by-product

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1 - تاثیر مقادیر متفاوت پروتئین آبکافت روی آنزیم های گوارشی آلوین های ماهی قزل آلای رنگین کمان (Oncorhinchus mykiss)
علی طاهری عبدالمحمد عابدیان کناری رویین حلاج مهران حبیبی رضایی علی معتمدزادگان امین اوجی فرد

در این مطالعه به بررسی تاثیر پروتئین آبکافت روی آنزیم ها ی پروتئولیتیک آلوین های قزل آلای رنگین کمان Onchorhynchus mykiss) پرداخته شد.6 جیره با سطوح متفاوت پروتئین (10% ،25%،50% جایگزینی با پروتئین پودرماهی جیره) آبکافت ماهی ساردین پهلو طلایی (Sardinella gibossa) وضایعا أکثر

در این مطالعه به بررسی تاثیر پروتئین آبکافت روی آنزیم ها ی پروتئولیتیک آلوین های قزل آلای رنگین کمان Onchorhynchus mykiss) پرداخته شد.6 جیره با سطوح متفاوت پروتئین (10% ،25%،50% جایگزینی با پروتئین پودرماهی جیره) آبکافت ماهی ساردین پهلو طلایی (Sardinella gibossa) وضایعات کشتارگاه مرغ مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. آلوین ها به تعداد 12±824 عدد پس از شروع به تغذیه فعال برای 30 روز مورد تغذیه جیره های مذکور درتانک های 40 لیتری قرار گرفتند . آنزیم ها ی پپسین، تریپسین، آمینوپپتیداز ان،لوسین آلانین پپتیداز و آلکالین فسفاتاز مورد سنجش اسپکتروف تومتری قرارگرفت. بر اساس نتایج سنجش و آزمایشات انجام شده روی اندازه گیری مقادیرآنزیم های نوارمسواکی، بلوغ آنتروسیت های روده ای را در ماهیان تغذیه شده باجیره های حاوی 10 % هر دو منبع پروتئین آبکافت (ضایعات کشتارگاهی طیور وپروتئین ماهی ساردین ) و 25 % پروتئین آبکافت ماهی ساردین پهلو طلایی سریع تر نشان دادند (Pبیش از حد از پروتئین آبکافت تاثیر منفی بر این فاکتور دارد. بر این اساس سطحبهینه جایگز ینی با پودر ماهی جیره 25 % پروتئین آبکافت ساردین پهلو طلایی و%10 پروتئین آبکافت ضایعات کشتارگاه طیور خواهد بود. تفاصيل المقالة

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2 - Advanced Oxidation Process for Haloacetic Acid Removal in Tehranpars Water Treatment Using CuO Nanocatalyst
Seyedeh Niloofar Alavi Seyed Ali Jozi Kambiz Tahvildar Shahrzad Khoramnezhadian

Potentially harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs), as a significant challenge in water treatment, are formed when oxidizing disinfectants react with natural organic matters (NOM). Unfortunately, an unwanted side effect is the formation of harmful by-products, such as T أکثر

Potentially harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs), as a significant challenge in water treatment, are formed when oxidizing disinfectants react with natural organic matters (NOM). Unfortunately, an unwanted side effect is the formation of harmful by-products, such as THMs and HAAs, following the chlorination stage. DBPs cause a variety of diseases like cancer in humans. In this study, the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) method was used to reduce HAA contamination in Tehranpars Water Treatment Plant. The EPA Method 552/2 was used for detecting HAA compounds by gas chromatography equipped with an ECD detector. The AOP method was performed in a photoreactor equipped with 4 UV lamps. The effects of UV radiation, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, level of pH, reaction time, number of UV lamps, and amount of CuO nanocatalyst on the oxidation reaction of HAA were investigated. The results showed that the annual mean levels of DCAA and TCAA in Tehranpars tap water were 0.0526 and 0.232, respectively. The optimum level of CuO nanocatalyst in the AOP process was 0.625 with 99.79% removal of DCAA and 99.22% removal of TCAA. The removal percentage increased with increasing treatment time, hydrogen peroxide level, and the number of the UV lamp at neutral and alkaline pH. تفاصيل المقالة

