Cellular automata

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1 - Novel Defect Terminolgy Beside Evaluation And Design Fault Tolerant Logic Gates In Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata
Mehrdad Poorhosseini

Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the important nano-level technologies for implementation of both combinational and sequential systems. QCA have the potential to achieve low power dissipation and operate high speed at THZ frequencies. However large probabil أکثر

Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the important nano-level technologies for implementation of both combinational and sequential systems. QCA have the potential to achieve low power dissipation and operate high speed at THZ frequencies. However large probability of occurrence fabrication defects in QCA, is a fundamental challenge to use this emerging technology. Because of these various defects, it is necessary to obtain exhaustive recognition about these defects. In this paper a complete survey of different QCA faults are presented first. Then some techniques to improve fault tolerance in QCA circuits explained. The effects of missing cell as an important fault on XOR gate that is one of important basic building block in QCA technology is then discussed by exhaustive simulations. Improvement technique is then applied to these XOR structures and then structures are resimulated to measure their fault tolerance improvement due to using these fault tolerance technique. The result show that different QCA XOR gates have different sensitivity against this fault. After using improvement technique, the tolerance of XOR gates have been increased, furthermore in terms of sensitivity against this defect XORs show similar behavior that indicate the effectiveness of improvement have been made. تفاصيل المقالة

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2 - Fault Tolerant Design of QCA Binary Wire
Mojdeh Mahdavi Mohammad Amin Amiri

Dependability of a circuit is among the most important issues in the design process and reliability concerns are associated with the digital system design. A fault tolerant system should have the ability to detect, locate and correct the error and recover the system to أکثر

Dependability of a circuit is among the most important issues in the design process and reliability concerns are associated with the digital system design. A fault tolerant system should have the ability to detect, locate and correct the error and recover the system to normal operational conditions. It is more important to use fault tolerant gates in nano scale digital circuits because by decreasing the device dimensions the influence of external factors and therefore the probability of fault occurrence will increase. Since the binary wire is an essential part of digital systems and especially QCA (Quantum Cellular Automata) circuits, a redundancy based fault tolerant technique is presented in this paper to improve the fault tolerance of this part. The efficiency of this method is evaluated by MATLAB software. Results show that the fault tolerance of binary wire will significantly increase by using the proposed method. The hardware redundancy of this method is about 100% which is much less than TMR (Triple Module Redundancy) methods by more than 200% redundancy. تفاصيل المقالة

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3 - A New Coplanar Full Adder/Subtractor in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Technology
Mohsen Vahabi Amir Sabbagh Molahosseini

The conventional CMOS technology faces different challenges such as fabrication in nanoscale which motivates researchers to find new alternatives to it for future high-performance systems. The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of efficient nano-electronics tech أکثر

The conventional CMOS technology faces different challenges such as fabrication in nanoscale which motivates researchers to find new alternatives to it for future high-performance systems. The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of efficient nano-electronics technologies which can provide simple and efficient implementation of digital circuits in nanoscale. Due to the importance of addition in digital processors and embedded systems, there many QCA designs of adders and subtractors during the previous years. However, recently the unified design of adder and subtractor circuits has been considered to achieve overall area and delay reduction for digital computational circuits. In this paper, we present new coplanar design of a unified adder/subtractor unit with the QCA technology. Besides, the proposed single-layer design approach has been used to design separate half adder, half subtractor, half adder and full adder circuits. The comparison of circuit’s parameters of the proposed designs than previous works show the significant improvement in term of area, delay and cell number. تفاصيل المقالة

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4 - High Level Modeling of AES in QCA Technology
Mojdeh Mahdavi Mohammad Amin Amiri

Lent has created QCA nanoscale devices by merging the cellular automata and quantum electronics. These devices are capable of achieving very high switching speeds and very low electrical power consumption. AES block cipher is now used worldwide. This algorithm is based أکثر

Lent has created QCA nanoscale devices by merging the cellular automata and quantum electronics. These devices are capable of achieving very high switching speeds and very low electrical power consumption. AES block cipher is now used worldwide. This algorithm is based on the Rijndael cipher which was submitted as a proposal to NIST during the AES selection process. The implementation of this cryptographic algorithm in QCA technology is presented in this paper. On the other hand, the QCADesigner software which is used to simulate QCA circuits is sensitive to the QCA cell count, inputs and outputs. It seems that by increasing the QCA cell count, inputs and outputs, the simulation time will increase and sometimes the simulation will be impossible. A higher level modeling of QCA circuits by VHDL hardware description language and simulation of these models by ModelSim software is presented in this paper to solve the mentioned problem. It is shown that the QCA implementation of the AES algorithm with key, input and output length of 128 bits is easily modeled and simulated in ModelSim software. The implementation results of various implementation methods are also compared in this paper for AES algorithm. It is illustrated that the QCA implementation of this algorithm is the most efficient implementation among existing methods. تفاصيل المقالة

