Developing and Validating a Questionnaire to Assess Strategic Competence in EFL Listening Performance: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Subject Areas : Research in English Language PedagogyMaryam Haghighi 1 , Mojgan Rashtchi 2 , Parviz Birjandi 3
1 - Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Literature, Humanities, and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - TEFL Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch.
3 - Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Literature, Humanities, and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords:
Abstract :
Bachman, L. F.(1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1996). Language testing in practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (2010). Language assessment in practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bacon, S. M. (1992). The relationship between gender, comprehension, processing strategies, and cognitive and affective response in foreign language listening. The Modern Language Journal, 76(2), 160-178. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1992.tb01096.x
Bidabadi, F., & Yamat, H. (2011). The relationship between listening strategies used by Iranian EFL freshman university students and their listening proficiency levels. English Language Teaching, 4(1), 26-32. doi:10.5539/elt.v4n1p26
Brown, A. L. (1980). Metacognitive development and reading. In R. J. Spiro, B. C. Bruce, & W.F. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension: Perspectives from psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence and education (pp. 453-482). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1(1), 1-47. doi:10.1093/applin/i.1.1
Carrell, P. L. (1989). Metacognitive awareness and second language reading. Modern Language Journal, 73(2), 121-131. doi:10.2307/326568
Chamot, A. U. (2005). Language learning strategy instruction: Current issues and research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 112-130. doi:10.1017/s0267190505000061
Chamot, A. U., & O’Malley, J. M. (1987). The cognitive academic language learning approach: A bridge to the mainstream. TESOL Quarterly, 21 (2), 227-249. .doi:10.2307/3586733
Chang, C. A. (2008). Sources of listening anxiety in learning English as a foreign language. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106(1), 21-34. doi:10.2466/pms.106.1.21-34
Chen, L., Zhang, R., & Liu, C. (2014). Listening strategy use and influential factors in Web-based computer assisted language learning. Journal of Computer-Assisted Learning, 30, 207-219. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12041
Cliff, N. (1987). Analyzing multivariate data. New York: Harcourt College Pub.
Dornyei, Z. (2003). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction, administration and processing. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Flowerdew, J. H., & Miller, L. (2005). Second language listening: Theory and practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Floyd, F. J. & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286-299. doi:10.1037//1040-3590.7.3.286
Gillham, B. (2000). Developing a questionnaire. London: Continuum.
Goh, C. (2002). Exploring listening comprehension tactics and their interaction patterns. System, 30(2), 185-206. doi:10.1016/s0346-251x(02)00004-0
Goh, C. (1998). How learners with different listening abilities use comprehension strategies and tactics. Language Teaching Research, 2(2), 124-147. doi:10.1177/136216889800200203
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford
Liu, H. (2008). A study of the interrelationship between listening strategy use, listening
proficiency, and learning style. ARECLS, 8, 84-104. Retrieved from https://research.ncl.ac.uk/media/sites/researchwebsites/arecls/liu_vol5.pdf
O’Malley, M. J., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oller, J. W. (1979). Language tests at school. London: Longman.
Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (5th ed). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Paris, S. G., & Jacobs, J. (1984). The benefits of informed instruction for children’s reading awareness and comprehension skills. Child Development, 55(6), 2083-2093. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb03904.x
Paris, S. G., Lipson, M. Y., & Wixson, K. K. (1983). Becoming a strategic reader. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8(3), 293-316. doi:10.1016/0361476x(83)90018-8
Phakiti, A. (2003). A closer look at the relationship of cognitive and metacognitive strategy use to EFL reading comprehension test performance. Language Testing, 20(1), 26-56. doi:10.1191/0265532203lt243oa
Phakiti, A. (2006). Modeling cognitive and metacognitive strategies and their relationships to EFL reading test performance. Melbourne Papers in Language Testing, 1, 53-95.
Phakiti, A. (2008). Construct validation of Bachman and Palmer’s (1996) strategic competence model over time in EFL reading tests. Language Testing, 25(2), 237-272. doi:10.1177/0265532207086783
Politzer, R. L., & McGroarty, M. (1985). An exploratory study of learning behaviors and their relationship to gains in linguistic and communicative competence. TESOL Quarterly, 19(1), 103-123. doi:10.2307/3586774
Purpura, J. E. (1997). An analysis of the relationships between test takers’ cognitive and metacognitive strategy use and second language test performance. Language Learning, 47(2), 289-294. doi:10.1111/0023-8333.91997009
Purpura, J. E.(1999). Learner strategy use and performance on language tests: A structural equation modeling approach. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Rashtchi, M., & Khani, P. (2010). Improving Iranian EFL learners’ oral proficiency through metacognitive strategies instruction. Journal of English Language Studies, 1(4), 137-156.
Richards, J. (1990). The language teaching matrix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rubin, J. (1994). A review of second language listening comprehension research. The Modern Language Journal, 78(2), 199-217. doi:10.2307/329010
Sheoery, R., & Mokhtari, K. (2001). Differences in the metacognitive awareness of reading strategies among native and non-native readers. System, 29(4). 431-449. doi:10.1016/s0346-251x(01)00039-2
Teng, H. (1997). An investigation of EFL listening strategies by Taiwanese college students.
Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on English Teaching. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co., Ltd.
Vandergrift, L. (1997). The strategies of second language (French) listeners: A descriptive study. Foreign Language Annals, 30(3), 387-409. doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.1997.tb02362.x
Vandergrift, L. (2003). Orchestrating strategy use: Toward a model of the skilled second language listener. Language Learning, 53(3), 463-496. doi:10.1111/1467-9922.00232
Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. (2012). Teaching and learning second language listening: Metacognition in action. New York: Routledge.
Vandergrift, L., Goh, C., Mareschal, C. J., & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2006). The metacognitive awareness listening questionnaire: Development and validation. Language Learning, 56(3), 431-462. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00373.x
Vogely, A. (1995). Perceived strategy use during performance on three authentic listening comprehension tasks. Modern Language Journal, 79(1), 41-56. doi:10.1111/j.15404781.1995.tb05414.x
Wenden, A.L. (1991). Learner strategies for learner autonomy. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Wenden, A. L. (1998). Metacognitive knowledge and language learning. Applied Linguistics, 19(4), 515-537. doi:10.1093/applin/19.4.515
Zeng, Y. (2012). Metacognition and self-regulated learning (SRL) for Chinese EFL listening development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Zhang, L. J. (2010). A dynamic metacognitive systems account of Chinese university
students’ knowledge about EFL reading. TESOL Quarterly, 44, 320–353.
Zhang, L., Goh, C. M. C., & Kunnan, A. J. (2014). Analysis of test takers’ metacognitive and cognitive strategy use and EFL reading test performance: A multi-sample SEM approach. Language Assessment Quarterly, 11(1), 76-102. doi:10.1080/15434303.2013.853770
Zhang, L., & Zhang, L. J. (2013). Relationships between Chinese college test takers' strategy use and EFL reading test performance: A structural equation modeling approach. RELC Jornal, 44(1), 35-57. doi:10.1177/0033688212463272