ANTIBIOTIC HARITAKI CHURNA CHOCOLATES- A SWEETER WAY TO TREAT PAEDIATRIC
محورهای موضوعی : میکروبیولوژیSukanya Patil 1 * , RUSHIKESH HINGMIRE 2 , Sneha Kavitake 3 , Pranali Pinage 4 , Priyanka Hankare 5
1 - Govindrao Nikam College of Pharmacy
2 - Govindrao Nikam College of Pharmacy
3 - College of Pharmacy (Poly), Sawarde
4 - Govindrao Nikam College of Pharmacy
5 - Govindrao Nikam College of Pharmacy
کلید واژه: Haritaki, Churna, Herbal approach, Lesser Side-effects, Antibiotic chocolate.,
چکیده مقاله :
The present study was aimed at formulating a medicated chocolate, comprising of Haritaki churna exhibiting antibiotic effect. There are wide range of antibiotics available in the market treating various bacterial and fungal infections, but each also comes with several side effects. Which may also turn out to be serious in the case of paediatric patients. Hence, a need of alternative approach with fewer side effects is necessary. The presented formulation fulfils this necessity, having Haritaki churna which shows antibiotic effect and being herbal originated shows no side effects. Haritaki Churna was prepared and evaluated for its pH, ash value, extractive value, crude fibre content, heavy metal contamination, and antimicrobial activity. But, the churna alone exhibited unpalatable behaviour leading to the problem of patient compliance. This drawback was compensated by incorporation of Haritaki churna in chocolate- the most loved food item among paediatrics. Following, final formulation was then evaluated for physical parameters, dimensions, weight variation and antimicrobial activity.
The present study was aimed at formulating a medicated chocolate, comprising of Haritaki churna exhibiting antibiotic effect. There are wide range of antibiotics available in the market treating various bacterial and fungal infections, but each also comes with several side effects. Which may also turn out to be serious in the case of paediatric patients. Hence, a need of alternative approach with fewer side effects is necessary. The presented formulation fulfils this necessity, having Haritaki churna which shows antibiotic effect and being herbal originated shows no side effects. Haritaki Churna was prepared and evaluated for its pH, ash value, extractive value, crude fibre content, heavy metal contamination, and antimicrobial activity. But, the churna alone exhibited unpalatable behaviour leading to the problem of patient compliance. This drawback was compensated by incorporation of Haritaki churna in chocolate- the most loved food item among paediatrics. Following, final formulation was then evaluated for physical parameters, dimensions, weight variation and antimicrobial activity.
Posfay-Barbe, K. M. Infections in Paediatrics: Old and New Diseases. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2012, 142 (JULY), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2012.13654.
(2) Frieri, M.; Kumar, K.; Boutin, A. Antibiotic Resistance. J. Infect. Public Health 2017, 10 (4), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.08.007.
(3) Hutchings, M.; Truman, A.; Wilkinson, B. Antibiotics: Past, Present and Future. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2019, 51 (Figure 1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.008.
(4) Zhang, J.; Waite, L. M. TX Antibacteriano En NEUMONIA POR ASPIRACION. 2018, 2201–2213.
رهیافت های نوین در علوم سلولی و مولکولی JNACMS دوره 3 شماره 1 بهار 1404 Journal homepage: https://sanad.iau.ir/journal/nacms |
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شکلات‌های آنتی بیوتیکی هاریتاکی چورنا روشی شیرین‌تر برای درمان کودکان
Sukanya Jitendra Patil*1, Rushikesh Shivaji Hingmire2, Sneha Shrikant Kavitake3, Pranali Manohar Pinage4, Priyanka Dinkar Hankare5.
1,2,4,5Assistant Professors, Govindrao Nikam College of Pharmacy, Sawarde 415606, Maharashtra. India.