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5 - Designing Ultra-low-power Cardiac Pacemaker with Quantum Cellular Automation Technology
Mojdeh Mahdavi Mohammad Amin Amiri

10.52547/mjtd.10.3.105

The heartbeat is triggered by a sinoatrial node in the heart. If the sinoatrial node is disrupted for any reason or if there is a problem with the heart's electrical signal path, the heart rate will decrease or become impaired; in which case the cardiac pacemaker could أکثر

The heartbeat is triggered by a sinoatrial node in the heart. If the sinoatrial node is disrupted for any reason or if there is a problem with the heart's electrical signal path, the heart rate will decrease or become impaired; in which case the cardiac pacemaker could control the heart function. The pacemaker is an electrical stimulator that causes the heart to expand and contract and triggers pulses to the heart when needed or permanently. Since the pacemaker is placed inside the patient's body, it should be designed based on the minimum power consumption. Besides, frequency adjustment in this device is necessary to regulate heart rate in a variety of arrhythmias. In this paper, logic cells of quantum cellular automata are utilized to design a pulse generator circuit in a heart oscillator, where power consumption and dimensions are minimal. An important feature of the proposed circuit is the ability to adjust the output pulse frequency. The efficiency of this circuit has been evaluated using QCAdesigner simulator and desirable results have been obtained in terms of power consumption level. The simulation results also show very low power consumption for the designed circuit. تفاصيل المقالة

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6 - شبیه سازی رشد و توسعه کالبدی شهرها با بکارگیری مدل سلول‌های خودکار فازی(FCA) مطالعه موردی: شهر اهواز
سعید زنگنه شهرکی مرتضی امیدی پور یوسف تازش آتنا معین مهر

استفاده از مدلهای کمی برای شبیه‌سازی رشد و توسعه فیزیکی شهرها به واسطه وجود عوامل مختلف و پیچیدگی ذاتی محیط شهری همواره با چالش‌ها و عدم قطعیت‌هایی همراه است.پژوهش حاضر مدلی از توسعه شهری را بر مبنای اصول سلول‌های خودکار و رهیافت منطق فازی ارائه نموده است.دراین راستا اب أکثر

استفاده از مدلهای کمی برای شبیه‌سازی رشد و توسعه فیزیکی شهرها به واسطه وجود عوامل مختلف و پیچیدگی ذاتی محیط شهری همواره با چالش‌ها و عدم قطعیت‌هایی همراه است.پژوهش حاضر مدلی از توسعه شهری را بر مبنای اصول سلول‌های خودکار و رهیافت منطق فازی ارائه نموده است.دراین راستا ابتدا مهمترین شاخص‌های مؤثر بر رشدشهری و ساختار شبکه‌ای شاخص‌ها باروش دیماتل بدست آمده،سپس باکمک ساختار تهیه شده وزن هر شاخص با روش فرآیند تحلیل شبکه (ANP) محاسبه شده است.برای شبیه‌سازی رشد شهری در محدوده مورد مطالعه(شهر اهواز) برای سال 2020 از 3 تصویر ماهواره‌ای مربوط به سال‌های 2003، 2007 و 2013 استفاده شده است.بعد از انجام عملیات پیش‌پردازش، طبقه‌بندی تصاویر برای هر سه دوره باروش حداکثر شباهت صورت گرفته است.برای بررسی صحت نقشه‌ها در دو مرحله از شاخص کاپا استفاده شده،ابتدا نقشه‌های سال‌های مبدا طبقه‌بندی و صحت آنها با واقعیت بررسی شد و پس آن برای شبیه‌سازی نقشه سال‌های دیگراقدام شده است و مجددا صحت ارزیابی شده است.از آنجا که میزان صحت مدل برای دوره‌های دارای نقشه واقعیت قابل قبول ارزیابی شد، بنابراین برای شبیه‌سازی رشد شهری سال 2020 مدل رگرسیون خطی و ماتریس احتمالات تبدیل مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است.نتایج تحقیق نشان دهنده صحت قابل قبول مدل ارائه شده می‌باشد.همچنین مدل بکارگرفته شده در شبیه‌سازی شهری از واقع بینی بیشتری نسبت به مدل کلاسیک CA برخوردار بوده است.درسطح محدوده مورد مطالعه نیز نتایج گواه آن است که رشد و توسعه شهر اهواز در دوره‌های مختلف درجهت خاصی توسعه نیافته بلکه کاملا جسته و گریخته و درتمامی جهات صورت گرفته است. تفاصيل المقالة

