Variation on biological activities and total phenol and flavonoids contents in different extracts from Salvia rhytidea Bent. collected from natural habitats of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces
Subject Areas : Ecophysiology & Phytochemistry of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsOmid Azizian-Shermeh 1 , Alireza Hassanabadi 2
1 - PhD Student of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan,
Keywords: Kerman province, antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial Activity, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Phytochemical compounds,
Abstract :
Introduction: The variety of quantity and quality of active ingredients as well as the antioxidant function of medicinal plants under different ecological conditions has made plants as a valuable and natural source of new antioxidants in the focus of researchers. Salvia rhytidea Bent is one of the native medicinal plants of Sistan and Baluchestan and Kerman provinces. The genus Salvia belongs to the genus Lamiaceae, with more than 311 species worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate regions. The present study is carried out to evaluate the phytochemical compounds such as total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of three extracts (Methanolic, Ethanolic and Aqueous) of Salvia rhytidea Bent from natural habitats of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan province.Experimental: Phenolic and Flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocaltiu, Aluminum Chloride colorimetric and antioxidant activities were studied by two methods (DPPH and FRAP) and antimicrobial activities were estimated by Disk-Diffusion Agar and MIC methods against 3 bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and 2 fungis Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.Results and Disscussion: The results showed that, the methanolic extract of S. rhytidea from Sistan and Baluchestan province had high amount of secondary compounds (phenolic and flavonoids: 35.12 ± 2.11 mg GAE/g extract, 29.13 ± 1.12 mg QUE/g extract) and activities (antioxidant activities: IC50= 27.28 ± 2.12 µg/ml, 49.17 ± 2.21 mM Fe2+/mg Sample, and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus with the diameter of inhibition zone 25 ± 1.41). Aqueous extract of S. rhytidea from Kerman province had minimum amount of secondary compounds (phenolic and flavonoids: 10.72 ±1.21 mgGAE/g extract, 6.14 ± 0.24 mgQUE/g extract) and activities (antioxidant activities: IC50= 173.12 ± 4.16 µg/ml, 7.66 ± 0.23 mM Fe2+/mg Sample, and antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli with the diameter of inhibition zone 9 ± 0.19 mm). The extraction method of the extract and the appropriate solvent play an important role in the extraction of secondary compounds. Methanol solvent has played an important role in the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid secondary compounds, and these compounds have led to antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, so that methanolic extracts have the highest amount of total phenols and flavonoids and the most antioxidant effect. Among the studied extracts, methanolic extract showed the greatest effect in all evaluations. Also, the antioxidant power of methanolic extract of this plant was so high that it was almost close to the antioxidant power of synthetic antioxidants ascorbic acid (10.75 ± 0.98 µg/ml, 65.75 ± 3.35 mM Fe 2+/mg Sample) and BHT (15.26 ± 1.2 µg/ml, 57.96 ± 1.53 mM Fe 2+/mg Sample) in both methods. Ethanolic extract was in the second place for both plant samples and between methanolic and aqueous extracts.Extension: Overall, based on the results, the Salvia rhytidea can be a suitable candidate for the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress, and diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. Also, due to its high potential in eliminating pathogens, this plant can be a suitable alternative to antibiotics.
Alamhulu, M. and Nazeri, S. 2015. Investigation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of alcoholic extracts of flower and root of dendrostellera lesserti on some human pathogenic bacteria. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 21(4):277-285. (In Persian)
Amiri, H. 2007. Quantitative and qualitative changes of essential oil of Salvia bracteata Bank et Sol. in different growth stages. DARU-Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, 15(2): 79-82.
