Providing facade design solutions for social housing complexes according to residents' preferences (case study: Shiraz)

Kimia Sadat Tabibzadeh ¹ ( Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran )
مضطرزاده Moztarzadeh ² ( Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran )
Mohammad Parva ³ ( Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran )
Vahideh Hodjati ⁴ ( Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran )

Submited date : 2023-05-03 Accepted date : 2023-08-20

Keywords: Shiraz social housing, Green facade, Facade design, Housing Design, Smart and flexible facade,

Abstract :

The present research aims to compile the principles’s design of facade’s (one of the most important issues and components in the design) social housing complexes built by the government based on the preferences of the residents, focusing on the social housing complexes of Shiraz (as one of the metropolises of Iran) and identifying the strengths and weaknesses in the design of facades of social housing complexes, as well as identifying the preferences of men and women living in social housing complexes in choosing the type of facade. The present research tried to compile and present principles and solutions for these constructions in order to increase the quality of these residential spaces. From the perspective of research methodology, this research is a qualitative research that is conducted with the content analysis method with the help of library and field studies, using the study of documents related to the topic, semi-structured interviews and visual questionnaires with 387 residents of social housing complexes in Shiraz, who were randomly selected. It should be mentioned that the statistical population was determined based on the Cochran formula and the selection of complexes was done using the AHP method and Expert Choice 11 software. It is worth mentioning that the validity of the visual questionnaire was done using the Delphi method by 15 experts and the validity of the subcategories, concepts and codes was done by using the content validity method, which was the result of the agreement of 20 experts in the field of residential complex design and the reliability of the content analysis is reported based on the Kappa coefficient of 0.875. The findings indicated that the frequency of prioritizing the facade type for women was 15 types and for men, 11 types, and in general, the users of these residential complexes prioritize smart and flexible facades. According to this issue and other findings of the research, the solutions and design principles of social housing complexes with the aim of planning and improving the quality of urban appearance (as one of the types of complex building policies by the government) have been presented. Extended Abstract Introduction:       Facades play a role as the image, body and appearance in residential complexes, but this is not the only role of facades. Facades also play a protective and communicative role, and psychologically, they are influential in the mental image and behaviors of the residents. Unfortunately, in the design of residential complexes and especially the design of residential complexes based on various government policies, the issue of facade design has been neglected; So that the facades of these residential complexes have a very simple design and very little variety. Considering the key role of facades in the design of residential complexes, it should be noted that paying attention to the basic needs of users and even using modern technologies may increase some costs in the beginning, but in the end, it improves the quality of the space and the sense of belonging to the place. It also provides people psychologically and spiritually and brings about a healthier society. Therefore, according to the needs and wishes of the residents of these residential complexes, the present research aims to formulate the principles of facade design (one of the most important issues in the design) of the residential complexes built by the government based on the preferences of the residents, focusing on the social housing complexes of Shiraz (as one of the metropolises of Iran) to Formulating and presenting principles and solutions for these constructions so that according to the preferences of their residents, the quality of these residential spaces can be improved and other positive consequences can be achieved; because housing is one of the basic needs of every human being according to Maslow's pyramid and paying attention to providing it leads to peace, comfort, self-esteem and other positive results. It is worth mentioning that the minor objectives of the research included the following: 1- Identifying the strengths and weaknesses in the design of facades of social housing complexes, 2- Identifying the preferences of men and women living in social housing complexes in choosing the type of facade. Methodology:       From the perspective of research methodology, this research is a qualitative research that is conducted with the content analysis method with the help of library and field studies, using the study of documents related to the topic, semi-structured interviews and visual questionnaires with 387 residents of social housing complexes in Shiraz, who were randomly selected. It is worth mentioning that the number of samples was based the Cochran formula (when the number of the statistical population is large), and the selection of complexes was done using the AHP method and Expert Choice 11 software. It is worth mentioning that the validity of the visual questionnaire was done using the Delphi method by 15 experts and the validity of the subcategories, concepts and codes of concepts was done using the content validity method, which was the result of the agreement of 20 experts in the field of residential complex design. Results and discussion:        The findings have indicated that according to the preference of the residents of social housing complexes, the concept of form from the subcategory of simplicity in the design of the overall form; Concepts: 1- dimensions and proportions, 2- harmony and visual beauty from the sub-category of lack of visual disturbances and paying attention to the psychological perceptions of users; Concepts: 1- Performance, 2- flexibility and Smartening, 3- Details from the subcategory of creating diversity and dynamism and concepts: 1- Safety, protection and maintenance, 2- Strengthening, 3- Comfort from the sub-category of safety, protection, strengthening and comfort and concepts: 1- attention to the climate and 2- privacy and culture from the sub-category of localism and the overall form of the facade are essentials that designers should pay attention to. It is worth noting that all the mentioned codes refer to the political component; Because they are related to the adoption of policies for the design of residential complexes built by the government, or they include things that can be paid attention to by the managers and board members of the built residential complexes. These codes can be listed as their planning policies, among which, it can be mentioned to renew the color of facade or change materials and reconstruction. All the codes are also related to the perceptual, semantic-cognitive component, because it creates a platform for meeting needs and they are also related to mental perceptions that bring comfort to people. In addition, due to the fact that the facade itself has an appearance, in all the mentioned codes, the connection with the objective-visual role of the facade has been raised, and in some codes, it is related to the protective aspect in terms of protection against cooling, heating, noise, accidents. Unexpectedly, aristocracy as well as attention to the non-falling of materials and connection with the environment and climate, and the painting of the facade (protective colors against insects, anti-rust, etc.) and the presence of the mentioned fence and guard, show the protective role of the facade. Conclusion:       The preference of the respondents regarding the prioritization of the view included 15 items, and the frequency of categories for women regarding the items raised was 15 types and the frequency of categories for men regarding the items raised was 11 types, which indicated the dispersion of women's opinions compared to men. The principles and solutions for the facade design of social housing complexes are based on the findings of the visual questionnaire as follows: 1- Designing up-to-date and smart facades, 2- Using smart bricks (heat insulation in winter and cold insulation in summer), 3- Using blocks made with AAC, 4- Using self-healing concrete, 5- Using photovoltaic cells in the smart facade, 6- Using thermotropic glass with the ability to turn it on and off, 7- Using electrochromic glass, 8- Using from photochromic glasses, 9- Designing facades flexible, 10- Use of air purifying bricks, 11- Use of polycarbonate sheets for glass, 12- Use of thermal break windows, 13- use of plants suitable for the climate on facade surfaces, 14- Use of special methods to have smart and sustainable twin facades (for example, combining sustainable facades with photovoltaics for optimal use of solar energy and electricity generation in order to meet the diverse needs of the building), 15- Design facades according to the principles of architecture and sustainable development (all facades with the fifth facade (roof)), 16- Use of conductive concrete light, 17- Designing facades using tiles, bricks, wood, etc. in the form of mesh, Fakhr and Madin, Shanashil (Shanashir), etc., 18- Paying attention to building optimization methods such as: green roof, white roof, and silver roof, 19- Using bright colored materials and choosing their colors according to the rules of the color cycle. It should be mentioned that the design solutions for social housing complexes based on the findings from the interviews are presented in detail in the article.