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7 - پیش بینی رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ شهرستان بندرگز ﺑﺎ استفاده از ﻣﺪل اتوماتای سلولیﻓﺎزى (FCA)
علیرضا دنیائی

ﻣﺪلﻫﺎى ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ اتوماتای سلولی(CA) از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺪل‌هاﻳﻰ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آن‌ها ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻰ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻰﮔﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﺎزى ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪل اتوماتای سلولیﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ اﻣﻜﺎن مدل‌سازی ﻋﺪم ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزى توسعه ﺷﻬﺮى را از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ درﺟﺎت ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺎزى ﻓﺮا أکثر

ﻣﺪلﻫﺎى ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ اتوماتای سلولی(CA) از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺪل‌هاﻳﻰ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آن‌ها ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻰ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻰﮔﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﺎزى ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪل اتوماتای سلولیﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ اﻣﻜﺎن مدل‌سازی ﻋﺪم ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزى توسعه ﺷﻬﺮى را از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ درﺟﺎت ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺎزى ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻰﺳﺎزد. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺪﻟﻰ از ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﻬﺮى را ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎى اﺻﻮل اتوماتای سلولی و ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﺎزى اراﺋﻪ می‌نماید. در اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ اﺑﺘﺪا ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎى ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ توسعه ﺷﻬﺮى و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﺒﻜﻪاى ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ روش دﻳﻤﺎﺗﻞ به‌دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ، ﺳﭙﺲ وزن ﻫﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺎ روش ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ (ANP) ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاى ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزى توسعه ﺷﻬﺮى در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ (شهرستان بندرگز) ﺑﺮاى ﺳﺎل2100 از ٣ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮاره‌اى ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎى 2012، 2014 و 2019 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻧﺠﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﻴﺶﭘﺮدازش، ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪى ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاى ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ دوره ﺑﺎ روش ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓت. ﺑﺮاى ﺑﺮرﺳﻰ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ در دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻛﺎﭘﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ، اﺑﺘﺪا ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎى ﺳﺎلﻫﺎى ﻣﺒﺪا ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪى و ﺻﺤﺖ آن‌ها ﺑﺎ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻰ ﺷﺪ، سپس ﺑﺮاى ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزى ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎى دﻳﮕﺮ اﻗﺪام ﺷﺪ و ﻣﺠﺪدا ﺻﺤﺖ عملیات مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺻﺤﺖ ﻣﺪل ﺑﺮاى دورهﻫﺎى داراى ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ارزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺷﺪ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮاى ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزى توسعه ﺷﻬﺮى ﺳﺎل2100 ﻣﺪل رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺧﻄﻰ و ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓت. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد که ﻣﺪل اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل بوده به‌طوریکه در ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎزى ﺷﻬﺮى ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪل ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ CA بهتر عمل می‌نماید. همچنین رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ شهرستان بندرگز در دورهﻫﺎى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ بیشتر در ﺟﻬﺖهای شرقی و غربی ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. تفاصيل المقالة

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8 - معرفی یک D Flip-Flop مبتکرانه برای طراحی ثبات چهار ارزشی QCA
علیرضا نویدی رضا صباغی ندوشن مسعود دوستی

اتوماتای سلولی نقاط کوانتومی (QCA) با بهره‌گیری از پیشرفت‌های فن‌آوری نانو، بسیاری از محدودیت‌هایی که نیمه‌رسانا اکسید فلزی مکمل (CMOS) با آن روبرو شده بود را برطرف کرده است. مشخصه‌های نامطلوب همانند جریان‌های نشتی زیاد، طراحی‌های CMOS را در ابعاد نانو محدود می‌سازد. ای أکثر