Amzad Hossain, M. and Dawood Shah, M.A. 2015. Study on the total phenols content and antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of endemic plant Merremia borneensis. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8: 66-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.01.007
Arami, S., Kermanshah, H., Hashemi, S.S., Mersalehyan, A., Kamalinazhad, M., Karimi, M. and Jabal Ameli, F. 2011. Antibacterial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Saliva Officinalisand Menta Longifolia on three bacteria causing dental caries under laboratory conditions. Journal of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 28(4): 232-237. (In Persian)
Azizian Shermeh, O., Taherizadeh, M., Valizadeh, M. and Zaboli, A. 2018 a. Investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and phytochemical Compounds of essential oil and different extracts of Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss.) Bor. from Sistan and Baluchestan province. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 25(2): 279-292. (In Persian)
Azizian Shermeh, O., Valizadeh, M., Valizadeh, J., Taherizadeh, M. and Beigomi, M.P. 2017 b. Phytochemical investigation and phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L. Biotechnology, 8(1): 80-90 (In Persian)
Azizian Shermeh, O., Valizadeh, M., Qasemi, A., Mehraban, A. and Kamali deljoo, A. 2017c. Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activities in Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss, Rhazya stricta L., Salvadora persica L., Teucrium polium L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L. from Sistan and Baluchestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5(2): 49-68. (In Persian)
Azizian Shermeh, O, Valizadeh, J., Noroozifar, M., Ghasemi, A. and Valizadeh, M. 2016 d. Optimization, characterization and anti microbial activity of gold nano particles biosynthesized using aqueous extract of Sambucus ebulus L. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(1): 1-18. (In Persian)
Azizian Shermeh, O., Valizadeh, J., Noroozifar, M. and Qasemi, A. 2016 e. Investigation the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles biosynthesis by aqueous extract of Sambucus ebulus L. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 25(4): 92-108. (In Persian)
Azizian Shermeh, O., Taherizadeh, M., Valizadeh, M. and Qasemi, A. 2018 f. Robial and antioxidant activities and determining phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts of five species from different families of the medicinal plants grown in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 7(4): 465-479. (In Persian)
Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M. and Koraichi Ibnsouda, S. 2016. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2): 71-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
Bergmeier, D., Berres, P.H.D., Filippi, D., Bilibio, D., Bettiol, V.R. and Priamo, W.L. 2014. Extraction of total polyphenols from Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and wax weed/‘sete-sangrias’(Cuphea carthagenensis) and evaluation of their antioxidant potential. Acta Scientiarum Technology, 36: 545-51. DOI: https://doi.org /10.4025/actascitechnol.v36i3.19093
Einali, A., Azizian-Shermeh, O. and Ghasemi, A. 2018. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of Periploca aphylla Decne, Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) and oleander (Nerium indicum Mill.) Leaf extracts. Food Measure, 12: 1350-1359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9749-9
Elmageed, M.A., Hussein, B. 2008. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of Salvia officinalis L. flowers, Sudan. Medical Sciences, 3(2): 127-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/sjms.v3i2.38526
Fallah, Zahabi, Z., Sharififar, F., Almani, P.G.N. and Salari, S. 2020. Antifungal activity of different fractions of Salvia rhytidea Benth as a valuable medicinal plant against various species of Candida in Kerman Province, southeast Iran. Gene Reports, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100624
Jamshidi, M., Ahmadi. H.R., Rezazadeh, S., Fathi, F. and Mazanderani, M. 2010. Study on phenolic and antioxidant activity of some selected plant of Mazandaran province. Medicinal Plants, 9(34): 177-183. (In Persian)
Kelen, M. and Tepe, B. 2008. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oils of three Salvia species from Turkish flora. Biotechnology Pharmacal, 99(10): 4096-4104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.002
Khorasani Esmaeili, A., Taha, R.M., Mohajer, S. and Banisalam, B. 2015. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of various solvent extracts from In Vivo and In Vitro grown Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover). BioMed Research International, 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/643285
Lezoul, N.E.H., Belkadi, M., Habibi, F. and Guillén, F. 2020. Extraction processes with several solvents on total bioactive compounds in diferent organs of three medicinal plants. Molecules, 25(20): 4672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204672
Mazaraie, A., Mousavi-Nik, S.M. and Fahmideh, L. 2018. Assessments of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity of aqueous, alcoholic, methanol and acetone extracts of thirteen medicinal plants. Nova Biologica Reperta, 4(4): 299-309. (In Persian). DOI: http://doi.org/10.29252/nbr.4.4.299
Mazandarani, M., Makari, S., Baijan, G.R., Zarghami Moghadam, P. and Abrudi, M. 2011. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum Rech. F. in Golestan province, North of Iran. Iranian Journal of plant physiology, 2(2): 381-388. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22034 /ijpp.2012.540771
Mobaiyen, H., Jafari Sales, A. and Sayyahi, J. 2016. Evaluating antimicrobial effects of centaurea plant's essential oil on pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus Aureus, Staphylococcus Epidermidis, and Escherichia Coli Isolated from Clinical Specimens. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 5(4): 479-487. (In Persian)
Mohajerani, M. 2012. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Nerium oleander L. grown in north of Iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(4):1121-1126.