3 Lecturer, College of Pharmacy (Poly), Sawarde 415606, Maharashtra. India.
اطلاعات مقاله |
| چکیده |
تاریخچه مقاله: دریافت:07/01/1404 پذیرش:24/05/1404 چاپ: بهار 1404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.82415/NACMS.2025.1105813 |
| مطالعه حاضر با هدف فرمولاسیون شکلات دارویی، متشکل از هاریتاکی چورنا با اثر آنتی بیوتیکی انجام شد. طیف گسترده‌ای از آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها در بازار برای درمان عفونت‌های مختلف باکتریایی و قارچی موجود است، اما هر کدام عوارض جانبی متعددی نیز دارند. کدام یک ممکن است در مورد بیماران کودک جدی باشد؟ از این رو نیاز به رویکرد جایگزین با عوارض جانبی کمتر ضروری است. فرمولاسیون ارائه شده این ضرورت را برآورده می‌کند داشتن هاریتاکی چورنا که اثر آنتی بیوتیکی نشان می‌دهد و منشأ گیاهی دارد، هیچ عارضه جانبی ندارد. هاریتاکی چورنا از نظرpH، مقدار خاکستر، مقدار استخراج محتوای فیبر خام، آلودگی فلزات سنگین و فعالیت ضد میکروبی تهیه و ارزیابی شد، اما، خود چورنا به تنهایی رفتار نامطلوبی از خود نشان داد که منجر به مشکل عدم رعایت بیمار شد. این نقص با افزودن هاریتاکی چورنا به شکلات - محبوب‌ترین ماده غذایی در بین کودکان جبران شد. در ادامه، فرمولاسیون نهایی از نظر پارامترهای فیزیکی، ابعاد، تغییرات وزن و فعالیت ضدمیکروبی ارزیابی شد.
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کلمات کلیدی: شکلات آنتی‌بیوتیکی، رویکرد گیاهی، عوارض جانبی کمتر، هاریتاکی، چورنا.
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* نویسنده مسئول: Email sukanyapatil661@gmail.com |
Introduction
Most Common Diseases in Paediatric
· Bronchitis
· Most ear infection (Otitis media)
· Sinus infection (Sinusitis)
· Sore throat/ Strep throat
· Urinary tract infection
· Pneumonia
· Nasty bacterial skin infections (impetigo)
· Common cold and Runny nose
· Influenza (Flu)
Above mentioned diseases in Paediatric is a result of either Bacterial infection or Viral infection. Most of them are due to Bacterial infection and can be treated by the use of Antibiotics, except Common cold, Runny nose and Influenza (1).
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are substances used to treat bacterial and fungal illnesses. These are incredibly helpful medications that have helped several kids with life-threatening conditions like meningitis, pneumonia, and septicaemia (blood poisoning) survive. Antibiotics are also useful in treating common bacterial infections in children, such as skin and middle ear infections. Antibiotics are among the most useful medications we have when administered properly. Antibiotics, however, are only effective against bacterial and fungal illnesses. They don't affect viruses in any way. Numerous illnesses, including common colds and some stomach disorders that result in diarrhoea, are virus-based and can only be eliminated by the
body's defensive mechanisms (2). It is frequently impossible to distinguish between infections caused by viruses or bacteria. This is especially true when upper respiratory tract infections are present. These infections are fairly prevalent and can cause earaches, runny noses, coughing, and sore throats. Most kids will have between five and ten of these illnesses’ year, especially in the beginning when they start interacting with lots of other kids. The length and severity of the sickness as well as the existence of any other aggravating conditions will all play a role in the decision to prescribe an antibiotic in these situations. In order to identify the specific germ causing the infection, tests can be required (3, 4).
Right One Antibiotic
Physicians have a variety of antibiotics to select from. Some antibiotics are exclusive to a single type of bacterium, whereas others—referred to as "broad spectrum antibiotics" are effective against a large range of germs. The goal of treatment is to match the appropriate antibiotic to the most likely pathogen responsible for the illness. Antibiotic resistance makes bacterial illnesses more difficult to treat when drugs are abused or misused. When bacteria adapt and change, antibiotics that were formerly effective against that type of bacteria become ineffective. This is known as antibiotic resistance (5, 6).
Antibiotics are not an exception to the rule that no medication is completely safe from adverse effects. When side effects do arise, though, they are often minor. It is diarrhoea that is most prevalent. Antibiotic allergies that are very severe are rare and often manifest as rashes. bloating and indigestion, diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea (feeling like you might throw up), stomach discomfort, lack of appetite, and many more side effects are the most frequent (7, 8). Ones caused by antibiotics. Usually minor, these side effects should go away when your therapy is over. One in fifteen persons experiences an allergic response to antibiotics, particularly cephalosporins and penicillin. Usually mild to severe, the allergic response manifests as a raised, itchy skin rash known as urticarial, or hives, as well as coughing, wheezing, and tightness in the throat that can make breathing difficult. Antihistamines are often an effective treatment for these mild to severe allergic responses. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be fatal in rare instances when an antibiotic is used. The above-mentioned symptoms are frequently the initial ones that occur first and can include a fast heartbeat, breathing difficulties brought on by swelling and tightness in the neck, an abrupt and intense feeling of dread and anxiety, a sharp and sudden drop in blood pressure that leaves you dizzy and confused, and even unconsciousness. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency and can be life-threatening if prompt treatment is not given.