اتوماتای سلولی نقاط کوانتومی (QCA) با بهره‌گیری از پیشرفت‌های فن‌آوری نانو، بسیاری از محدودیت‌هایی که نیمه‌رسانا اکسید فلزی مکمل (CMOS) با آن روبرو شده بود را برطرف کرده است. مشخصه‌های نامطلوب همانند جریان‌های نشتی زیاد، طراحی‌های CMOS را در ابعاد نانو محدود می‌سازد. ایده‌ی طراحی سیستم‌های چند ارزشی منطقی (MVL) به جای دودویی استاندارد، برای بسیاری از طراحان جذاب شده است. کاربرد MVL در طراحی مدارهای دیجیتال، مزایای بسیاری نسبت به روش‌های مرسوم دارد. فلیپ فلاپ D یک مدار ترتیبی عمده در هر ثباتی است. در این مقاله، یک فلاپ فلاپ D چهار ارزشی مبتنی بر اتوماتای سلولی نقاط کوانتومی چهارچهاری (QQCA) معرفی شده و ساختار مدل چهارچهاری پیشنهادی شرح داده شده است. همچنین ما با استفاده از فلیپ فلاپ D چهارچهاری ارائه شده، یک ثبات 4 کوبیتی پیشنهاد کرده‌ایم. هر دو مدار توسط QCASim (نسخه چهارچهاری)، شبیه‌سازی و ارزیابی شده‌اند. QCASim می‌تواند نتیجه‌ی شبیه‌سازی را در قالب شکل موج و جدول صحت نمایش دهد. کار ما با سایر آثار منتشر شده مورد مقایسه قرار گرفته است. نتایج شبیه‌سازی نشان می‌دهد که مدار پیشنهادی از نظر تاخیر و مصرف انرژی کارآمد است. تفاصيل المقالة

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9 - طراحی مدارهای محاسباتی با استفاده از دروازه اکثریت 7 ورودی جدید در آتوماتای سلولی کوانتومی
فرزانه جهانشاهی جواران سمیه جعفرعلی جاسبی حسین خادم الحسینی راضیه فرازکیش

آتوماتای سلولی کوانتومی (QCA) نوعی فن آوری محاسباتی است که جهت ساخت مدارهایی در ابعاد نانو به کار برده می‌شود. با کاهش ابعاد قطعات، حساسیت مدار بیشتر شده و مدارهای کوانتومی نسبت به وقوع عیوب و تشعشعات محیط آسیب پذیرتر هستند. دو دروازه پایه در این فن آوری دروازه معکوس کن أکثر

آتوماتای سلولی کوانتومی (QCA) نوعی فن آوری محاسباتی است که جهت ساخت مدارهایی در ابعاد نانو به کار برده می‌شود. با کاهش ابعاد قطعات، حساسیت مدار بیشتر شده و مدارهای کوانتومی نسبت به وقوع عیوب و تشعشعات محیط آسیب پذیرتر هستند. دو دروازه پایه در این فن آوری دروازه معکوس کننده و دروازه اکثریت هستند که بیشتر مدارها بر پایه این دو ساخته می شوند. در این مقاله دروازه‌ اکثریت هفت ورودی در QCA طراحی می شود، به گونه ای که حداقل سربار به مدار تحمیل شود. استفاده از دروازه اکثریت با ورودی های بیشتر باعث کاهش تعداد سلول ها، تاخیر و پیچیدگی در مدار QCA می شود. هرچند شاید ضرورت استفاده از دروازه هفت ورودی هنوز چندان احساس نمی شود. گیت پیشنهادی در این مقاله با 19سلول کوانتومی در فضای اشغالی 24564 نانومتر مربع در یک لایه و با یک فاز کلاک طراحی شده است. سپس تعدادی از دروازه های منطقی از جمله دروازه های منطقی "و" و"یا" چهار ورودی، دروازه "نقیض یای انحصاری" و "یای انحصاری" دو ورودی، دروازه"یای انحصاری" سه ورودی و تمام جمع کننده چند بیتی را با استفاده از دروازه هفت ورودی پیشنهادی طراحی و پیاده سازی می شود. جمع کننده پیشنهادی با دروازه اکثریت هفت ورودی و یک دروازه اکثریت سه ورودی تحمل پذیر اشکال، طراحی شده است. پس می توان گفت که جمع کننده طراحی شده تا حدودی تحمل پذیر اشکال است یعنی در برابر خطاهایی که در این فن آوری رخ می دهد تا حدودی تحمل پذیر است. سپس از نرم افزار QCAPro برای تجزیه و تحلیل توان مصرفی دروازه پیشنهادی استفاده شده و در ادامه عملکرد مدار با استفاده از نرم افزار شبیه ساز آتوماتای سلولی کوانتومی QCADesigner 2.0.3 مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. تفاصيل المقالة

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10 - طراحی یک سلول جدید ورودی انتشارگیت در فناوری آتوماتای سلولی نقطه کوانتومی
حمیدرضا صدر ارحامی سید محمد علی زنجانی مهدی دولتشاهی بهرنگ برکتین

