ارائه راهکارهای طراحی نمای مجتمع‌های مسکن اجتماعی با توجه به ترجیحات ساکنان (موردکاوی: شهر شیراز)
کیمیا السادات طبیب زاده
1
(
گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
)
حامد مضطرزاده
2
(
گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
)
محمد پروا
3
(
گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
)
وحیده حجتی
4
(
گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
)
کلید واژه: طراحی نما, طراحی مسکن, نمای هوشمند و انعطاف‌پذیر, مسکن اجتماعی شیراز, نمای سبز,
چکیده مقاله :
پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین اصول طراحی نما (از مهم‌ترین موضوعات مهم در طراحی) مجتمع‌های مسکونی ساخته‌شده توسط دولت مبنی بر ترجیحات ساکنان با تمرکز بر مجتمع‌های مسکن اجتماعی شیراز (به‌عنوان یکی از کلان‌شهرهای ایران)، شناسایی نقاط قوت و ضعف طراحی نماهای مجتمع‌های مسکن اجتماعی و مشخص کردن ترجیحات زنان و مردان ساکن مجتمع‌های مسکن اجتماعی در انتخاب نوع نما، سعی در تدوین و ارائه اصول و راهکارهایی برای این ساخت‌وسازها داشته تا مطابق با ترجیحات ساکنان آنها، بتوان کیفیت این فضاهای سکونتی را ارتقاء داد و علاوه بر این، سیاست‌های بهتری جهت طراحی نماها که علاوه بر زیبایی، بر ادراکات روانی نیز اثرگذار است و تجلی‌گر فرهنگ هر جامعه است، ارائه نماید. این پژوهش از منظر روش‌شناسی تحقیق، یک پژوهش کیفی است که با روش تحلیل محتوا به‌کمک مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی با استفاده از مطالعه اسناد مرتبط با موضوع، مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته و پرسشنامه تصویری با 387 نفر از ساکنان مجتمع‌های مسکن اجتماعی شیراز که به روش احتمالی تصادفی انتخاب شدند، انجام شده است. گفتنی است که جامعه آماری بر اساس فرمول کوکران و مجتمع‌ها با استفاده از روش AHP و نرم‌افزار Expert Choice 11مشخص شده است. شایان ذکر است که روایی پرسشنامه تصویری با استفاده از روش دِلفی توسط 15 متخصص و روایی زیرمقوله‌ها، مفاهیم و کدها با استفاده از روش روایی محتوا انجام شده که حاصل توافق 20 متخصص در حیطه طراحی مجتمع‌های مسکونی بوده است و پایایی تحلیل محتوا بر اساس ضریب کاپا معادل 875/0 گزارش شده است. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن بوده‌اند که فراوانی اولویت‌بندی نوع نما برای زنان، 15 نوع و برای مردان، 11 نوع بوده است و در حالت کلی، کاربران این مجتمع‌های مسکونی، نمای هوشمند و انعطاف‌پذیر را در اولویت می‌دانند. با توجه به این موضوع و سایر یافته‌های پژوهش، راهکارها و اصول طراحی نمای مجتمع‌های مسکن اجتماعی (به‌عنوان یکی از انواع سیاست‌های مجتمع‌سازی توسط دولت) جهت برنامه‌ریزی و ارتقاء کیفیت سیمای شهری ارائه شده است.
چکیده انگلیسی :
The present research aims to compile the principles’s design of facade’s (one of the most important issues and components in the design) social housing complexes built by the government based on the preferences of the residents, focusing on the social housing complexes of Shiraz (as one of the metropolises of Iran) and identifying the strengths and weaknesses in the design of facades of social housing complexes, as well as identifying the preferences of men and women living in social housing complexes in choosing the type of facade. The present research tried to compile and present principles and solutions for these constructions in order to increase the quality of these residential spaces. From the perspective of research methodology, this research is a qualitative research that is conducted with the content analysis method with the help of library and field studies, using the study of documents related to the topic, semi-structured interviews and visual questionnaires with 387 residents of social housing complexes in Shiraz, who were randomly selected. It should be mentioned that the statistical population was determined based on the Cochran formula and the selection of complexes was done using the AHP method and Expert Choice 11 software. It is worth mentioning that the validity of the visual questionnaire was done using the Delphi method by 15 experts and the validity of the subcategories, concepts and codes was done by using the content validity method, which was the result of the agreement of 20 experts in the field of residential complex design and the reliability of the content analysis is reported based on the Kappa coefficient of 0.875. The findings indicated that the frequency of prioritizing the facade type for women was 15 types and for men, 11 types, and in general, the users of these residential complexes prioritize smart and flexible facades. According to this issue and other findings of the research, the solutions and design principles of social housing complexes with the aim of planning and improving the quality of urban appearance (as one of the types of complex building policies by the government) have been presented. Extended Abstract Introduction: Facades play a role as the image, body and appearance in residential complexes, but this is not the only role of facades. Facades also play a protective and communicative role, and psychologically, they are influential in the mental image and behaviors of the residents. Unfortunately, in the design of residential complexes and especially the design of residential complexes based on various government policies, the issue of facade design has been neglected; So that the facades of these residential complexes have a very simple design and very little variety. Considering the key role of facades in the design of residential complexes, it should be noted that paying attention to the basic needs of users and even using modern technologies may increase some costs in the beginning, but in the end, it improves the quality of the space and the sense of belonging to the place. It also provides people psychologically and spiritually and brings about a healthier society. Therefore, according to the needs and wishes of the residents of these residential complexes, the present research aims to formulate the principles of facade design (one of the most important issues in the design) of the residential complexes built by the government based on the preferences of the residents, focusing on the social housing