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3 - Effects of Two Sources of Tannins on Performance, Nitrogen Utilization and Efficiency of Microbial Nitrogen Synthesis in Dairy Goats
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ف. پورملایی س. صفا

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannic acid (TA) and pistachio by-product tannin extract (PBE) on N utilization and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) in Saanen dairy goats. The experimental design was a change over design with three أکثر

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tannic acid (TA) and pistachio by-product tannin extract (PBE) on N utilization and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) in Saanen dairy goats. The experimental design was a change over design with three treatments and three periods using six mid lactation multiparous dairy goats. Tannic acid solution and PBE were added to fresh alfalfa at ensiling to get the final concentration of about 1% tannin as dry matter (DM) basis. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) untreated alfalfa silage (AS), 2) AS treated with TA (AS+TA) and 3) AS treated with PBE (AS+PBE). Intake of DM, organic matter (OM) and N and also milk yield and composition (as percent or as g/d) were not affected by tannin additions. A considerable shift occurred in the pattern of N excretion in goats fed PBE diet compared to control silage diet. Urinary N losses had a tendency (P<0.10) to lower (17.4 vs. 19.2 g/d) and fecal N losses was higher for goats fed AS + PBE compared with those fed the AS silage diet (14.6 vs. 12.6 g/d). As a proportion of N intake or as g N loss per d, retained N was higher (P<0.05) in goats fed AS + PBE compared to those fed the control diet. Microbial nitrogen synthesis (MN) was not affected by tannin additions. However, a trend (P<0.10) for less efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMN) was observed in tannin fed goats compared to those fed the control diet. Although, tannins added to AS may exert some beneficial effects on N utilization and also environmental N outputs, they may interfere with rumen fermentation lead to decrease in EMN in goats especially those fed with PBE. تفاصيل المقالة

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4 - Characteristics of Canary Hair Sheep (Pelibuey) Lamb’s Carcass Fed with Banana (Musa acuminate) By-products
S. Ahmed-Salek J.R. Jaber V. Navarro C. Gutiérrez M.R. Ventura

The use of alternative feeds for animal nutrition has widely been recommended in the last years. Banana (Musa acuminate) is a predominant culture in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world with an estimated world production of 116 million tons. Banana by-prod أکثر

The use of alternative feeds for animal nutrition has widely been recommended in the last years. Banana (Musa acuminate) is a predominant culture in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world with an estimated world production of 116 million tons. Banana by-products could be used as alternative feeds for ruminant nutrition. The present study assessed the effects of replacing ryegrass hay with banana by-products on carcass characteristic and composition in Canary hair sheep lambs. The animals (N=22, weighted 14.8±0.5 kg body weight (BW)) were divided into 2 groups receiving a mixture of fresh banana by-products and commercial ryegrass hay, respectively. A commercial concentrate feed was also added to both groups. After a 58-day trial, 14 animals (n=14) were slaughter at weights of 25.0 ± 0.6 kg BW. Carcass weight, dressing weight, composition and tissue weight were not significantly different for both groups, except for the weights of the empty digestive tracts (P=0.001) and livers (P=0.002). The results confirm that banana by-products could be used as alternative forage source for Canary hair sheep lambs raised in subtropical conditions. تفاصيل المقالة

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5 - The Effect of Replacing Barley Grain with Powerfeed® in Finishing Diets on the Performance, Serum Sodium and Potassium Concentration, and the Urine pH of Chall Lambs
A. Pirzadeh Naeiny A.A. Khadem M. Rezaeian A. Afzalzadeh M.A. Norouzian

Thirty six male Chall lambs (four-month old and 26 ±1.5 kg body weight) were randomly assigned into four treatments (nine lambs per treatment) to study the effect of Powerfeed® (a commercial mixture made from wheat processing by-product and wheat bran) on wei أکثر