آتوماتای سلولی نقطه کوانتومی (QCA) یک فناوری جدید با سرعت بالا، مصرف توان کم، چگالی بالا و پیچیدگی پایین نسبت به فناوری‌های قدیمی مانند نیم‌رسانای اکسید-فلز مکمل (CMOS) است. از طرفی، روش ورودی انتشارگیت (GDI)، یک روش موفق در سامانه‌‌‌های کم‌مصرف است. این روش باعث کاهش پ أکثر

آتوماتای سلولی نقطه کوانتومی (QCA) یک فناوری جدید با سرعت بالا، مصرف توان کم، چگالی بالا و پیچیدگی پایین نسبت به فناوری‌های قدیمی مانند نیم‌رسانای اکسید-فلز مکمل (CMOS) است. از طرفی، روش ورودی انتشارگیت (GDI)، یک روش موفق در سامانه‌‌‌های کم‌مصرف است. این روش باعث کاهش پیچیدگی، کاهش مساحت و کاهش میزان مصرف انرژی در مدارهای طراحی‌‌شده با این روش است. این روش، اجرای طیف گسترده‌‌ای از توابع منطقی پیچیده را تنها با استفاده از دو ترانزیستور به‌‌عنوان بلوک اصلی، امکان‌‌پذیر می‌‌کند. در این مقاله، بلوک GDI مبتنی بر QCA تنها با 11 سلول پیشنهاد شده که به‌‌عنوان واحد طراحی استاندارد، قادر به اجرای توابع اساسی مانند AND، OR، NOT، BUFFER، MUX و XOR برای پیاده‌‌سازی مدارهای دیجیتال است. نتایج شبیه‌‌سازیِ توابع، توسط نرم‌افزار QCADesigner در فناوری 18 نانومتر، نشان ‌‌دهنده عملکرد بهتر سلول هم‌‌سطح پیشنهادی است؛ به‌‌نحوی که سلول پیشنهادی، 1 سیکل ساعت تاخیر برای اجرای عملکردها دارد. همچنین تحلیل میزان مصرف انرژی و توان مصرفی مدارهای طراحی‌‌شده توسط نرم‌افزار QCADesigner انجام شده است. 31 درصد کاهش در تعداد سلول‌‌ها، 50 درصد کاهش در سطح و 17 درصد کاهش در اتلاف انرژی کل از مزایای طرح پیشنهادی نسبت به طرح‌های پیشین است. تفاصيل المقالة

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11 - A New Design for Two-input XOR Gate in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata
Hossein Khademolhosseini Yaser Nemati

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is attractive due to its low power consumption, fast speed and small dimension, therefore, it is a promising alternative to CMOS technology. In QCA, configuration of charges plays the role which is played by current in CMOS أکثر

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is attractive due to its low power consumption, fast speed and small dimension, therefore, it is a promising alternative to CMOS technology. In QCA, configuration of charges plays the role which is played by current in CMOS. This replacement provides the significant advantages. Additionally, exclusive-or (XOR) gate is a useful building block in many important circuits such as full adder (FA). In this paper we propose a novel design for two-input XOR gate in QCA. Two-input XORs could be utilized in constructing three-input ones which are widely used. The proposed XOR gate is the smallest design among the two-input XORs and it achieves significant improvements in terms of complexity and latency in comparison to the only existing similarly designed gate. Contrary to the common designing method which uses the logic function of XOR, the gate is constructed based on explicit interactions between QCA cells. The simulation results have been verified using the QCADesigner. تفاصيل المقالة

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12 - Design and Analysis of a Fault Tolerant 3-Input Majority Gate in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata
Somayyeh Jafarali Jassbi Farzaneh Jahanshahi Javaran Hossein Khademolhosseini Amir Sabbagh Molahosseini

QCA is a kind of computational technology used for developing circuits in Nano sizes. Decreasing the dimensions of pieces has led to the increase of circuit sensibility and quantum circuits are more vulnerable to defects and radiations of the environment. Majority gate أکثر

QCA is a kind of computational technology used for developing circuits in Nano sizes. Decreasing the dimensions of pieces has led to the increase of circuit sensibility and quantum circuits are more vulnerable to defects and radiations of the environment. Majority gate and NOT gate (inverter) are the two basic gates in QCA technology based on which almost all circuits are made. So far, a limited number of fault-tolerant majority gates have been presented and research in this particular field seems appropriate. In this research we intend to provide a comprehensive design of 3-input majority gate in quantum cellular automata for all possible faults: misalignment, missing, dislocation, and redundancy so that low overhead is added to circuit. The gate is made up of both 90-degree and 45-degree cells. The results of this study indicate that our proposed 3-input majority gate is more fault-tolerant to the defects compared to the formerly presented one. تفاصيل المقالة