| SIDE EFFECTS |
Amoxicillin | · Upset stomach · Diarrhoea · Vomiting · Rash |
Gentamicin | · Nausea · Loss of appetite · Injection site reactions (pain, irritation, and redness) |
Ciprofloxacin | · Mild diarrhoea · Stomach ache · Watery bowel movements |
Cefixime | · Constipation · Gas · Increased night-time urination · Loss of appetite |
Azithromycin | · Diarrhoea and loose stools · Abdominal pain · Rash |
Cefdinir | · Indigestion · Diaper rash in an infant taking liquid cefdinir · Itching |
Cephalexin | · Vaginal itching or discharge · Joint pain |
Trimethoprim | · Stomach cramps and pain · Watery bowel movements · Upset stomach, throwing up |
Table 1: Mostly Used Antibiotics in Paediatric and Their Side Effects
As use of above-mentioned allopathic Antibiotics leads to such number of side effects and can prove harmful to infants and children. So, instead of them use of Haritaki churna would prove beneficial to treat bacterial infections with not so severe and minimum side effects. Also, they are as potent as conventional antibiotics.
Churna
According to Ayurveda, Churna is a mixture of powdered herbs and or minerals used in Ayurvedic medicine. After being individually ground, all of the ingredients are combined. Raj and Kshada are other names for Churna. Churnas come in a wide variety, and each kind has a distinct market need (9).
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula)
T. chebula is referred to as the "King of Medicine." Since it is believed to be sacred to God Siva (Hara) or to carry away all ailments, it is commonly known as "Haritaki." There are many intriguing synonyms for "Haritaki". Terminalia chebula is a flowering evergreen tree of the family Combretaceae. It has several common names such as black myrobalan, ink tree, or chebulic myrobalan (10, 11).
A medium- to large-sized, densely branching deciduous tree, Terminalia chebula may reach heights of up to 30 metres and girths of 1 to 1.5 metres. The elliptical leaves are 10–30 cm long, having a cordate base and a sharp apex. There are six to eight pairs of veins in the leaf vasculature. Located in short panicles or simple terminal spikes, the flowers are monoecious, short stalked, dull white to yellow, and have a strong, disagreeable scent. Fruits are yellowish-green, ovoid drupes that are 3-6 cm long and 1.3–1.5 cm wide, with one oval seed.
Chocolates
Fig 1: Haritaki Fruits
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Chocolate is a culinary preparation made from ground and roasted Theobroma cocoa beans that has a distinctively sweet taste and is usually scented with vanilla. It can be produced as a liquid, paste, block, or as flavouring for other desserts. With evidence of chocolate beverages reaching back to 1900 BC, the Mokaya (Mexico and Guatemala) are the people from whom the oldest uses are known to have originated. Actually, most people in Mesoamerica drank chocolate-flavoured drinks; this includes the Maya and Aztecs, who created a beverage called "bitter water" in Nahuatl. Chocolate is a very versatile and sophisticated food that can be used to create a wide range of flavour and texture experiences. Additionally, because chocolate is an anhydrous media, it resists the development of microorganisms and the hydrolysis of active ingredients that are sensitive to water. In many ways, chocolate is an excellent delivery system for active ingredients. For instance, the organoleptic properties of chocolate work wonders in mitigating the unpleasant flavours associated with certain active agents and in imparting a smooth and even texture to otherwise unpleasantly grainy active agent compositions (12). Delivering Haritaki Churna through chocolate-based dosage form will be an interesting approach to overcome the limitation associated with conventional therapies and also it will bridge the gap of traditional and modern system of medicine. Churnas are traditionally acclaimed effective but there are no or less evident, hence to give a scientific background to all traditional claims, this study can be a supportive adds on. As such churna preparations are not that much palatable to patients so to make it more palatable or patient friendly.Materials and Methods
Drug Review
Ø
Fig 2: Chocolate bars
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Biological Source
It consists of dried ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. Belonging to the family Combretaceae.