References:

• Abdi, M.A, Mehdizadegan, S, Kurdi, F. (2010)’ Six decades of housing planning in Iran (1327-1387)’, Tehran: Building and Housing Research Center. (In Persian).


• Alamrasi, Masumeh, Motalebi, Ghasem, Foroutan, Manouchehr, Jalalian, Sara (2022). Identification of facade semantic components of residential buildings from the perspective of the citizens (Case study: Ardabil city), Journal of Irainian Architecture  & Urbanism (JIAU), 13 (1), 55-68. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2021.251831.1535.


• Arjamandfar, Masoud (2009). A comparative study of the environmental preferences of people and effective groups in the field of residential facades, master's thesis in urban design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran. (In Persian).


• Atarod, Faranak ,Kashi, Hosein (2018). Constituent Elements of Urban Façade, ARMANSHAHR Architecture & urban Development, 10 (21), 173-192. (In Persian). https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58605.html?lang=fa.


• Azemati, H.R, Pourbagher, S, Rostami, V. (2017)’ The Place of Fundamental Human Needs in Housing Developments (Case study: Houses in Ardabil city based on history of the city)’, HoNAR-HA-YE-ZIBA, 22 (2), 43-50. (In Persian). 22059/JFAUP.2017.229846.671668.


• Bonaiuto, M;  Aiello,  A;  Perugini,  M;  Bonnes,  M  &  Ercolani,  P (1999): Multidimensional perception of residential environment quality and neighborhood attachment in the urban environment, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 19, pp: 331-352. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1999.0138.


