Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Spiritual Leadership Model in Higher Education

Subject Areas : Education

ژاله Soltani ¹ , مسلم Salehi ² , عباس Gholtash ³ , M.A Nadi ⁴

1 - teacher of eslamic azad university shiraz Branch
2 - Assistant Professor/Marvdasht Branch
3 - Associate Professor/Marvdasht Branch
4 - Associate Professor/Khorasghan (esfahan) Branch

Received: 2016-09-18 Accepted : 2017-02-16 Published : 2018-02-20

Keywords: higher education, Spirituality, Spiritual leadership, The Spiritual Leadership Model in Higher Education,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Spiritual Leadership
Model in Higher  Education from the perspective of Chancellors &Rice-chancellors  and Deans&Sub-deans of their Faculties of Iran Islamic  Azad  Comprehensive universitis.In a descriptive cross-sectional study with Qualitative research& Quantitative research metods. This Qualitative research is a thematic analysis, This Quantitative research is the construct validity of the factor analysis,  spiritual leadership pattern in higher  education was examined using the opinions& perspective from forty of them as a panel of experts in order to examine the content and face validity of the scale. Moreover, a number of 530 questionnaires  receipt  from Chancellors &Rice-chancellors  and Deans&Sub-deans of their Faculties of Iran Islamic  Azad  Comprehensive universitis in order to examine the construct validity of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity of the questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS22 and PLS software. The results of factor analysis and expert opinion helped develop collecting & Accreditation of a spiritual leadership pattern in higher  education.the reseatcher-made questionnaire had 88 items across  five subscales. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was acceptable (0.92). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Model   had appropriate goodness of fit.The spiritual leadership pattern &88-item, Multifactor  spiritual Leadership Questionnaire in higher Education (MSLQ) was found to have acceptable validity and reliability. therefore introducing and teach this modern approach   spiritual leadership pattern in higher education  is recommended for all  members of Universities  and  the questionnaire be administered to larger samples.

References:

-                      Al Quran Alkarim.

-                      AlKashef Alghata M (2005) Supreme paradise.(Translated by Mohammad Ali Ghazi) Qom: Darol Anvarol Mahdi;(In Arabic).

-                      Abdizadeh M, Khiabani M M (2014)Implementing the Spiritual leadership Model in the Healthcare Industry in Iran.published by Canadian center of science & education. international jornal & Business & management.vol .9.No11.p:92-135..

-                      Al Arkoubi  Kh (2008) Spiritual leadership and identity in Moroccan business: an ethnographic study of YNNA holding", New Mexico State university, A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration Specialization in Human Resources Management.

-                      Ashoms D P , duchon D ( 2000) Spirituality at work aconceptualization &Measure, P.351. Buzan, Tony, paperback, 2001, The Power of Spiritual Intelligence. Harper Collins, ISBN, pp:7225-4047.

-                      Aydin B Ceylan A (2009) The effect of spiritual leadership on organizational learning capacity Department of Business Administration, Gebze Institute of High Technology (GYTE), Turkey Accepted 30 March, DOI: 10.5897/AJBM09.015. ISSN 1993-8233 © 2009 Academic Journals African Journal of Business Management Vol.3 (5), pp: 184-190.

-                      Ayranci E (2015) The Relationship between Spiritual Leadership and Issues of Spirituality and Religiosity: A Study of Top Turkish Managers www.ccsenet.org/ijbm International Journal of Business and Management Vol 6, No 4; pp:134-149

-                      Ayranci E , Ertugrul A (2015) A Research on the Relationship between Top Managers’ Intelligence and Their Ideas about Business Process Reengineering: Consideration of Emotionality and Spirituality. DOI:10.5539/ibr.v8n10p66 • 0.65 Impact Factor International Business Research 09/2015; 8(10) ;PP:66-80

-                      Badrinarayanan J ( 2008) Workplace  Spirituality and the selling organization a conceptual framework and research propositions Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, vol (4), (fall 2008), 421- 434.

-                      Bishop G , john R , Scho I (2001) Becoming a spiritual leader,Lewis Center for Church Leadership , pp : 158-192.

-                      Bradley J, Kauanui S K (2003) “Comparing Spirituality on three Southern California College Campuses”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp: 448-462.

