009; 154(1): 78-84.
Martin, R.R., Castracane, V.D. Exercise and Humoral Mediators of Peripheral Energy Balance: Ghrelin and Adiponectin. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2007; 232(2): 184-194.
Drolet, R., Belanger, C., Fortier, M., and et al. Fat depot-specific impact of visceral obesity on adipocyte adiponectin release in women. Obesity. 2009; 17(3): 424-430.
Wagner, A., Simon, C., Oujaa, M., Platat, C., Schweitzer, B., Arveiler, D. Adiponectin is associated with lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in French adolescents. Diabetes Metab, 2008; 34(5): 465-471.
Nayak, B.S., Ramsingh, D., Gooding, Sh., Legall, G., Bissram S., Mohammed, A., and et al. Plasma adiponectin levels are related to obesity, inflammation, blood lipids and insulin in type II diabetic and non-diabetic Indians. Prim Care Diabetes. 2010; 4:187-192.
Iskandar, K., Farhour, R., Ficek, M., and Ray, A. Obesity-related complications: Few biochemical phenomena with reference to tumor genesis. Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2013; 35(1):1-15.
Yilmaz, M.I., Sonmez, A., Acikel, C., and et al. adiponectin may play a part in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2004; 151(1): 135-140.
Lim, S., Yoon, J.W., Choi, S.H., and et al. Combined impact of adiponectin and Retinol-binding protein on metabolic syndrome in elderly people. The Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging Obesity. 2009; 6: 232-241.
Kobayashi, J., Murase, Y., Asano, A., Nohara, A., Kawashiri, M.-a., Inazu, A., et. al. (2006). Effect of walking with a pedometer on serum lipid and adiponectin levels in Japanese middle-aged men. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, 13(4), 197.
Pedersen, B.k. and M.A. Febbraio (2012). “Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ.” Nat Rev Endocrinol 8(8): 457-465
Calton, E.K., Miller, V.S., Soares, M.J. Factors determining the risk of the metabolic syndrome: is there a central role for adiponectin? The European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013; 67(5): 485-491.
De Rosa, A., Ludovica Monaco, M., Capasso, M., and et al. Adiponectin oligomers has potential indicators of adipose tissue improvement in obese subjects. Eur J of Endocrinology. 2013; 169(1): 37-43.
Patterson, C.M., Dunn-Meynell, A.A., Levin, B.E. Three weeks of early-onset exercise prolongs obesity resistance in DIO rats after exercise cessation. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2008; 294(2): 290-301.
Kang, S., Woo, J.H., Shin, K.O., Kim, D., Lee, H.J., and et al. Circuit resistance exercise improves glycemic control and Adipokines in females with type II diabetes mellitus. Journal of Sports Sciences and Medicine. 2009; 8: 682-688.
Bergouignan A, Momken I, Schoeller DA, Normand S, Zahariev A, Lescure B, Simon C, Blanc S: Regulation of energy balance during long-term physical inactivity induced by bed rest with and without exercise training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010, 95:1045-1053.
Ossanloo, P., Najar, L., Zafari, A., The Effects of Combined Training (Aerobic Dance, Step Exercise and Resistance Training) on Body Fat Percent and Lipid Profiles in Sedentary Females of AL_ZAHRA University, European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2012, 2 (5):1598-1602. Pelagia Research Library, ISSN: 2248 –9215, CODEN (USA): EJEBAU.
Eftekhari, E., Zafari, A., Gholami, M., Physical activity, lipid profiles and leptin, The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2016, 56(4): 465-469.
Hagobian, T. A., Sharoff, C. G., Stephens, B. R., Wade, G. N., Silva, J. E., Chipkin, S. R., et al. (2009). Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 296(2), 233-42.
Tjonna, A. E., Lee, S. J., Rognmo, O., Stolen, T. O., Bye, A., Haram, P. M., et. al. (2008). Aerobic Interval Training Versus Continuous Moderate Exercise as a Treatment for the Metabolic Syndrome a Pilot Study. Circulation, 118(4), 346-54.
Sun, Y., Xun, K., Wang, C., Zhao, H., and et al. Adiponectin, an unlocking adipocytokine. Cardiovasc Ther. 2009; 27(1): 59-75.
Ellomi, M., Ben Ounis, O., Makni, E., Van Praagh, E., Tabka, Z., Lac, G. Effect of individualized weight-loss programmes on adiponectin, leptin and resistin levels in obese adolescent boys. Acta Pediatr, 2009; 98(9):1487-1493.
Dhooge R, Hellinckx T, Van Laethem C, Stegen S, De Schepper J, Van Aken S, et al. Influence of combined aerobic and resistance training on metabolic control, cardiovascular fitness and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011; 25(4):349-59.
