Climatic Design of Form, Aspect Ratio and Building’s Orientation Based on Solar Radiation in Tehran

Subject Areas : Architecture and urbanization

hassan Akbari ¹ , esmail ebrahimi ²

1 - Assistant Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Geography, Islamic Azad University Pars Abad Moghan, Iran.

Received: 2019-01-12 Accepted : 2020-10-27 Published : 2021-01-20

Keywords: Solar Energy, Form, Tehran City, aspect ratio and optimum building orientation, the Law of Cosine,

Abstract :

Considering the special geographical-climatic conditions and the high consumption of fossil fuels in Tehran, the design of buildings, consistent with the climate and in order to benefit from renewable energies such as solar energy is necessary. The physical characteristics of buildings have a very important role in the regulation of microclimate conditions and thermal situation of interior and exterior spaces of buildings. The aim of this research is to determine the proper form, aspect ratio and orientation of buildings, based on the amount of received solar radiation in Tehran. In this research, six geometric forms, including square, rectangle, hexagonal, octagonal, hexadecagon and triacontadigon with an equal area and elevation were studied. Using the Q-BASIC software, the azimuth angle and altitude of the sun were extracted, then, based on “Law of Cosines” computational method, the amount of energy received at the vertical surfaces was estimated in 32 geographic directions. The results show that the highest amount of annual received energy is related to the rectangular form with the North-South orientation and the least amount is related to the rectangular form with East-West orientation. The best form of building in Tehran is a rectangle with East-West orientation and after that is the square form. The most suitable aspect ratio for the rectangular form with the East-West orientation is the ratio of 1: 1.4. The most appropriate orientations for the specified aspect ratios, are the 165 degrees South-East and South-West and then is the directions to the South.

References:

Abanda, F.H., & Byers, L. (2016). An investigation of the impact of building orientation on energy consumption in a domestic building using emerging BIM (Building Information Modelling), Energy, 97, 517-527.

Al-Anzi, A., Seo, D., & Krarti, M. (2009). Impact of building shape on thermal performance of office buildings in Kuwait. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(3), 822–828.

Ashrae (1995). Handbook, heating, ventilating, and airconditioning applications. Ashrae Publications.

Barzegar, Z., Heydari, S., & Zarei, M. (2012). Evaluuation of the effect of biulding orientation on achieved solar radiation-a NE-SW orientated case of urban residence in semi-arid climate, International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, 22(2), 108-113.

Barzegar, Z., & Heydari, S. (2012). Investigation of the effects of building envelopes received solar radiation on residential energy consumption: A case of SW and SE orientation in Shiraz, Honar- Ha- Ye- Ziba- Memari Va Sharsazi, 18(1), 45-56.(in Persian)

Chia, S.L., Mohd Hamdan, A., & Dilshn Remaz, O. (2007). The effect of geometric shape and building orientation on minimising solar insolation on high-rise buildings in hot humid climate, Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 12(1), 27-38.

Depecker, P., Menezo, C., Virgone, J., & Lepers, S. (2001). Design of buildings shape and energetic consumption, Building and Environment, 36(5), 627-635.

Erbs, D. G. (1983). Models and applications for weather statistics related to building heating and cooling loads, Ph.D. thesis, Mechanical Engineering Dept, University of Wisconsin- Madison.

Farrokhi, M., Izadi, M.S., &  Karimi Moshaver, M. (2018). Analysis of energy efficiency of urban fabrics in the hot and dry climates, case study: Isfahan, Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, 1(13), 127-147. (in Persian)

Fazeli, A.R., & Heidari, Sh. (2013). Energy efficiency in residential areas of Tehran using Rotterdam energy approach planning (REAP), Quarterly journal of energy policy and planning Research, 1(3), 83-96. (in Persian)

Ghanghermeh, A.,  Roshan, G., &  Shahkooeei, S. (2018). The review of determining the thermal comfort base temperature in different climatic regions in order to calculate the required degree-day index for cooling and heating, Scientific-Research Journal of  Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 27(105), 127-143. (in Persian)

Habibi-Khmeneh, M., & Mohammadi, H. (2014). The study architecture of Tehran municipality, district 5 is based on climatic elements, Quarterly Geographical Journal of Territory (Sarzamin), 9(41), 51-64. (in Persian)

Hedayatian, M., & Goodarzi, M.  (2016). Optimizing the orientation of the open spaces and building constructions for cold climate based on sunshine in borujerd city, Researches in Geographical Sciences, 16(42), 59-82. (in Persian)

Hemsath, T. L., & Alagheband Bandhosseini, K. (2015). Sensitivity analysis evaluating basic building geometry's effect on energy use, Renewable Energy, 76, 526-38.