-                      Burack E (1999) Spirituality in the work place,Journal of Organizational Change Management , Vol 12 , No.4, pp : 91-280

-                      Christian A, Counseling , Family Services(2015 ) Spiritual Leadership Discussion Aids. Copyright 2015 by Apostolic Christian Counseling and Family Services.www.accounseling.org. Morton, IL 61550 v Tel: [phone] . Leadership & Organization DevelopmentJournal, vol.31, No 7, pp:596-608.

-                      Dashti M (2008) Nahjol Ballagheh , Qom: Habib.(in Persian)

-                      Dillich S ( 2000) CIO's, Staffs, TooBusy to Communicate. Computing  Canada, pp : 80-102

-                      Freshman B ( 1999) An exploratory analysis of definitions and applications of spirituality in the workplace, Journal of Organizational Change Management,Vol 12,No 4,pp: 318-327.

-                      Fry L , Hannah W, Sean T, Noel M , Fred O ( 2011) , " Impact of spiritual leadership on unit performance ",The Leadership Quarterly, pp:1-12.

-                      Fry L W, Matherly L, Ouimet J ( 2010) " The Spiritual Leadership Balanced Scorecard Business Model: the case of the Cordon Bleu-Tomasso Corporation", Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, vol 7, NO 4, 2010, pp: 283-314.

-                      Fry L, Matherly L (2010) Spirituality and Leadership and Organizational Performance: An Exploratory Study. Tarlenton State University – Cetral Texas.

-                      Fry L W (2009) Spiritual Leadership as a Paradigm for Organizational Transformation and Recovery from Extended Work Hours Cultures, Journal of Business Ethics 02/2009; 84(2):265-278.

-                      Fry LW , Slocum J W ( 2008) Maximizing the triple bottom line through spiritual leadership , Organ Dyne, 37, 1, PP:86-99 .

-                      Fry L, Matherly L,Whittington L ,Winston B (2007)  Spiritual Leadership as an integrating paradigm for servant Leadership . in integrating Spirituality& organizational Leadership [e-mail] .india .Ltd ,pp:70-82

-                      Fry L W , Matherly L ( 2006) Spiritual Leadership and Organizational Performance: An Exploratory Study, Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Management Atlanta,Georgia, Tarleton State University – Central Texas.

-                      Fry L W (2005) “Toward a theory of Ethical and spiritual well beiny, positive psychology in Business ethics and corporare responsibility (information age poblishing)”,pp;47-83 .

-                      Fry  L w ( 2003) W. Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly. 2; 14. pp: 693–727.

-                      Fisher J (2010) Development and Application of a Spiritual Well Being Questionnaire Called SHALOM, Religions 1: 105-121.

-                      Fontana D (2003 ) “Psychology, Religion and Spirituality”,ABPS Blachwell,Aug Toronto.

-                      Gilbert (2006) Towards a holistic framework in fostering spirituality at work. The Twelfth Annual International Conference on Advances in Management.

-                      Gholtash A (2011) The Social and Political Foundation of Education: The Comparative study of approaches and Views of Citizenship Education. The journal of Foundation of Education, Vol 2, No 1, pp47-64.

-                      Grunes P,Gudmundsson A,Irmer B (2015) To What extent Is the Mayer&Salovey model of emotional &Spiritual intelligence a useful predictor or leadership style &percehved leadership outcomes in Astrailian. Educational Management& leadership .42 (1) ,pp:112-135.

-                      Innes PB ( 2004) The influence of leadership on perceptions of organizationalpolitics, job involvement, and organizational commitment, Regent university, United States – Virginia, pp:19-33.

-                      Kinjerski VM, Skrypnek B J ( 2004) “Defining Spirit at Work: Finding Common Ground”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol 17, No l, pp: 26-42.

-                      Kolini M (1996) Al-Kafi Principles (translated by Mohammad Bagher Kamerei) Qom: Osveh (in Persian)

-                      Krishna Kumar S, Neak Ch (2002) The “What”, “Why”, and “How” of spirituality in the workplace. Journal of managerial psychology. 17(3):153-164.

-                      Kumar S,Bhasin A (2015) The relationship between Spirituality& workeplace emotional &Spiritual intelligence.implications for individuals in organizations. international Journal of Management&social science Research Review,1(3) ,pp:47-65.

-                      Luckcock T (2010) Spiritual Leadership& the struggle for the soul of Head teachers :Administration & Leadership,38,pp:405-422.

-                      Makarem Shirazi N (2008) Sample Commentary, Vol 20, Tehran: Habib (in Persian).