Johnson ML, Zarins Z, Fattor JA, Horning MA, Messonnier L, Lehman SL, Brooks GA: Twelve weeks of endurance training increases FFA mobilization and reesterification in postmenopausal women.J Appl Physiol. 2010, 109:1573-1581.
Jurimae J., Maestu J., Jurimae T., Mangus B., von Duvillard S.P. Peripheral signals of energy homeostasis as possible markers of training stress in athletes: a review.Metabolism, 2011,60:335-350.
Kim, S. M., Cho, G. J., Yannakoulia, M., Hwang, T. G., Kim, I. H., Park, E. K., et al. Lifestyle modification increases circulating adiponectin concentrations but does not change vaspin concentrations. Metabolism, 2011, 60(9).
Kern, P.A., di Gregorio, G.B., Lu, T., Rassouli, N., and Ranganathan, G. Adiponectin expression from human adipose tissue: relation to obesity, insulin resistance, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. Diabetes, 2015; 52(7):1779-1785.
Mollazadeh, H., Hosseinzadeh, H. Cinnamon effects on metabolic syndrome: a review based on its mechanisms. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2016; 19:1258-1270; http://dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijbms.2016.7906.
Pittler, M.H., Ernst, E. Complementary therapies for reducing body weight: a systematic review. Int. J. Obes. 2005; 29; 1030-1038.
Khan, A., Safdar, M., Ali Khan, M.M., Khattak, K.N., Anderson, R.A. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type II diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(12): 3215-3218.
Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Larijani, B., Abdollahi, M. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety herbal medicine used in the treatment of obesity, World Journal of Gastroenterology (WJG), 2009; 15(25(: 3073.
Roussel, A.M., Hininger, I., Benaraba, R., Ziegenfuss, T.N., Anderson, R.A. Antioxidant effects of a cinnamon extract in people with impaired fasting glucose that are overweight or obese. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2009; 28(1):16-21.
Dylan, W.P., Roshni, C.G., Francesca, S., Nichole, E.L. Cinnamon Extract Inhibits Tau Aggregation Associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease. 2009; 17: 585-597.
Chua, M.T., Tung, Y.T., Chang, S.T. Antioxidant activities of extracts from the twigs Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Bioresource Technology, 2008; 99: 1918-1925.
Moslehy, S.S., Husein, K., and et al. Hepatoprotective effect of cinnamon extracts against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. Biol Res. 2009; 42: 93-98.
Badalzadeh, R., Shaghaghi, M., Mohammadi,M., Dehghan,G., Mohammadi, Z. The effect of cinnamon extract and long-term aerobic training on heart function, biochemical alterations and lipid profile following exhaustive exercise in male rats. Coronary Artery Disease. 2014; 2:8.
Shalaby, M.A., Saifan, H.A. some pharmacological effects of cinnamon and ginger herbs in obese diabetic rate. Journal of Intercultural Ethno pharmacology, 2014; 3(4):144.
Sartorius, T., Peter, A., Schulz, N., Drescher, A., Bergheim, I., Machann, J., and et al. Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models of obesity, PloS one. 2014; 9(3):e92358.
Hamidpour, R., Hamidpour, M., Hamidpour, S., Shahlari, M. Cinnamon from the selection of traditional applications to its novel effects on the inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer cells and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, and a series of function such as antioxidant, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, nematicidal, acaracidal, and repellent activity. J of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2015; 5(2):66-70.
Rashid Lamir, A., Alizadeh, A., Ebrahimi Atri, A., Dastani, M. Effects of 4 Weeks of aerobic exercise with the consumption of cinnamon on lipoprotein parameters and blood glucose in type II diabetic women. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Service. 2011; 20(5): 605-614.
Sokhanvardastjerdi, S., Banaeifar, A., Arshadi, S., Zafari, A. The Effect of 12 Weeks Aerobic Training on PDX-1 and GLUT2 Gene Expression in the Pancreatic
Tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity, 2020;12(2): 98-103.
Noura, M., Arshadi, S., Zafari, A., Banaeifar, A. The effect of running on positive and negative slopes on TNF-α and INF- γ gene expression in the muscle tissue of rats with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Basic Research in Medical Science. 2020; 7(1):35-42. J Bas Res Med Sci 2020; 7(1):35-42.
Anderson, R. A., Qin, B., Canini, F., Poulet, L., Rousse, A. M. Cinnamon Counteracts the Negative Effects of a High Fat/ High Fructose Diet on Behavior, Brain Insulin Signaling and Alzheimer-Associated Changes. PLoS One, 2013; 8(12): e 83243.
Dyck, D.J.2005. Leptin Sensitivity in Skeletal muscle is modulated by Diet and Exercise. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 33, 189-194.
Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F. 2002. Aspects of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Body weight Homeostasis. American Endocrinology, 63, 125-128.
Meier, U., Gressner, A.M. 2004. Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism: Review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of Leptin, Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and Resistin. Clinical Chemistry, 50, 1511-1525.