• Cole, Laura B.; Coleman, Sylvia & Scannell, Leila (2021): Place attachment in green buildings: Making the connections, Journal of Environmental Psychology, (74), pp: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101558.


• Davoodi, Kazem, Tajik Esmaeili, Somayeh (2018). Relationship between the Amount and Type of Presence in Cyberspace and Place Attachment among Students of First and Second Cycles of High School, The Socio-Cultural Research Journal of Rahbord, 7 (26), 279-317. (In Persian). 1001.1.22517081.1397.7.1.10.9.


• Eghbali, Seyed Rahman; Sadeghi, Negar & Razagh Rostami, Mahnaz (2020): Thermal evaluation of large green roofs in comparison to other flat roofs (With the upper layer of silver and white), Journal of Architectural Thought, 4(8), pp: 237-251. 30479/AT.2020.11816.1346


• Fardpour, Sara; Dolatabadi, Fariborz & Mahdavi Nejad, Mohammad Javad (2021): Reading the Schema of the Contemporary Urban Building Facade of Tehran in the First and Second Pahlavi Eras, ARMANSHAHR Architecture & urban Development, 14 (35), pp: 149-164. 22034/AAUD.2020.204911.2018.


• Gholami, Z, Jalilisadrabad, S, Amrollahi, R (2023). Investigating the impact of using modified cool materials by titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based photocatalytic self-cleaning nanoparticles in urban facades on urban microclimate parameters, Case Studies in Construction Materials, (19), pp: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02268.


• Ghanbaran, A & Hosseinpour, A (2014). Assessment of Thermal Behavior of Double Skin Façade in the Climate of Tehran, Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, Volume 1, Issue 2, Serial Number 2, pp: 43-53. (In Persian). 1001.1.25886274.1392.1.2.4.2.


• Ghorbanian, Mahshid, Behzadfar, Mostafa, Shariatpour, (2020)’ Analyzing Techniques of Urban Façade Using Developing Topic-based Analysis Approach of Cityscape According to the Factors Affecting it from an Urban Design Perspective’, JOURNAL OF ARCHOTECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING, Vol 12, Issue 27, pp: 95-125. 10.30480/AUP.2020.800.


• Haqqani, M, Majidi Hatkeloui, S. (2021). An attitude towards the place of walking in the urban space, focusing on the sense of attachment to the place; Case example: Qaran Sari Street, specialized scientific quarterly of urban design studies and urban researches, 4 (3 and 16 consecutive), volume 1, 1-14. (In Persian). https://www.magiran.com/paper/2357496.


• Hojjat, Esa; Mozafar, Farhange & Saadati, Seyyedeh Porandokht (2017). Investigating Home Effective Attributes in Developing Dwellers' Attachment. {Presenting a Causal Process Model}, HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA, Vol 22, Issue 2: PP: 51-62. (In Persian). 22059/JFAUP.2017.63994.


• Hosseini, S.M, Mohammadi, M, Rosemann, A, Schröder, T & Lichtenberg, J (2019). A morphological approach for kinetic façade design process to improve visual and thermal comfort: Review, Building and Environment, Volume 153, pp: 186-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.02.040.


• Jam, Fatemeh, Azemati, Hamid Reza, Ghanbaran, Abdolhamid, Ebrahimpour, Reza, Esmaily, Jamal (2020), Analyzing the Impacts of Color on Aesthetic Judgment and Eye Movement Indicators of Experts and Non-experts in Architecture Case Study: Residential Building Façades in Tehran, JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING, 12 (26), 97-115. (In Persian).  30480/AUP.2020.786.


• Kamalipour, H., Yeganeh, A. J., & Alalhesabi, M. (2012): Predictors of Place Attachment in Urban Residential Environments: A Residential Complex Case Study. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, pp:459-467. 1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.111.


• Kharabati, S, Yazdanfar, S.A. (2016)’ Effective factors in creating attachment to place in student dormitories (case example: Semnan University Dormitory)’, Scientific-Research Journal of the Scientific Association of Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran, (12), 139-148. (In Persian). https://www.isau.ir/article_62036_18118e0910867d3b86a14b17d86d0fd4.pdf.


• Kholoosi, Amirhossein; Behzadfar, Mostafa & Mohammadi, Maryam (2014): Defining the Influential Criteria on Designing the Urban Façade with Emphasis on Aesthetical Signifiers, Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, 2 (1), pp: 27-42. 1001.1.25886274.1393.2.1.3.6.