Botanical Description (Taxonomy)
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Myrtales
Family: Combretaceae
Genus: Terminalia
Fig 3: Dried Heritage Fruits |
Habit and Habitat
With a height of up to 30 metres and a girth of 1-1.5 metres, Terminalia chebula is a medium- to big, densely branching deciduous tree. The elliptic, 10-to 30-cm-long leaves have a cordate base and a sharp tip. Six to eight pairs of veins make up the leaves' vasculature. Simple terminal spikes or short panicles of flowers with short stalks, monoecious, dull white to yellow colour, and a strong, disagreeable scent are common. One oval seed is contained in the yellowish-green, ovoid, drupe fruits, which are 3-6 cm long and 1.3-1.5 cm wide. Clayey and shady soils are not the only conditions in which T. chebula may thrive. The trees may reach heights of up to 2000 metres above sea level, as well as temperatures between 0 and 17 degrees Celsius and annual rainfall of 100 to 150 centimetres. Nevertheless, chebula is native to Asia and may also be found in Pakistan, Yunnan, Tibet, Guangdong, and Guangxi region in China, as well as in Egypt, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Iran, and Turkey. It is found in India's deciduous woods in West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, and Karnataka.
Plant Fruits Varieties
There are seven varieties of T. chebula (haritaki) depending on the kind of fruit; Vijaya is regarded as the finest.
1) Vijaya, in Vindhya, has an oval form.
2) Rohini: a spherical, ubiquitous plant.
3) Pototana, Sindh: compact and less voluminous.
4) Bulky Amruta- Champaranya.
5) Five lines represent eye problems on the Abhaya-Champadesha fruit.
6) Coloured in yellow, Jeevanti, Saurashtra.
7) Chetaki- found in the Himalayas- having three lines on it.
Chemical Constitution
32% of T. chebula is made up of tannin. T.chebula belongs to the pyrogallol (hydrolyzable) type and has 14 hydrolyzable tannin constituents (gallic acid, punicalagin, chebulanin, corilagin, neochebulinic, ellagic acid, chebulegic acid, chebulinic acid, 1,2,3,4,6,-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,6,-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose, casuarinin, 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-D-glucose and terchebulin). The diversity in geology affects the tannin concentration. Other chemicals that were recovered included phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, coumarin conjugated with gallic acid termed chebulin, and flavonol glycosides. Furthermore, T. chebula fruit was used to separate luteolin and ethyl gallate. Nutrients including protein, amino acids, and vitamin C are also included.
Chebulic acid Gallic acid
Therapeutic Uses:
Because of its incredible healing abilities and broad variety of biological and pharmacological applications, T. chebula is known as the "King of Medicines" in Tibet. gastrointestinal motility enhancing and anti-ulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, radioprotective, antidiabetic and radioprotective, antispasmodic, wound healing, purgative, immunomodulatory, and chemo preventive, among other properties.
Collection of Haritaki fruits
One of the biggest issues that researchers have when working with herbal compounds is sample collecting. It is exceedingly difficult to prevent the effects of habitat differences, collecting times, and geographical changes in the same species on the quality of the medication. In addition to these seasonal fluctuations, collecting techniques also contribute to the problems that undermine the consistency of raw medication. All of these elements have an impact on the finished outcome, thus in a research project, these mistakes should be kept to a minimum. It is quite difficult to obtain pure samples of a single location that are gathered during the same season since market samples are frequently collected from several habitats and mixed together.
Classics have noted that medications lose their efficacy after a year in their natural condition. All of these factors were taken into account when gathering fresh fruits. Ripe fruits that naturally fall from trees were gathered. Small, immature, and partly ripened fruits were not consumed. Additionally, mature fruits with worm indications or minor damage sustained after falling were not chosen. Approximately thirty fruits were gathered.
Place of Collection
Fruits were collected from the trees grown wild in natural habitat,
Village: Janai Malai
District: Satara
State: Maharashtra
Latitude: 17.6501֯ N
Longitude: 74.0329֯ E
Period of Collection:
Type of Soil: Laterite soil
Weather Conditions: Temperature: 20 + 10֯ C;
Humidity: 60% + 20%
Fig 4: Collected Haritaki Fruits |
Authentication of raw material (Haritaki fruits)
The fresh fruits collected were further dried and authentified to be Terminalia chebula by Head of the Botany Department of Lal Bahadur Shastri College, Satara.