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13 - Designing and Implementing a Fast and Robust Full-Adder in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Technology
Hojat-allah Bandani Sousan Mohammad Mosleh Saeed Setayeshi

Moving towards nanometer scales, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology emerged as a novel solution, which can be a suitable replacement for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The 3-input majority function and inverter gate are fundamenta أکثر

Moving towards nanometer scales, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology emerged as a novel solution, which can be a suitable replacement for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The 3-input majority function and inverter gate are fundamental gates in the QCA technology, which all logical functions are produced based on them. Like CMOS technology, making the basic computational element such as an adder with QCA technology, is considered as one of the most important issues that extensive research have been done about it. In this paper, a new QCA full-adder based on coupled majority-minority and 5-input majority gates is introduced which its novel structure, appropriate design technique selection and its arrangement make it very suitable. The experimental results showed that the proposed QCA full-adder makes only 48 cells and the first output is obtained in the 0.05clock. Therefore, the presented QCA full-adder improves the number of cells and gains a speedup rate of 33% in comparison with the best previous robust QCA full-adders. In addition, temperature analysis of the QCA full-adders shows that our design is more robust compared with other suggested QCA full-adders. تفاصيل المقالة

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14 - New Fault-Tolerant Majority Gate for Quantum Dots Cellular Automata
Razieh Farazkish

In the high voltage (HV) electrical power systems, different materials are used as the role of insulation to protect the incipient failure inside the HV power equipments. One of the common phenomenas in insulations is Partial Discharge (PD). Because of the high voltage أکثر

In the high voltage (HV) electrical power systems, different materials are used as the role of insulation to protect the incipient failure inside the HV power equipments. One of the common phenomenas in insulations is Partial Discharge (PD). Because of the high voltage stress, the weak section inside the insulator causes the partial discharge (PD), which is known as a local electrical breakdown. The maximum amplitude of PD could accelerate the destruction process of insulation material. Also, during practical applications in the power systems, voltages with different levels are used or created suddenly. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the effect of voltage characteristics on the PD. In this paper, the effect of DC, AC and impulse voltage on the maximum amplitude of PD are studied within the MATLAB Simulink platform. Finally, to show the effect of each voltage level on the PD, results are compared with each other in the single and multi cavity situations. The test materials for this research are epoxy resin and oil-impregnated paper. Also, this paper provides a comparison between two different insulation materials. تفاصيل المقالة

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15 - New Approach to Design and Implementation XOR Gate in QCA Technology
Somayeh Aghababaei Samira Sayedsalehi

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a novel technology that encodes binary information with state of electrons instead of voltage levels. QCA computations offer ultra-low power consumption, high speed and density construction. Majority voter and inverter are the most أکثر

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a novel technology that encodes binary information with state of electrons instead of voltage levels. QCA computations offer ultra-low power consumption, high speed and density construction. Majority voter and inverter are the most important gates in this technology and other gates and circuits can be implemented with them. In this paper, we design a novel fault tolerant two-input XOR gate. That is implemented in single layer without any wire crossing. One of the fundamental logical gates in digital circuits is exclusive-OR (XOR). Many circuits can be implemented with XOR such as full adder, comparator and so on. We design this gate according to Boolean expressions with one three-input majority gate and one five-input majority gate. The proposed design has significant improvement in terms of area, complexity, latency, and cell count in comparison to the previous designs. This component is suitable for designing fault tolerant QCA circuits. We simulate our design in QCA Designer and QCA Pro and achieved results are presented in this paper. تفاصيل المقالة

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16 - New Approach to Decreasing the Number of Quantum Dot Cells in QCA Inverter
Razieh Farazkish

A new method for decreasing the number of Quantum Dot Cells in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) circuits is presented. The proposed method is based on physical modeling between electrons. Correctness of presented method is proved using some physical proofs. Our metho أکثر

A new method for decreasing the number of Quantum Dot Cells in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) circuits is presented. The proposed method is based on physical modeling between electrons. Correctness of presented method is proved using some physical proofs. Our method is useful for QCA circuits with many inverter gates. It should be noted that in order to achieve more stability, the potential energy of QCA electrons reach the minimum level. The proposed approach can be used for designing any QCA arithmetic circuit. تفاصيل المقالة

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17 - Fault-Tolerant Techniques for Quantum-dot Cellular Automata Circuits and Systems
Razieh Farazkish Mani Zarei