• Lewicka, M (2009): what  makes  neighborhood  different  from  home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 30, pp: 35- 51.


• Lim, Y,W, Kandar, M.Z, Ahmad, M.H, Ossen, D.R, Abdullah, A.M (2012). Building façade design for daylighting quality in typical government office building, Building and Environment, Volume 57, pp: 194-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.04.015.


• Low SM, Altman I (1992): Place Attachment: A Conceptual Inquiry, In Low, S.M, Altman, I. (Eds.), Place Attachment, New York, Plenum Press, Vol. 12, pp. 1-12. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_1.


• Mahmoudi Zarandi, Mahnaz, Sabouri Doudran, Maryam (2018). The Analysis of the Effective Elements on Vulnerability of the Facades by Passive Defense Approach and Using AHP & GIS, Case Study: Amiriyeh Neighborhood of Tehran, ARMANSHAHR Architecture & urban Development, 10 (21), 87-101. (In Persian). https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_58583.html?lang=en.


• Mehdipour, Maryam; Yazdanfar, Seyed-abbas; Ekhlasi,  Ahmad & Saleh Sedghpour, Bahram (2023): Defining the Color Weight of Residential Building Façade, Using Q-Factor Analysis, International Journal of Architecture and urban Development, 13 (47), pp: 15-24. https://doi.org/10.30495/ijaud.2022.62361.1550.


• Meshkini, A., Garrosi, A. & Tavakkoli Naghmeh, M. (2018)’ Spatial analysis of Qom Urban Areas to Build Social Housing Project with an Emphasis on the Analytic Hierarchy Process’, Urban Social Geography, 4 (2), 129-149. (In Persian). 22103/JUSG.2018.1956; https://jusg.uk.ac.ir/article_2144.html?lang=en.


• Moghtadernejad, S, Mirza, S, Luc E, Chouinard, Sc.D (2019). Façade Design Stages: Issues and Considerations, Journal of Architectural Engineering, 25, No. 1, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000335.


• Mojtabavi, Seyedeh Maryam, Motalebi, Ghasem, Ghoddusi Far, Seyed Hadi (2022). An Analysis of Influential Factors in Developing a Sense of Place Attachment (Case Study: Tajrish Bazaar), BAGH-E NAZAR, 18 (105), 33-48. (In Persian). 22034/bagh.2021.293542.4931.


• Mojtabavi, Seyede Maryam; Motalebi, Ghasem & Ghoddusifar, Seyed Hadi (2023). The Effect of the Components of Sensory Richness on Creating a Sense of Place Attachment (A Comparative Study between Traditional Bazaars and Modern Shopping Malls), MANZAR, Vol 14, Issue 61: PP: 60-75. 22034/manzar.2022.317860.2167.


• Mojtabavi, S.M, Namdar Feiz Abadi, M, Azadiun, H. (2020)’ Investigating the factors influencing the creation and promotion of place attachment in public libraries of Iran’, Ferdows-e-Honar Journalof Arts, 1 (2), 82-107. (In Persian). 30508/fhja.2020.128064.1008; https://www.fhja.ir/article_46554.html.


• Mohammadi, Maryam (2019). Redefining the Semantic Implications of Facades in Adaptation to Emotional Response of Observers Case Study: Shariati Street, Tehran, JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING, 11 (21), 39-58. (In Persian). 30480/AUP.2019.620.


• Mortazavi Ravari, M.S., Mehdizadeh Saradj, F. & Faizi, M. (2022)’  Visual Preferences of Architects and Non-Architects in Evaluating the Physical Elements of Mid-Rise Residential Apartment Facades in Tehran’, HONARHAYE ZIBA MEMARI VA SHAHRSAZI, 27 (1), 75-87. (In Persian). 22059/JFAUP.2022.325269.672641.


• Motamrdi Nejad, M. & Saeidi Mofrad, S. (2020)’ Visual Impact Assessment of building’s facade on the natural landscape (Case study: Namaz Boulevard of Mashhad)’, Scientific & Research Journals Management System, 23 (11), 51-68. (In Persian). 30495/JEST.2022.54294.5124.


• Pakzad, Jahanshah (2003): Phenomenology of residential facades and the evolution of expectations from them, Fine Arts, (14). (In Persian).