Thirty six male Chall lambs (four-month old and 26 ±1.5 kg body weight) were randomly assigned into four treatments (nine lambs per treatment) to study the effect of Powerfeed® (a commercial mixture made from wheat processing by-product and wheat bran) on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, serum sodium and potassium concentration and urine pH. Lambs in control group were fed with a total mixed ration based of alfalfa and barley grain. Barley grain was replaced with Powerfeed® (PF) at levels of 4, 8 and 12 in treatments 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The experiment lasted for 105 days comprising 15 days of adaptation period and 90 days finishing period. No significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, serum sodium and potassium concentration and urine pH of lambs in control group when compared to other treatments. In conclusion, Powerfeed® can be used as partial replacement of barley grain in total mixed rations of finishing lambs. تفاصيل المقالة

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6 - Crude Protein Fractions and in vitroGas Production of Alfalfa Silages Treated with Pistachio by-Products Extract
ا. مختارپور ع.ع. ناصریان ر. ولی‌زاده م. دانش مسگران ف. پورملایی

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w أکثر

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) for 12 h. After filtering and concentrating, the crude extract was added to fresh alfalfa to a final concentration of 1%, 2% and 3% tannin dry matter (DM) and then ensiled for 60 days. Four treatments were as follows: alfalfa silage without addition of PB extract as a control (T0), PB tannin added at 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% DM (T3). Treating alfalfa silage decreased the formation of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds and increased crude protein fraction B2 during ensilage. Cumulative in vitro gas production after 96 h incubation, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) decreased in T2 and T3 compared to the control. The gas production and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) of treated silages increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which indicates that the presence of phenolic compounds and tannins depressed the gas production. It can be concluded that treating alfalfa silage with PB extract can reduce the nitrogen losses during ensilage and degradability of organic matter (OM) by microbial inhibition. تفاصيل المقالة

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7 - Effect of Processing Protein Supplements with Tannin Extracted from Pistachio by-Products on Performance of Holstein Dairy Cows in Early Lactation
م. شریفی ع.ع. ناصرانی ع.م. طهماسبی ر. ولی‌زاده

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing protein meals by tannin extracted from pistachio by-product on apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows. For tannin extraction, one kilogram of sun-dried pi أکثر

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of processing protein meals by tannin extracted from pistachio by-product on apparent total tract digestibility, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows. For tannin extraction, one kilogram of sun-dried pistachio by-products was immersed in four liters of water for 48 h. Then, pistachio by-products were removed from the water and the extract obtained was sprayed on protein supplements (canola meal and soybean meal) with an equal ratio of 1:1 (L/kg) and was dried in the shade. Eight nulliparous Holstein dairy cows with 27 ± 49days in milk(DIM) and milk production of 38 ± 4 kg/d were used in the form of a replicated Latin square (4×4) design. The experiment was performed in four 21-day periods consisting of 14 days for adaptation and 7 days for recording. The experimental treatments were as follows: 1) ration based on soybean meal, 2) ration based on soybean meal processed with the extracted tannin by water-extracted tannin from pistachio by-product, 3) ration based on canola meal and 4) ration based on canola meal processed with water-extracted tannin from pistachio by-product. Spraying extracted tannin on protein supplement increase concentration by 370 and 246% in soybean meal and canola meal, respectively. Intake of dry matter (DM) and total tract apparent digestibility were not affected by treatments. Although daily milk production (kg/d) and milk protein percentage were not affected by treatments, cows fed tannins produced more milk and milk protein. Tannins decreased rumen ammonia concentration only in the canola diets. Soybean treatment had the highest and processed canola treatment with tannin had the lowest rates of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. Treated protein supplements with tannins decreased ruminal pH, soybean treatments showed the highest and processed canola treatment had the lowest pH rates with tannin. Although blood urea nitrogen was not affected by the treatments, processing the rations with tannin reduced blood urea nitrogen linearly however; other blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. Results of this study show that under our experimental conditions, processing protein supplements with tannin had no negative effect on animals, Further experiments should be done in this regard and on the rations containing higher levels of tannin. تفاصيل المقالة