This paper explains fault tolerance techniques for Quantum-dot cellular automata which offer remarkable robustness to implement QCA arithmetic circuits. It begins with a study of QCA based design. A classification for fault types is presented and some fault tolerance te أکثر

This paper explains fault tolerance techniques for Quantum-dot cellular automata which offer remarkable robustness to implement QCA arithmetic circuits. It begins with a study of QCA based design. A classification for fault types is presented and some fault tolerance techniques are examined and their relevance for QCA circuits is evaluated. Finally, it is concluded that a combination of two or more hardware redundancy techniques is needed for tolerating faults in QCA circuits and systems. The proper functionality of the presented design is checked by computer simulations using the QCADesigner tool. Simulation results confirm our claims and their usefulness in designing robust digital circuits. تفاصيل المقالة

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18 - Design of Fault-Tolerant XOR/XNOR Gate Using Fault-Tolerant NNI Gate
Fatemeh Kiayi Behnaz Gharekhanlou Alireza Kashaninya

10.30495/ijsee.2022.1935935.1126

Today more than ever, we need high-speed circuits with low occupancy and low power as an alternative to CMOS circuits. Therefore, we proposed a new path to build nanoscale circuits such as Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). This technology is always prone to failure d أکثر

Today more than ever, we need high-speed circuits with low occupancy and low power as an alternative to CMOS circuits. Therefore, we proposed a new path to build nanoscale circuits such as Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). This technology is always prone to failure due to its very small size. Therefore, designers always try to design fault-tolerant gates and provide methods to increase the reliability of QCA. By adding redundant cells, the possibility of some defects such as cell omission and cell addition is somewhat reduced. However, in the face of defects such as stuck-at 0/1 faults, Clock fault and bridging fault. We can greatly increase the fault tolerance by appropriate placement and using fault tolerant gates with a suitable structure. In this paper, we design the XOR/XNOR gate with the approach of preventing stuck-at 0/1 fault, clock fault, and bridging fault using the first NNI gate tolerating cell addition fault. تفاصيل المقالة

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19 - Design and Implementation of Tile-shaped Fault-tolerant XOR/XNOR Gates Based on Intercellular Interactions
Fatemeh Kiayi Behnaz Gharekhanlou Alireza Kashaninya

10.30495/ijsee.2021.681966

Over the years, the design and implementation of fault-tolerant circuits have been one of the main concerns of the designers of electronic devices. Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a low-power, compact technology that is prone to various defects due to its small s أکثر

Over the years, the design and implementation of fault-tolerant circuits have been one of the main concerns of the designers of electronic devices. Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a low-power, compact technology that is prone to various defects due to its small size. We can categorize these defects into three main groups: operational defects, manufacturing defects, and clocking defects. Using redundant cells, fault-tolerant gates, or changing the structure of the gates can improve the overall fault-tolerance of the circuit in some cases. However, increasing the fault-tolerance would lead to an increase in the occupied area and the delay of the gates. Therefore, designing a gate based on intercellular interactions with a minimum number of cells and maximum efficiency, which is also fault-tolerant, is a challenging task. In this paper, we present a new tile-shaped design for XOR and XNOR gates that is robust to the Missing cell, Extra cell, and Rotated cell defects by 25%, 55%, and 25%, respectively. That is why we call these gates TFXOR and TFXNOR, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة

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20 - Removing High Density Impulse Noise Via a Novel Two Phase Method Using Fuzzy Cellular Automata
Mohammad Mehdi Piroozmandan Fardad Farokhi Kaveh Kangarloo

10.30495/ijsee.2021.684018

In this paper, a novel method named RHDINTPM (Removing High Density Impulse Noise via a Novel Two Phase Method) is proposed for de-noising digital images corrupted by impulse noise. The proposed method is based on cellular automata (CA) and fuzzy cellular automata (FCA) أکثر

In this paper, a novel method named RHDINTPM (Removing High Density Impulse Noise via a Novel Two Phase Method) is proposed for de-noising digital images corrupted by impulse noise. The proposed method is based on cellular automata (CA) and fuzzy cellular automata (FCA). In this method, a given image is mapped to a CA. That is, every pixel of the image is associated with a cell of CA. RHDINTPM is composed of a two-phase filter. The first phase of the proposed method is a two-step noise detector so in the first step the corrupted pixels are diagnosed by the intensity of the minimum value and average Moore neighborhood pixels for central Pixel. In the second step, in order to increase accuracy in improving noise detection, the uncorrupted pixels remained from the first step are investigated by cellular automata. In the second phase of the method, the defective pixels of two-dimensional fuzzy cellular automata are restored using the structure of the Moore neighborhood. The experimental analysis demonstrates that the proposed filter is robust enough to very high levels of noise as high as 90% and preserves the meaningful detail of the image. Also, the proposed approach outperforms other representative filtering techniques in terms of image noise suppression and detail preservation. تفاصيل المقالة