complexes of Shiraz (as one of the metropolises of Iran) to Formulating and presenting principles and solutions for these constructions so that according to the preferences of their residents, the quality of these residential spaces can be improved and other positive consequences can be achieved; because housing is one of the basic needs of every human being according to Maslow's pyramid and paying attention to providing it leads to peace, comfort, self-esteem and other positive results. It is worth mentioning that the minor objectives of the research included the following: 1- Identifying the strengths and weaknesses in the design of facades of social housing complexes, 2- Identifying the preferences of men and women living in social housing complexes in choosing the type of facade. Methodology: From the perspective of research methodology, this research is a qualitative research that is conducted with the content analysis method with the help of library and field studies, using the study of documents related to the topic, semi-structured interviews and visual questionnaires with 387 residents of social housing complexes in Shiraz, who were randomly selected. It is worth mentioning that the number of samples was based the Cochran formula (when the number of the statistical population is large), and the selection of complexes was done using the AHP method and Expert Choice 11 software. It is worth mentioning that the validity of the visual questionnaire was done using the Delphi method by 15 experts and the validity of the subcategories, concepts and codes of concepts was done using the content validity method, which was the result of the agreement of 20 experts in the field of residential complex design. Results and discussion: The findings have indicated that according to the preference of the residents of social housing complexes, the concept of form from the subcategory of simplicity in the design of the overall form; Concepts: 1- dimensions and proportions, 2- harmony and visual beauty from the sub-category of lack of visual disturbances and paying attention to the psychological perceptions of users; Concepts: 1- Performance, 2- flexibility and Smartening, 3- Details from the subcategory of creating diversity and dynamism and concepts: 1- Safety, protection and maintenance, 2- Strengthening, 3- Comfort from the sub-category of safety, protection, strengthening and comfort and concepts: 1- attention to the climate and 2- privacy and culture from the sub-category of localism and the overall form of the facade are essentials that designers should pay attention to. It is worth noting that all the mentioned codes refer to the political component; Because they are related to the adoption of policies for the design of residential complexes built by the government, or they include things that can be paid attention to by the managers and board members of the built residential complexes. These codes can be listed as their planning policies, among which, it can be mentioned to renew the color of facade or change materials and reconstruction. All the codes are also related to the perceptual, semantic-cognitive component, because it creates a platform for meeting needs and they are also related to mental perceptions that bring comfort to people. In addition, due to the fact that the facade itself has an appearance, in all the mentioned codes, the connection with the objective-visual role of the facade has been raised, and in some codes, it is related to the protective aspect in terms of protection against cooling, heating, noise, accidents. Unexpectedly, aristocracy as well as attention to the non-falling of materials and connection with the environment and climate, and the painting of the facade (protective colors against insects, anti-rust, etc.) and the presence of the mentioned fence and guard, show the protective role of the facade. Conclusion: The preference of the respondents regarding the prioritization of the view included 15 items, and the frequency of categories for women regarding the items raised was 15 types and the frequency of categories for men regarding the items raised was 11 types, which indicated the dispersion of women's opinions compared to men. The principles and solutions for the facade design of social housing complexes are based on the findings of the visual questionnaire as follows: 1- Designing up-to-date and smart facades, 2- Using smart bricks (heat insulation in winter and cold insulation in summer), 3- Using blocks made with AAC, 4- Using self-healing concrete, 5- Using photovoltaic cells in the smart facade, 6- Using thermotropic glass with the ability to turn it on and off, 7- Using electrochromic glass, 8- Using from photochromic glasses, 9- Designing facades flexible, 10- Use of air purifying bricks, 11- Use of polycarbonate sheets for glass, 12- Use of thermal break windows, 13- use of plants suitable for the climate on facade surfaces, 14- Use of special methods to have smart and sustainable twin facades (for example, combining sustainable facades with photovoltaics for optimal use of solar energy and electricity generation in order to meet the diverse needs of the building), 15- Design facades according to the principles of architecture and sustainable development (all facades with the fifth facade (roof)), 16- Use of conductive concrete light, 17- Designing facades using tiles, bricks, wood, etc. in the form of mesh, Fakhr and Madin, Shanashil (Shanashir), etc., 18- Paying attention to building optimization methods such as: green roof, white roof, and silver roof, 19- Using bright colored materials and choosing their colors according to the rules of the color cycle. It should be mentioned that the design solutions for social housing complexes based on the findings from the interviews are presented in detail in the article.
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