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8 - An Investigation on the Effect of Adding Different Levels of Molasses on the Silage Quality of Pistachio (Pistachio vera) by Product and Wheat Straw Mixture Silages
ن. دنک اس.اس. آیدین ب. دوگان داس ام. آوسی ام. ساورانلو

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different levels of molasses (1-5%) on the silage quality, in vitro methane production and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of pistachio (Pistachio vera) by-product and wheat straw mixture أکثر

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different levels of molasses (1-5%) on the silage quality, in vitro methane production and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of pistachio (Pistachio vera) by-product and wheat straw mixture silages. For this purpose, silages were prepared with pistachio by-product (85%) and wheat straw (15%) without molasses (control group), and with addition of molasses from 1% to 5% (treatment groups). All the treatments consisted of five replicate silos, and they were prepared in 1.5 L glass jar silos. While silage pH and acetic acid values decreased with addition of molasses levels (P<0.05), silage lactic acid values increased (P<0.05). Butyric and propionic acid were not detected in any of the silages. Addition of all levels of molasses increased in vitro methane production, IVOMD and metabolizable energy (ME) values (P<0.05). As a result, fresh pistachio by-product can be ensiled with addition of wheat straw and molasses to produce good quality silage. It can be concluded that this by product can be ensiled well and used as a roughage source with mixture of other roughage sources for animal nutrition in the regions where fresh pistachio by product is available. تفاصيل المقالة

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9 - Effects of Replacing Alfalfa Hay and Wheat Straw by Pistachio by-Product Silage and Date Waste on the Performance and Blood Parameters of Fattening Lambs
ب. سلطانی نژاد O. دیانی ر. طهماسبی ا. خضری

In this trial effects of feeding pistachio by-product silage with date waste (PBSD) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and blood parameters of lambs were studied. Ensiling of pistachio by-products (PBP) with date waste increased dry matter (DM) and metabolizab أکثر

In this trial effects of feeding pistachio by-product silage with date waste (PBSD) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and blood parameters of lambs were studied. Ensiling of pistachio by-products (PBP) with date waste increased dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME), but decreased the percentages of crude protein (CP), total tannins and phenolic compounds (P<0.05). Treatment diets were: 1) control (without PBSD); 2) diet containing 7% PBSD; 3) diet containing 14% PBSD and 4) diet containing 21% PBSD (DM basis). Forty male lambs were allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized design. All groups were fed a control diet for 21 days prior to the start of the 90-day experiment. Thereafter, one group (control) continued to receive the same diet while other groups received the diets containing PBSD. At the end of experiment, all lambs were slaughtered on the same day. The lambs fed diets containing 14 or 21% PBSD had more DMI than those fed with the control diet (P<0.05). Feeding 21% PBSD significantly (P<0.05) increased final weight, live daily gain, the weight of the warm or cold carcass and lean meat. The lambs fed 14 and 21% PBSD had lower TG than lambs fed the control diet (P<0.05). Feeding 21% PBSD significantly (P<0.05) increased the blood total protein and albumin concentration when compared with the control group. The concentrations of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) enzymes in blood were not affected. The results showed that feeding 21% PBSD to fattening lambs increased their performance, and it had no adverse effects on liver function. تفاصيل المقالة

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10 - Economic Feasibility of Producing Feedlot Lambs Fed on Sunflower Cake
ف.پ. مونکائو ا.ر. داُلیویرا آ.م. دآرایوجو گابریل ج.ر. گاندرا ه.م.س. آراکی ف. دآلمیدا ناسیمنتو گ.س.گ. رودیگز ت.ل. پرییرا