• Rahimi, R, Ansari, M, Bemanian, M, Mahdavinejad, M. (2020)’ Evaluation of the Effect of Physical Components on Place Attachment in Communal Spaces of Selected Residential Complexes in Tehran, BAGH-E NAZAR, 17 (83), 15-30. (In Persian). 22034/BAGH.2020.185425.4107.


• Ramzanpour, Mehrnaz; Sharghi, Ali & Saleh Sedghpour, Bahram (2021): Stigmatizing Housing Facade Based on the Socio-Economic Status of Residents; Experts` View; Case Study: Municipality District 4 of Tehran, ARMANSHAHR Architecture & urban Development, 14 (34), pp: 131-146. 22034/AAUD.2019.186653.1886.


• Rajaei, S.A, Zarghamfard, M, Karimi, B. (2016)’ Guidelines for social housing principles and examples’, Tehran: Tahan. (In Persian).


• Rakhshan, E, Zabihi, H, Majedi, H. (2018)’ Reload the identity components in the view of contemporary cities’Urban Management, (51), pp: 75-86. (In Persian).


• Rivlin, L (1987): The neighborhood, personal identity and group affiliation, In    Altman  and  A.  Wandersman (Eds.), Neighborhood  and Community Environments, Plenum Press, New York.


• Tahmasebifard, M, Habib, F & Saeideh Zarabadi, Z.S (2023). Comparing and Prioritizing the Effect of Facade Components on the Visual Clutter of Single and Urban Façades (Case Studies: District 4, 14, and 15), Journal of Urban Environmental Planning and Development, Volum 3, Issue 10, Serial Number 10, pp:1-16. https://journals.iau.ir/article_704592.html


• Tavassoli, M & Parsi, H (2000): Urban Design, Kargar Street, Tehran, Tehran: Civil & Urban Improvement Company.


• Sadeqi Fereshteh, R, Daneshgar Moqadam, G, Dejdar, O. (2013)’ Studying the relationship between skeletal scheme of residential complexes and sense of interest to the place among the residents Print’, Urban Management, 10(30), 253-264. (In Persian). https://www.sid.ir/paper/91949/fa.


• Safavi, S.M. (2014): The Role of Green Roofs and Facades from the Passive Defense View, the Case of Green Bodies in the City of Tehran, Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, 1(2), pp: 29-41. 1001.1.25886274.1392.1.2.3.1.


• Salahi, Sahar & Moztarzadeh, Hamed (2023): providing design solutions of urban facades based on the aesthetics principles of colors case study: afifabad street, shiraz, Space Analogy, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 April 2023 at https://soij.qazvin.iau.ir/article_700993.html.


• Setayeshgar, Elham; Moztarzadeh, Hamed; Nasr, Tahereh and Taqipour, Maliheh (2020): Explanation of the conceptual model of the formation of commercial facade with the aim of improving visual comfort and aesthetics in urban space, Scientific-Research Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 12 (3), 113-127. (In Persian). 1001.1.66972251.1399.12.3.6.2.


• Seyedian, Seyed Ali, Alinia, Saeed, Heidar Nattaj, Vahid. (2017)’ The Typology of Urban Façade Texture (in an approach to shape scrunity) (Case study of Imam Khomeini Square in Tehran)’, Bagh-e-Nazar, Vol 14, No 53, pp: 15-32. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_51265.html?lang=en.


• Shafipour Yourdshahi, Pariya; Kiani, Mostafa; Hamzeloo,  Sara & Moazemi, Manouchehr ( The Influence of "Culture from Rappaport's Viewpoint" on "Mental Image" and Examining the Role of this Influence on the Formation of the Environment, ARMANSHAHR Architecture & urban Development, 15 (41), pp: 103-118. 22034/AAUD.2023.294858.2508.


• Yarmahmoodi, Z, Nasr, T & Moztarzadeh, H (2023). Adaptation of the urban façade movement algorithm to the behavioral pattern of Morning Glory in line with sustainable urban development, Journal of Urban Environmental Planning and Development, Accepted Manuscript Available Online from 02 August 2023. 30495/JUEPD.2023.1980727.1157.


• Zarifpour Langeroudi, Anahita; Alborzi, Fariba & Sohili, Jamalodin (2020). Explaining the role of urban views in creating place attachment for citizens (Case Study: Tehran Residential Views), Research & Urban Planning, Vol 11, Issue 40, pp: 217-232. (In Persian). 1001.1.22285229.1399.11.40.15.2.