Organoleptic properties
· Colour - Intact fruit yellowish-brown.
· Shape - Ovoid.
· Size - 20-35 mm long, 13-25 mm wide, wrinkled and ribbed longitudinally, pericarp fibrous, 3-4 mm thick, non-adherent to the seed.
· Taste - Astringent (Kashaya Pradhan- five rasas).
Selection of fruits (Prashasta Haritaki Lakshana)
All of the fruits that had been gathered were put through tests, such as Prashasta Haritaki Lakshanas, which Bhavaprakasha Nighantu described. The results were as follows,
· New
Every fruit that was gathered when it was still fresh met this requirement.
· 
Snigda
Fruits that were dry and scaly
were separated and not included for additional testing.
Fig 6: Fruits rejected in Snigda test |
Fruits that were solidly hollowed out were discarded. This finding was connected to the appearance of worms in apples.
Fig 7: Fruits rejected in Ghana test |
· Vritta
Haritaki fruits came in a variety of forms, from round to oval, and with three to five ridges on them. In most cases, ridges were only partially apparent, and the number of ridges varied not just across plants but even between fruits on the same tree.
Fig 8: Vritta (Variety of fruits) |
Guru
Assessment was done with below mentioned submerging test.
· Submerging in water
Every fruit that met the requirements was submerged in water. Fruits that floated were discarded, while those that sank in the water were collected for analysis. A few fruits were hanging in between; they were also left out of the research.
Fig 9: Guru (Submerging test) |
Weighing 2 karsha (~20gm)
The weight of the fruits varied greatly, ranging from 3 to 16 games. Fruits should weigh no more than 8 to 12 games, with certain exceptions. Although scriptures have said that the fruits of the two Karsha are Shrestha, these fruits were not present in the current investigation. Fruits weighing less than 6 games were discarded and not taken into consideration. Fruits weighing between 6 and 16 games that passed every test but two karsha weight were used to prepare the medication (14).
Haritaki fruits which possess these qualities turned out to be 18 out of 30 and are termed as Shrestha which can be further used for preparation of Churna.
Preparation of Haritaki Churna
Freshly picked Haritaki fruits that passed the Prasheetha Lakshana test were consumed (17):
· These fruits were then crushed using metallic Mortar and pestle to get coarse powder of fruits.
· Further the fine powder was obtained by grinding using mechanical grinder.
· The fine powder was then passed through the Sieve of mesh size 80 to get uniform particles.
· Then, the Churna was prepared and weighed. Packets weighing two grammes each were placed in zip-lock bags after being weighed on an analytical balance to prevent dose
variations and ensure uniform pharmaceutical distribution. [14]
VALUATION OF HARITAKI
Fig 10: Haritaki churna |
CHURNA CHOCOLATES (MEDICATED CHOCOLATE)
Determination of pH
The 1% pH Using a pH metre, the Churnas solution was ascertained.
1. Determination Of Ash Value
· Total Ash Value: In a silicon crucible that had been previously burned and tarred, two games of churna were precisely weighed. After that, the substance was ignited by progressively raising the heat to 500–600˦ C until it became white, signifying the lack of carbon. After cooling in a desiccator, the amount of total ash in milligrams per game of air-dried material is determined (18, 19).
· Acid Insoluble Ash Value: After adding 25 millilitres of HCl to the crucible holding all of the ash and slowly boiling it for five minutes, around 5 millilitres of hot water were added and put into the crucible. A filter paper with less ash was used to gather the insoluble material. After that, the filter paper and the insoluble material were placed in a crucible and burnt to constant weight. The filtrate was then cleaned with hot water until it was neutral. After letting the residue cool, it was weighed.
2. Determination Of Extractive Value
· Water Soluble Extractive Value
Five games of churna were precisely weighed and then added to a conical flask with a glass stopper. It is then macerated for eighteen hours in 100 millilitres of chloroform water. After filtering, around 25 millilitres of the filtrate were placed in a China dish and dried over a water bath. After six hours of drying at 105° C, it was chilled and then weighed.
· Alcohol Soluble Extractive Value
The extraction process remained the same, however ethanol was utilised as the solvent instead of chloroform water.