This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of replacing soybean meal by sunflower cake in the diet of lambs. Twenty-eight non-castrated crossbred Suffolk lambs aged four months, with 21 kg average body weight ± 9 kg were used. These animals were distrib أکثر

This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of replacing soybean meal by sunflower cake in the diet of lambs. Twenty-eight non-castrated crossbred Suffolk lambs aged four months, with 21 kg average body weight ± 9 kg were used. These animals were distributed by weight category into 3 treatments (10, 20 and 30% dry matter (DM) addition of sunflower cake in replacing soybean meal) and control (without addition of sunflower cake) in a randomized block design with seven replicates. After 84 days of trial, the animals were slaughtered. By the cost of each diet and consumption of animals, the economic feasibility was calculated. The treatment with 10% sunflower cake showed better economic indicators, based on the highest net revenue for marketing live or slaughtered animals. The inclusion up to 10% sunflower cake in the diet of feedlot lambs increases the economic viability of the activity. تفاصيل المقالة

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11 - Effect of Tannin Extract from Pistachio by Product on in vitro Gas Production
ام. شریفی آ.آ. ناصریان اچ. خراسانی

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of treated protein supplements with tannin extracted from pistachio by-product (P-PB) on in vitro gas production using fistulated sheep. One portion of P-PB was mixed with four portions of water for 48 h. The extract أکثر

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of treated protein supplements with tannin extracted from pistachio by-product (P-PB) on in vitro gas production using fistulated sheep. One portion of P-PB was mixed with four portions of water for 48 h. The extracted product was sprayed on soybean meal (SBM) or canola meal (CM) with an equal ratio (1:1 v/w) and dried in the shade. The experimental treatments included in this study were: 1) untreated soybean meal (USB), 2) soybean meal treated with tannin extract (SBTT), 3) untreated canola meal (UCM) and 4) canola meal treated with tannin extract (CMTT). Kinetics of gas production was fitted to an exponential model. After 96 h of incubation, the medium size of each syringe was used for determining ammonia N (NH3-N) concentration using distillation method. The results obtained from this study showed that spraying tannin extract on protein supplement increased the amount of tannin to 4.4, 3.13in CM or SBM, respectively. Although gas production rate, fraction b and fraction c decreased by treated protein supplements in comparison with untreated protein supplements, the effects were not significant (P>0.05). The effect of tannin extract on NH3-N was significant (P≤0.05). The highest and the lowest content of NH3 were for SBM with the lowest and CMTT with the highest content of tannin, respectively. Tannin from P-PB decreased organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in treated protein supplements (P≤0.05). Untreated soybean meal and CMTT had the highest and the lowest content of OMD, ME and SCFA, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة

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12 - Effect of Grape By-Products Inclusion on Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolites, and Milk Fatty Acid Composition in Lactating Saanen Goats
M. Badiee Baghsiyah M. Bashtani S.H. Farhangfar H. Sarir

Grape by-product is one of the distillery industries which could be used in animal nutrition. In this 60-d trial, 16 lactating Saanen goats were assigned to four homogeneous groups and fed as follows: (1) control (CON) diet, (2) diet supplemented with 50 g/kg dry matter أکثر

Grape by-product is one of the distillery industries which could be used in animal nutrition. In this 60-d trial, 16 lactating Saanen goats were assigned to four homogeneous groups and fed as follows: (1) control (CON) diet, (2) diet supplemented with 50 g/kg dry matter (DM) of grape by-product (GPB5), (3) diet supplemented with 100 g/kg DM of grape by-product (GPB10), and (4) diet supplemented with 150 g/kg DM of grape by-product (GPB15). The dry matter intake and apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were not affected (P>0.05) by grape by-products supplementation. Ruminal fermentation characteristics include pH and NH3-N were not affected by GBP treatments (P>0.05). Supplementing with GBP reduced propionate (P=0.06) without effect on other volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Increasing the percentage of grape residues to 10% of the total diet had no significant effect on goat milk production (P>0.05), but milk fat and protein percentage decreased in diets containing GBP (P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, and total protein were not affected by dietary treatments, but plasma concentration of triglyceride increased in GPB15. Inclusion of grape by-products in lactating Saanen goats diets had no significant effects (P>0.05) on the concentration of major classes of milk fatty acid (FA) according to the degree of saturation (i.e., saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)). These findings indicated that the inclusion of GBP to 15% in replacement of beet pulp in the diet of dairy Saanen goats have no adverse effects on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and milk fatty acid. تفاصيل المقالة