IRIMO, Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Office, Data Center, Tehran. http://www.irimo.ir/far/wd/2703.

Karami Kord Alivand, F., & Narengi Fard, M. (2017). Optimize the orientation of buildings against radiation (case study:Shiraz), Geographic Notion, 8(16), 96-122. (in Persian)

Karbalaee doree, A.R., & Hejazi Zadeh, Z. (2017). Optimizing building orientation establishment in the city of Kashan, based on climatic conditions, Arid Regions Geographic Studies, 7(27), 85-103. (in Persian)

Kasmai,  M.  (2002). Climate architecture, Esfahan, Nashre khak, Second Edition. (in Persian)

Kheirabadi, F., Nourmohammadzad, H., & Alizadeh, H. (2017). The Role of urban spaces physical orientation on the extent of climate comfort of citizens: case study of Bandar Abbas, Geography and Sustainability of Environment, 7(24), 15-31. (in Persian)

McKeen, P., & Fung, A.S. (2014). The effect of building aspect ratio on energy efficiency: A case study for multi-unit residential buildings in Canada, Buildings, 4, 336-354.

Mingfang, T. (2002). Solar control for buildings, Building and Environment, 37(7), 659-664.

National Building Regulations, chapter 19 (Energy Saving). (2017). Publishing Iran Development, Third Edition. (in Persian)

Oral, G.K., & Yilmaz, Z. (2003). Building form for cold climatic zones related to building envelope from heating energy conservation point of view. Energy and Buildings, 35(4), 383-388.

Ourghi, R., Al-Anzi, A., Krarti, M. (2007). A simplified analysis method to predict the impact of shape on annual energy use for office buildings, Energy Conversion and Management, 48(1), 300-305.

Pacheco, R., Ordonez, J., & Martinez, G. (2012). Energy efficient design of building: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(6), 3559-3573.

Rafiyan, M., Fathe Jalali, A., & Dadashpour, H.  (2011). Evaluating the effect of building form and density on urban energy consumption (case study: Hashtgerd new town), Aramanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 4(6), 107-116. (in Persian)

Raji, B., Tenpierik, M.J., & Van Den Dobbelsteen, A. (2016). A comparative study: design strategies for energy-efficiency of high-rise office buildings, Journal of Green Building, 11(1), 134-158.

Raji, B., Tenpierik, M.J., & Van Den Dobbelsteen, A. (2017). Early-stage design considerations for the energy-efficiency of high-rise office buildings, Sustainability, 9(623), 1-28.

Rashidi, W.S.S.W.M., & Embi, M.R. (2016). Analysing optimum building form in relation to lower cooling load, Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 782-790.

Shafiei,  M., Fayaz, R., & Hidari, Sh. (2014). The appropriate form of tall building for receiving solar energy in Tehran, Iranina journal of Energy, 16(4), 47-60. (in Persian)

Wang, W., Rivard, H., & Zmeureanu, R. (2006). Floor shape optimization for green building design. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 20(4), 363–378.

Watson, D. & Labs, K. (1983). Climate design: energy efficient building principles and practices. McGraw-Hill, New York, 37.

Wei, L., Tian, W., Zuo, J., Yang, Z.Y., Liu, Y.L., & Yang, S. (2016). Effects of building form on energy use for buildings in cold climate regions, Procedia Engineering, 146, 182-189.

Zarghami, E., Jahan Bakhsh, H., & Tahanian, A.H. (2016). Investigate relationship between the form of residential buildings and energy consumption in hot and dry climates in Semnan city, Iranina journal of Energy, 18(4), 63-76. (in Persian)

Zamani, M., Akbari, H., & Hadavi, F. (2016).  Best orientation determination of buildings in Zanjan city based on solar radiation, Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 8(16), 85-94.