Mohammadi, M., Kazemi tabar, K., Asili, J. and Kamali, H. 2014. Study of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity in methanolic, dichloromethan and hexane extracts of aerial parts of Cyperus longos. North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 6(1):168. DOI: http://doi.org/10.29252/jnkums.6.1.161
Morello, J.R., Motilva, M.J., Tovar, M.J. and Romero, M.P. 2004. Changes in commercial virgin olive oil during storage, with special emphasis on the phenolic fraction. Food chemistry, 85: 357-364. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.foodchem.2003.07.012
Pourreza, N. 2013. Phenolic Compounds as Potential Antioxidant. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 8(4): 149-50. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17795/jjnpp-15380
Prevec, T., Segatin, N., Poklarulrih, N. and Cigic, B., 2013. DPPH assay of vegetable oils and model antioxidants in protic and aprotic solvents. Talanta, 109, 13–19. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.046
Qingming, Y., Xianhui, P., Weibao, K., Hong, Y., Yidan, S., Zhang, L., Yanan, Z., Yuling, Y., Lan, D. and Guoan, L. 2010. Antioxidant activities of malt extract from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) toward various oxidative stress invitroand invivo. Food Chemistry, 118(1): 84-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009. 04.094
Sadeghi, Z., Valizadeh, J. and Aziziam Shermeh, O. 2015. Study of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Baneh (Pistacia atlantica) Gum, from Saravan region, Sistan and Baluchestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal plants, 3(2): 18-27. (In Persian).
Salari, S., Bakhshi, T., Sharififar, F., Naseri, A. and Ghaseminejad Alami, P. 2016. Evaluation of antifungal activity of standardized extract of Salvia rhytidea Benth. (Lamiaceae) against various Candida isolates. De Mycologie Médicale, 26(4):323-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.06.003
Salimikia, I., Reza Monsef-Esfahani, H., Gohari, A.R. and Salek, M. 2016. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Salvia chloroleuca aerial extracts. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(8), 1-5. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.24836
Salimpour, F., Mazoji, A., Mazhar, S.F. and Barzen, G. 2013. Comparison of antibacterial properties of essential oils of four species of medicinal plants sage. Faculty of Medicine, 37(4): 205-210. (In Persian)
Sanchez, S.C., Gonzalez, G.A.M., Garcia-Parrilla, M.C., Granados, Q.J.J., Serrana, H.L.G. and Martinez, L.M.C. 2007. Different radical scavenging tests in virgin olive oil and their relation to the total phenol content. Analytica Chimica Acta, 593(1): 103–107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.037
Shashi, A., Sanjay, K.J., Amita, V., Mayank, K., Alok, M. and Monika, S. 2014. Herbal antioxidant in clinical practice: A review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(1):78-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2221-1691(14)60213-6
Thi, N.D. and Hwang, E.S. 2014. Bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activity in Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) leaves collected at different growth stages. Neutral Food Science, 19: 204-212, DOI:https:// doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2014.19.3.204
Vakili Shahrebabaki, S.M.A. 2016. Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Salvia officinalis L. and Achillea millefoliom L. from Kerman province. Ecophytochemistry Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(2): 33-43. (In Persian)
Yazdi Nezhad, A.R. and Malekzadeh. M. 2014. Effect of antioxidant properties, total phenolic content, anthocyanins and flavonoids methanol extract of Sage (Salvia viridis) collected from Zanjan. Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 23(96): 100-108. (In Persian).
_||_