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13 - Egg Iron Enrichment in Response to Various Levels of Pomegranate by-Product in Laying Hen Diet
ع.ا. ساکی ت. شمس‌الله ع. عاشوری

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of pomegranate by- product (PBP) on performance, egg quality and blood parameters in laying hens. A total of 144 Bobze layer hens from 44 to 56 weeks during 12 weeks were randomly assigned in أکثر

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of pomegranate by- product (PBP) on performance, egg quality and blood parameters in laying hens. A total of 144 Bobze layer hens from 44 to 56 weeks during 12 weeks were randomly assigned into 4 treatments including 0 (control, corn and soy bean meal), 4, 8 and 12% of PBP, with 4 replicates and 9 layers in each. Results have indicated thatthere was a significant increase in egg mass, egg production the decrease in feed intake and feed conversion ratio by 4% PBP in comparison to other treatments (P<0.05). Significantly increased egg weight by inclusion of 8% PBP compared with 0 and 12% PBP. There was no significant effect of PBP levels on external and internal egg characteristics. The lowest cholesterol and the higher high-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde have shown by 4% PBP (P<0.05). The highest amount of iron in egg yolk was observed respectively by treatments 4 and 12% PBP. It was concluded that egg yolk iron and production rate were increased by 4% PBP supplementation in diet. تفاصيل المقالة

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14 - Dietary Formulation with Poultry by-Product Meal on a Total Amino Acid vs. a Digestible Amino Acid Basis
M. Jafari A. Mirzaei-Aghsaghali

Previous results indicated that performance of chicks fed a high level (10%) of poultry by-product meal(PBM) was lower than performance of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet. The latter difference was hypothesized to be due to variation in digestible amino acid ( أکثر

Previous results indicated that performance of chicks fed a high level (10%) of poultry by-product meal(PBM) was lower than performance of chicks fed a corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet. The latter difference was hypothesized to be due to variation in digestible amino acid (AA) levels among the diets. This study evaluated diets containing PBM formulated on equivalent total AA basis vs. an equivalent digestible AA basis compared to a corn-SBM diet. In this study, 7 days old male chicks were fed from 8 to 21 and 21 to 42 days of age with a corn-SBM diet or diets containing 5 or 10% PBM formulated to be equal in total or digestible AA to the corn-SBM diet. From 8 to 21 days post hatch, chicks fed 10% PBM diet formulated on a total AA basis had significantly lower (P<0.05) feed efficiency than chicks consuming the corn-SBM diet. However, formulating diets containing 5 or 10% PBM on a digestible AA basis yielded growth performance equivalent to chicks fed the corn-SBM diet. From 21 to 42 days of age, chicks fed diets containing 5 or 10% PBM formulated on a total AA had significantly lower (P<0.05) weight gain and feed efficiency than chicks consuming the corn-SBM diet. Diets containing PBM formulated on a digestible AA yielded growth performance equivalent to chicks fed the corn-SBM diet. The results of this study indicated that formulation of diets containing PBM on a digestible AA basis is superior to formulation on a total AA basis and that 10% inclusion of PBM in chick diets had no detrimental effects on performance if the diets were formulated to contain adequate levels of digestible AA. تفاصيل المقالة

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15 - Metabolizable Energy and Chemical Composition of Poultry by-Product Meal
A. Zarei M. Mohammadi B. Hemmati