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21 - A Smart Four-Input Minority Gate Based on QCA Technology
Samaneh-Sadat Hashemipour Keivan Navi

10.30495/ijsee.2021.682521

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a new and very attractive technology for implementing logic gates and digital circuits at the nanoscale. This technology has very attractive and amazing features such as: low area, high processing speed and low power consumption. O أکثر

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a new and very attractive technology for implementing logic gates and digital circuits at the nanoscale. This technology has very attractive and amazing features such as: low area, high processing speed and low power consumption. Over time, with the advancement of science and technology, there is hope that QCA technology will replace today's VLSI technology. Minority gates are one of the most important elements in digital circuit design. In this paper, a smart four-input minority gate is presented and it is the first time that a priority four-input minority gate is proposed. The proposed minority gate architecture is evaluated and simulated using the QCADesigner tool version 2.0.3. The results show 100% accuracy. By using this type of gates, the hardware required to design QCA circuits can be significantly reduced. تفاصيل المقالة

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22 - Edge Detection Based On Nearest Neighbor Linear Cellular Automata Rules and Fuzzy Rule Based System
Rahil hosseini

Edge Detection is an important task for sharpening the boundary of images to detect the region of interest. This paper applies a linear cellular automata rules and a Mamdani Fuzzy inference model for edge detection in both monochromatic and the RGB images. In the unifor أکثر

Edge Detection is an important task for sharpening the boundary of images to detect the region of interest. This paper applies a linear cellular automata rules and a Mamdani Fuzzy inference model for edge detection in both monochromatic and the RGB images. In the uniform cellular automata a transition matrix has been developed for edge detection. The Results have been compared to the other classic methods for edge detection like Canny, Sobel, Prewitt and Robert. For performance evaluation, and comparison with the other methods the MSE, PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio) criteria have been used. The Comparison results reveals the superiority of the proposed methods in this paper compared to the other standard edge detection methods. تفاصيل المقالة

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23 - مقایسه مدل محاسباتی بهینه سازی شده آتاماتای سلولی با روش برنامه ریزی ژنتیک در بررسی پاسخ دینامیکی دکل های مهاری تحت اثر نیروی ارتعاشی
kaveh kumarci

دکل های مهاری بخش مهمی از زیر ساخت های سامانه ارتباطی هر کشور هستند.از این رو حفظ شرایط بهره برداری از آنها پس از رخدادهای طبیعی همچون زلزله بسیار حائز اهمیت است. در این مقاله رفتار لرزه ای دکل های مهاری بررسی می شود.بدین منظور تعدادی از دکل های مهاری که در نقاط مختلف أکثر

دکل های مهاری بخش مهمی از زیر ساخت های سامانه ارتباطی هر کشور هستند.از این رو حفظ شرایط بهره برداری از آنها پس از رخدادهای طبیعی همچون زلزله بسیار حائز اهمیت است. در این مقاله رفتار لرزه ای دکل های مهاری بررسی می شود.بدین منظور تعدادی از دکل های مهاری که در نقاط مختلف جهان مورد بهره برداری قرار گرفته اند، تحت اثر نیروهای زلزله مورد بررسی قرار می گیرند. به طور کلی مطالعات انجام شده بر روی دکل های مهاری به دو دسته نیروهای حاصل از باد و زلزله و واکنش متقابل دکل ها به چنین نیروهایی تقسیم بندی می شوند. در این مقاله اثر نیروی زلزله و پاسخ دکل به تحریکات لرزه ای مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد. در ابتدا آنالیز مودال برای بدست آوردن مود طبیعی ارتعاش دکل ها انجام شده سپس دکل تحت یک آنالیز طیفی و متعاقبا تحت مولفه های شتاب زمان زلزله ال سنترو قرار می گیرد. خروجی آنالیز دکل های مهاری توسط نرم افزار ANSYS دو پارامتر فرکانس و ماکزیمم تغییر مکان جانبی دکل می باشد. نتایج این دو خروجی تحلیل دکل در مدل سازی رفتار دینامیکی دکل ها توسط مدل های محاسباتی برنامه ریزی ژنتیک و آتاماتای سلولی مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد. تفاصيل المقالة

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