3. Determination Of Crude Fibre Content
A round-bottom flask containing 2 games of precisely weighed churna was filled with 100 millilitres of 0.128 M sulphuric acid, refluxed for an hour, and then filtered through ash-free filter paper. The residue was then rinsed with water until the filtrate turned neutral. After that, the residue was weighed (a), burned to ash, and the weight of the ash (b) was calculated.
Based on dry weight, the difference between a and b indicated the crude fibre content.
4. Determination Of Heavy Metal Contamination
· Preparation Of Sample
Preparation of Churna solution
One gramme of churna was diluted with one hundred millilitres of distilled water to create the churna solution. This is used to do qualitative testing for mercury as well as limit tests for iron and lead as well as tests for arsenic levels.
· Arsenic Content
Preparation of Standard Solution (10PPM):
After dissolving 0.33 games of arsenic trioxide in 5 millilitres of 2M sodium hydroxide solution, the mixture was diluted to 250 millilitres using water. After that, one litre was diluted with 100 volumes of water.
Procedure:
Pipetting out 10 millilitres of churna solution into a flask, followed by the addition of around 10 millilitres of concentrated nitric acid and drying on a water bath are the next steps. After drying the residue for thirty minutes at 130° C, 10 millilitres of hydrazine molybdate reagent were added, and the mixture refluxed for twenty minutes. Following cooling, the solution was tested using a UV spectrophotometer for absorbance at 800 nm in both the test and reference solutions.
· Limit Test for Iron
Preparation of Standard Solution (20 PPM):
Distilled water was used to dilute one volume of 0.1726% w/v ferric ammonium sulphate solution in 0.05 M sulphuric acid to ten litres.
Procedure:
In Nessler's cylinder, a limit test was run. Two millilitres of the test and reference solutions were placed in individual cylinders, followed by the addition of two millilitres of a 20% citric acid solution and 0.1 millilitre of thioglycolic acid. After mixing the mixture and adding iron-free ammonia, the solution was diluted to 50 millilitres using purified water. After allowing it to stand for five minutes, the sample's colour was compared to the standard colour. The sample was considered to fail the limit test if the colour generated during the test was greater than that of the standard solution, and to pass the test if the opposite happened.
a. Limit Test for Lead
Preparation of Standard (20 PPM):
250 millilitres of water were created by dissolving 0.4 grammes of lead nitrate in 2 millilitres of nitric acid. Distilled water was used to dilute about one volume of the aforesaid solution to ten volumes.
In Nessler's cylinder, a limit test was conducted. One millilitre each of the test and standard lead solutions were placed in separate cylinders. The 25 millilitres of distilled water were then used to dilute the solutions to a volume of 35 millilitres. The pH was then adjusted to a value of 3–4 by adding diluted ammonia solution or acetic acid. Ten millilitres of freshly made hydrogen sulphide solution were added to each solution, combined, and diluted to fifty millilitres with water. After five minutes of standing, it was observed looking down over a white surface. If the colour generated in the test solution is not more vivid than that of the reference solution, the sample is said to have passed the lead limit test.
b. Test For Mercury
A white precipitate was obtained by adding 6M HCl to 10 drops of test solution. After that, a 6 M ammonia solution was used to treat the precipitate. There may be mercury present if the precipitate turns grey or black in colour.
5. Determination Of Microbial Content
The amount was adjusted to 100ml using the same medium after 1g of churna was dissolved in lactose broth. After adding around 10 millilitres of sample to 100 millilitres of MacConkey broth, the mixture was incubated at 43–45 degrees Celsius for 18–24 hours. On a plate containing MacConkey agar, a subculture was created and cultured for 18 to 24 hours at 43 to 45°C. The presence or absence of Escherichia coli is indicated by the formation of red, usually non-mucoid colonies of gram-negative rods that show as reddish zones.
6. Anti-Microbial Activity
7. Formulating Chocolate base
It was 50°C in the oven. Syrup was made by placing sugar and water in a beaker and heating it for four to five minutes. After that, cocoa butter was taken and baked for one minute in a beaker. Following the removal of the sugar syrup from the oven, cocoa powder was added and thoroughly combined. Next, lecithin was added and well combined. The process of making chocolate is carefully monitored to make sure that the mixture's temperature is not too high. The chocolate foundation mixture above was then chilled to solidify. Here, additional flavour of vanilla essence was added in order to mask the strong odour of Cocoa powder and pungent smell of Lecithin. Also, when chocolates are properly solidified and are to be removed from the moulds, there is a possibility that the formulation would break during removal, which would cause the formulation to not shape properly. Dicalcium phosphate, an adsorbent, was thus added to the formulation to solve this issue (21).