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and metabolizable energy of poultry by-product meal (PBPM) from two slaughterhouses in Iran. Samples were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ash, ether extract and gross energy. The amounts of calcium, أکثر

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and metabolizable energy of poultry by-product meal (PBPM) from two slaughterhouses in Iran. Samples were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ash, ether extract and gross energy. The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, Magnesium, Iron, Manganese, copper and Zinc were determined. The apparent metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (kcal/kg) (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) (TME) and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (kcal/kg) (TMEn) were determined based on sibbald’s procedure. For this purpose, twelve 230-day old New Hampshire males were used. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between kinds of metabolizable energies in samples. The standardized digestible amino acid content also determined. The highest and lowest amount belongs to leucine and tryptophan. Results from this study showed there is different between two samples of PBPM. تفاصيل المقالة

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16 - Utilization of Date by Product on Sheep Feeding: Its Ruminal Degradation, Nutrient Digestibility and Its Effect on Sheep Growth
م. تقی نژاد رودبنه س.ر. ابراهیمی-محمود‪آباد ه. قریشی م. کاظمی-بنچناری

This study was conducted in two separate experiments. Four rumen-cannulated sheep were allocated in the first experiment to evaluate date by-product (DBP) and date seed (DS) nutrients degradation in rumen. In experiment two eighteen fattening lambs were allocated in thr أکثر

This study was conducted in two separate experiments. Four rumen-cannulated sheep were allocated in the first experiment to evaluate date by-product (DBP) and date seed (DS) nutrients degradation in rumen. In experiment two eighteen fattening lambs were allocated in three different treatments (6 animals/treatment) to evaluate DBP effects on animal performance and nutrients’ digestibility. Three experimental treatments were as follow; 1) control group (C, diet without DBP inclusion), 2 and 3) diets with DBP at two inclusion levels of 10(DBP10) and 20(DBP20) %, respectively. The performance trial lasted 90 days. The results of degradation kinetics showed that both wash out fraction (a) and potentially degradable fraction (b) were greater in DBP compared to DS for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation. Effective degradability for DM, OM and NDF was differed between DBP and DS in all measured passage rate times. Results of the performance trail revealed that inclusion of 20% DBP decreased daily gain (DG) and hence increased feed conversion ratio (FCR; 7.1, 7.7 and 8.6 for C, DBP10 and DBP20, respectively). Daily gain was 210, 200 and 160 g/d for C, DBP10 and DBP20; respectively showing that inclusion of 20% decreased gain but the inclusion of 10% had an acceptable gain compared to control treatment. The diet cost was decreased by inclusion of DBP. Considering the degradation rate of DBP in rumen and also the performance trial results, it could be suggested that limited inclusion of DBP in sheep diet could decrease dietary costs and improve economic efficiency without reducing gain or efficiency in intensive lamb fattening system. تفاصيل المقالة

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17 - Comparison of Cooperatives’ Members and Experts’ Views on Public Participation in Forestry and Rangeland By-Products (Case Study: Cooperative Companies, Lorestan Province, Iran)
Ali Ariapour Farzad Veisanloo Ali Hossein Biranvand Golnaz Kheradmand

This research was conducted to investigate the factors contributing to thefailure in the forestry and rangeland by-product cooperative companies in Lorestanprovince, Iran. A descriptive-correlative research design was used. The statisticalpopulations were 1100 people di أکثر

This research was conducted to investigate the factors contributing to thefailure in the forestry and rangeland by-product cooperative companies in Lorestanprovince, Iran. A descriptive-correlative research design was used. The statisticalpopulations were 1100 people divided into two groups of experts from natural resourceagency in Lorestan province and members of cooperative companies. The sample size was183 persons. Sampling method was simple random type using Neyman–Pearson model.Data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics (T-Test) and Pearson correlationmethod. Single-sample t-test results showed that the views of the two groups on the effectsof technical and economic barriers causing failure in cooperatives companies were thesame, but the expert's views were different for managerial, educational, cultural, social,and legal indicators. Also the results of independent t-test between the two groups showedthat the views of both experts and members for economic, managerial, educational, andlegal barriers were the same, but their opinions for cultural, social and technical barrierswere different. The results of cooperatives’ member’s views ranked indicators asmanagerial, legal, educational, cultural, social, economic, and technical barriers. For theviews of experts they were ranked as cultural, social, managerial, economic, legal,technical, and educational barriers. تفاصيل المقالة