-                      Marques J, Dhiman S, King R (2009) Spirituality in the Workplace: What It Is, Why It Matters, How to Make It Work for You, USA:Personhod Press.

-                      Marques JF ( 2006) The spiritual worker,Journal Of Management Development,Vol 25,No 9,pp : 84-95.

-                      Marvel K, Baily A, Pfaffly C, Gunn W ( 2003) Relationship-Centere in Administration: Transfering EffectiveCommunication Skills from the ExamRoom to the Conference Room. Journalof Healthcare Management, 48, 2, pp : 112-121.

-                      Matherly L, Fry L W ( 2005) Spiritual Leadership and the Strategic Scorecard Model of Performance Excellence: The Case of Tomas so Corporation. The Leadership Quarrerly.16,PP; 320-325

-                      Mazni S,Toh D,Mohamed A,Normalini M (2015) Spiritual intelligence on leadership Effectiveness & Food Hygiene practices in public institutions.Elsevier .procedia.social&Behavvioral science,201 ,PP:140-155.

-                      Milliman J ,Czaplewski D ,Andrew J. Ferguson JY (2003) Workplace Spirituality and employee Work attitudes”, : An Exploratory Empirical Assessment Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol 16, No 4, pp: 426-447.

-                      Miller MA (1995) Culture, spirituality, and women’s health. Journal of Obstet Gynecology Neonatal. 24(3):257—63 Mirvis P (1997) Soul work in organization , Organization Science,

-                      Mitroff I, Denton E( 1999) A study of spirituality in the workplace. Sloan Management Review, 4 (4),PP: 83- 92

-                      Mohammadnezhad Y , Roshan A , Motahhari S ( 2009) National report of higer education, Research and technology, institutes of research and planning in higer education. in Persian, pp :70 8-720.

-                      Mwambazambi K, Banza AK (2015) ‘Four-dimensional conversion for spiritual leadership development: A missiological approach for African churches’, HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies 70(3), Art. #1953, 9 pages. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts. v70i3.1953 [e-mail]. http://www.hts.org.za.

-                      Naidoo M (2014) ‘The potential of spiritual leadership in workplace spirituality’, Koers-. Art. #2124, 8 http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/koers. v79i2.2124. doi:10.4102/koers.v79i2.2124 http://www.koersjournal.org.za – Bulletin for Christian Scholarship 79(2), pages,pp:1-8.

-                      Sendjaya S (2015) Origin of servant leadership.switzerland. Management for porofessionals. springer international.Do1.10.1007/978-3- 319-16196-9-2.

-                      Sendjaya S,Yoshida O,Hirst G,Cooper B (2015 ) Servant leadership ,creativity&innovation. Business Research .67(7)Pp: 1804-1394.

-                      Sendjaya S,Eva N (2015) Creating Future Leaders :an examination of youth leadership development in Australia.Education &Training.55(6) ,584-598. Sendjaya S.(2015).Servant leadership Research: Personal&

-                      Soltani Sarvestani  J (2005) “ Relationship between Leadership Styles(Transformation&Transactional) With Principels Effectiveness”,, Unpublished.Islamic Azad University Shiraz Branch (in Persian).

-                      Stavrou E T , Charalambous C, Spiliotis S ( 2006) Human resource management and performance: a neural network analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 181,pp: 453–467.

-                      Storsletten VM.Jakobsen O (2015) Development of leadership Theory in the perspective of kiekegaard’s philosophy , springer science.J Bus Ethics, 128,PP:337-349.

-                      Strack G, Fottler M, Wheatley M, Sodomka P ( 2002) Spirituality and EffectiveLeadership in Healthcare: Is There a Connection? Frontiers of Health Service Management, 18(4),PP: 3-45.

-                      Tabarsi H (1986) Makarem ethics (translated by Seyed Ebrahim Mirbagheri) Tehran: Farahani.(in Persian)

-                      Thompson W (2000) Can you train people to be spiritual Training & development. Training & development,54(12) ,PP: 273-279.

-                      Tootian S, Motamen M (2015) Relationship between spiritual intelligence &transformational leadership. Maleysia.Wali AJournal.31(53):187-195.

-                      Yichen G ,Fangyang C (2012) The impact of Spiritual Leadership on organizational citizenship Behavior: A multi-Sample Analysis.JBus Ethics,105,pp:107-114.