SR. NO. | INGREDIENTS | CATEGORY | QUANTITY (gm) |
1. | Cocoa powder | Principle Ingredient | 12.50 |
2. | Cocoa butter | Solidifying agent | 5.00 |
3. | Lecithin | Emulsifier | 0.30 |
4. | Pharmaceutical grade sugar | Sweetening agent | 10.00 |
5. | Vanilla essence | Flavouring agent | 0.20 |
6. | Dicalcium phosphate | Adsorbent | 2.00 |
Table 2: Formulation of Chocolate base
8. Formulation Of Haritaki Churna Chocolates (Medicated Chocolate)
I had the oven set to 50°C. Once the chocolate foundation was melted, it became a liquid that flowed freely. Following the previous stage, the necessary amount of medication—Hariti churna—was added. The entire mass was then thoroughly mixed to guarantee even mixing with the aid of a stirrer. The aforementioned liquid was then transferred into a polycarbonate set mould and chilled for 15 minutes to solidify it. Subsequently, the chocolates are released from their mould and put through additional assessment procedures.
Fig 11: Formulation of Haritaki Churna Chocolates (Medicated Chocolate)
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SR. NO. | INGREDIENTS | CATEGORY | QUANTITY (gm) |
1. | Chocolate Base | Vehicle |
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2. | Haritaki churna | API | 2.00 |
Table 3: Formulation of Haritaki churna chocolates (Medicated Chocolate
9. Evaluation of Haritaki churna Chocolates
· Colour, odour, taste, texture and mouth feel characteristics
This was evaluated by observing the chocolates and further administering them for taste and mouth feel characterisation (22).
· Blooming Test
1. Fat Bloom Test
The chocolate will become less glossy and develop a soft, white coating on the surface when a thin layer of fat crystals formed on the formulation, giving the end product an unappealing appearance. The migration of a filling fat to the chocolate layer or the recrystallization of lipids are the two main causes of fat bloom. The onset of fat bloom will be postponed by storage at a steady temperature.
2. Sugar Bloom Test
Every Sample underwent treatment cycles that included,
a. 30°C for 11hrs,
b. Temperature shifting for 1 hr,
c. 18°C for 11hrs, and
changing the temperature for an hour. Whether or not blooming had taken place was determined by monitoring a test chocolate formulation for 11 hours at 18°C.
· Dimensions
The Dimensions of five formulations was determined using Scale for length and width, And Vernier calliper for Thickness. The variation limit allowed is +5%.
· Weight variation
Five formulations were chosen at random and weighed separately as part of a weight variation investigation conducted in accordance with USP. It was computed what the average weight and standard deviation were.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Evaluation of Haritaki Churna
a. Physical Parameters
SR. NO. | PHYSICAL PARAMETERS | VALUES |
1. | pH | 5.357 |
2. | Ash values |
|
| a. Total ash value b. Acid insoluble ash | 10% w/w 5% w/w |
3. | Extractive values |
|
| a. Water soluble extractive value b. Alcohol soluble extractive value | 0.12% w/w 2%w/w |
4. | Crude fibre content | 9.75% w/w |
Table 4: Physical Parameters of Haritaki Churna
b. Detection of Heavy Metals
SR. NO. | HEAVY METALS | VALUES |
1. | Arsenic (Spectrophotometry) | 0.205 ppm |
2. | Iron (Limit test) | Within the limit |
3. | Lead (Limit test) | Within the limit |
4. | Mercury (Qualitative analysis) | Absent |
Table 5: Heavy Metals of Haritaki Churna)
c. Detection of Microbes
SR. NO. | MICROORGANISM | PRESENT/ABSENT |
1. | Escherichia coli | Absent |
Table 6: Detection of Microbes of Haritaki Churna
d. Antimicrobial Test
Zone of inhibition of Gentamicin (44 mm) was found to be slightly more than the Zone of inhibition due to Haritaki churna (40 mm).