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18 - تاثیر پروتئین با منشا گیاهی و حیوانی جیره غذایی بر خصوصیات بستر و وقوع درماتیت بالشتک کف پایی در جوجه های گوشتی
حسن قهری محمد عبداله اوشاقی

این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثرات استفاده از پودر ضایعات کشتارگاهی طیور به عنوان منبع پروتئین حیوانی در مقایسه با جیره های تمام گیاهی تهیه شده با کنجاله سویا،در پیشگیری از بروز درماتیت بالشتک کف پایی در جوجه های گوشتی انجام پذیرفت.در این طرح تعداد 280 قطعه جوجه گوشتی سویه أکثر

این آزمایش به منظور بررسی اثرات استفاده از پودر ضایعات کشتارگاهی طیور به عنوان منبع پروتئین حیوانی در مقایسه با جیره های تمام گیاهی تهیه شده با کنجاله سویا،در پیشگیری از بروز درماتیت بالشتک کف پایی در جوجه های گوشتی انجام پذیرفت.در این طرح تعداد 280 قطعه جوجه گوشتی سویهRoss308 در سن 7 روزگی به صورت تصادفی در 28 پن که شامل 7 تیمار و هر تیمار دارای 4 تکرار و با در نظر گرفتن 10 قطعه در هر تکرار تقسیم شدند.از تراشه چوب تازه و مرغوب به عنوان بستر استفاده شد.تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل:1)جیره شاهد (فاقد پودر ضایعات کشتارگاه طیور)، 2،3،4،) جیره های حاوی 5 درصد پودر ضایعات گشتارگاهی به ترتیب از کشتارگاه B,A,C : 5،6،7) جیره های حاوی 7 درصد پودر ضایعات کشتارگاهی به ترتیب از کشتارگاه های B,A,Cبودند.جوجه ها از سن 8 روزگی تا 24 روزگی با جیره های غذایی مورد آزمایش تغذیه شدند.تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده ها در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی و به روش فاکتوریل و با استفاده از بسته نرم افزاری SAS و مقایسه داده ها با استفاده از آزمون توکی انجام گرفت.پاهای همه جوجه های گوشتی در روزهای 28، 35 و 42 روزگی امتیاز دهی شدندو شدت جراحات به صورت:بدون جراحت ،با جراحات ملایم و با جراحات شدید ثبت گردید.نمونه های نستر در روزهای 28،35 و 42 روزگی جهت اندازه گیری درصد رطوبت،ازت و pH بستر جمع آوری شد. وقوع درماتیت کف پایی در جوجه ها به صورت معنی دار متاثر از منبع پروتئین و سطح منبع پروتئینی یا همان ضایعات کشتارگاهی طیور بود(p<0.0001). به طوری که پرندگان تغذیه شده با جیره تمام گیاهی میزان و شدت بیشتری از وقوع درماتیت بالشتک کف پایی را در مقایسه با آنهایی که از جیره های با پروتئین گیاهی-حیوانی استفاده کرده بودند نشان دادند.درصد رطوبت،درصد ازت و pH بستر چندان معنی دار نبودند.در این آزمایش میزان و شدت بروز درماتیت بالشتک کف پایی به صورت معنی دار متاثر از منبع پروتئین و سطح منبع پروتئینی طیور بود.از این رو،عوامل تغذیه ای نقش معنی دار و اساسی در اتیولوژِ درماتیت بالشتک کف پایی در جوجه های گوشتی بازی می کنند. تفاصيل المقالة

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