Fig 13: Bacillus subtilis plate |
Fig 12: E. coli plate |
2. EVALUATION OF HARITAKI CHURNA CHOCOLATE
a. Physical Parameters
Stability Study was carried out by keeping samples at room temperature for 1 month and results obtained are as followed,
SR. NO. | TEST | OBSERVATION | RESULT |
1. | Colour | Dark Brown | No change |
2. | Odour | Pleasant | No change |
3. | Taste | Sweet | No change |
4. | Texture | Smooth and Glossy | No change |
5. | Mouth feel characterisation | Pleasant | No change |
6. | Blooming tests: |
|
|
| Fat bloom test Sugar bloom test | No bloom No bloom | No change No change |
Table 7: Physical Parameters of Haritaki Churna Chocolate
b. Dimensions
SR. NO. | LENGTH | WIDTH | THICKNESS |
1. | 2.4 cm | 2.4 cm | 1 cm |
2. | 2.4 cm | 2.4 cm | 1 cm |
3. | 2.4 cm | 2.4 cm | 1 cm |
4. | 2.4 cm | 2.4 cm | 1 cm |
5. | 2.4 cm | 2.4 cm | 1 cm |
Average | 2.4 cm | 2.4 cm | 1 cm |
Table 8: Dimensions of Haritaki Churna Chocolate
c. Weight Variation
SR. NO. | WEIGHT OF CHOCOLATE |
1. | 8.85 |
2. | 8.70 |
3. | 8.65 |
4. | 8.81 |
5. | 8.78 |
Average | 8.75 |
Table 9: Weight Variation of Haritaki Churna ChocolateAntimicrobial Test
Zone of inhibition due to Haritaki churna chocolate was found to be 40mm slightly less than that of standard Gentamicin antibiotic 46mm.
Fig 14: E. coli plate |
Fig 15: Bacillus subtilis plate |
Conclusion:
The ancient science of life known as Ayurveda has a lengthy history, and its fundamental ideas could still hold true today. There has long been recognition of the need for Ayurvedic medicine to be collaborated with modern technology. But the fundamental component of all sciences is the ongoing pursuit of new information through investigation, advancement, and innovative applications. When designing dose forms, patient compliance and ease of administration are becoming increasingly crucial considerations. The creation of an attractive and patient-friendly medication administration system for pediatric and elderly patients has received more attention recently. Haritaki churna has proven to be similar in its antibacterial activity as compared to that of Gentamicin antibiotic. Different parameters were considered for the evaluation of the churna including pH, ash value, extractive value, crude fibre content, heavy metal contamination, results of which navigated towards an acceptable formulation. After which the churna was incorporated in chocolate base and final formulation was then evaluated for physical parameters, dimensions, weight variation and antimicrobial activity. Final results indicated a formulation having antibiotic effect with few adverse actions and higher patient compliance.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the management of Govindrao Nikam College of Pharmacy, Sawarde for providing access to the research facilities.
Conflict Of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding
None to declare.
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ANTIBIOTIC HARITAKI CHURNA CHOCOLATES- A SWEETER WAY TO TREAT PAEDIATRIC
Sukanya Jitendra Patil*1, Rushikesh Shivaji Hingmire2, Sneha Shrikant Kavitake3, Pranali Manohar Pinage4, Priyanka Dinkar Hankare5.
1,2,4,5Assistant Professors, Govindrao Nikam College of Pharmacy, Sawarde 415606, Maharashtra. India.
3 Lecturer, College of Pharmacy (Poly), Sawarde 415606, Maharashtra. India.
Email:sukanyapatil661@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The present study was aimed at formulating a medicated chocolate, comprising of Haritaki churna exhibiting antibiotic effect. There is wide range of antibiotics available in the market treating various bacterial and fungal infections, but each also comes with several side effects. Which may also turn out to be serious in the case of paediatric patients? Hence, a need of alternative approach with fewer side effects is necessary. The presented formulation fulfils this necessity; having Haritaki churna which shows antibiotic effect and being herbal originated shows no side effects. Haritaki Churna was prepared and evaluated for its pH, ash value, extractive value, crude fibre content, heavy metal contamination, and antimicrobial activity. But, the churna alone exhibited unpalatable behaviour leading to the problem of patient compliance. This drawback was compensated by incorporation of Haritaki churna in chocolate- the most loved food item among paediatrics. Following, final formulation was then evaluated for physical parameters, dimensions, weight variation and antimicrobial activity.
Key Words: Antibiotic chocolate, Haritaki, Churna, Herbal approach, Lesser Side-effects.