بررسی تحول چشم انداز کشاورزی استان مازندران در دوره پهلوی اول
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ایمهرداد دیوسالار 1 , محمدتقی رهنمایی 2 , محمدحسین فرجیهای قزوینی 3 , محمد محمودپور 4
1 - دانش آموخته دکتری تاریخ و تمدن ملل اسلامی دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره) قزوین. قزوین. ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیا- برنامه ریزی شهری دانشگاه تهران. تهران. ایران
3 - استادیار گروه تاریخ و تمدن ملل اسلامی دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی(ره) قزوین. قزوین. ایران
4 - استادیار گروه جغرافیا، بنیاد دائره المعارف اسلامی. تهران. ایران
کلید واژه: مازندران, پهلوی اول, چشم انداز کشاورزی, چشم انداز زمین باز, چشم انداز باغی, چشم انداز تپه ای,
چکیده مقاله :
زیست و معیشت مردم مازندران که در بازه زمانی مورد مطالعه یعنی دوره پهلوی اول (1304-1320)، محدودی جغرافیای استان های مازندران و گلستان کنونی از منتهی الیه غرب رامسر تا منتهی الیه شرق مراوه تپه را در بر می گرفت؛ در طول تاریخ به سبب تنوع شرایط اقلیمی و جغرافیای طبیعی در سه واحد جغرافیایی جلگه ای، کوهپایه ای و کوهستانی و بر مبنای اقتصاد کشاورزی- دامپروری استوار بوده است. پیش از پهلوی اول چشم انداز جغرافیایی زیست گاه های مازندران حالت ایستایی داشت ولی با سیاست های ویژه پهلوی اول در مسیر نوسازی ایران، تحولات شگرفی در چشم انداز جغرافیایی مازندران ایجاد شد. پژوهش حاضر برآن است تا تغییرات و تحولات ایجاد شده در جغرافیای کشاورزی مازندران در دوره پهلوی اول را از منظر مکتب چشم انداز و باروش کیفی تحلیل تاریخی مورد بررسی، تجزیه و تحلیل قرار دهد. مکتب چشم انداز، تغییرات چهره طبیعت در دوره های تاریخی در یک جغرافیای مشخص را بر اساس سیاست گذاری های اعمال شده مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. در اثر سیاست نوسازی، برنامه های اصلاحی بسیاری در بخش کشاورزی استان مازندران اجرایی شد. با مجموع اقدامات پهلوی اول به منظور مکانیزه کردن کشاورزی مازندران و تجاری سازی و صنعتی سازی محصولات کشاورزی، چشم انداز کشاورزی مازندران نیز متحول شد. دولت مدرن با تسخیر طبیعت و تسلط بر آن بوسیله خشکاندن باتلاق ها و زه کشی، ساخت سد و پل و مهار طغیان آب و تسلط بر منابع آبی، اراضی بسیاری را به مجموع اراضی کشاورزی مازندران افزود. در نتیجه چشم انداز زمین های باز گستردهکه تا پیش از آن تنها چشم انداز کشاورزی مازندران بود، در سطح وسیعی گسترش یافت. اراضی جدیدی نیز در نواحی جلگه ای و کوهپایه ای برروی دشت ها و تپه ها برای کشت و پرورش محصولات جدید اختصاص داده شد و چشم اندازهای جدید باغی و تپه ای را ایجاد کرد.
The cultural landscape of the people of Mazandaran, which in the period under study, the first Pahlavi Era (1925-1941), included a limited geography of the provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan today from the western extremity of Ramsar to the eastern extremity of Maraveh Tappeh ;were scattered throughout history due to the diversity of climatic conditions and natural geography in the three geographical units of plain, Foothills and mountainous regions and based on the agricultural-livestock economics. Before the first Pahlavi, the geographical Landscape of the Mazandaran settlements was a stationary situation, but with the special policies of the first Pahlavi in the direction of modernization of Iran, there was a tremendous development in Mazandaran geographic Landscape. The present study aims to investigate the changes and evolutions in the Mazandaran agriculture geography in the first Pahlavi era from the viewpoint of the Landscape school. The landscape model examines nature changes in historical periods in a specific geography based on the applied policies. Due to the policy of modernization, many corrective programs were implemented in the agricultural sector of Mazandaran province. Mazandaran agricultural landscapes were changed by the first Pahlavi activities in order to mechanize Mazandaran agriculture and commercialization and industrialization of agricultural products. The modern state added a lot of land to the total agricultural land of Mazandaran by conquering nature and dominating it by drying the marshes and drainage, building a dam and bridge, and inhibiting the outbreak of water and dominating the water resources. As a result, the open field landscape, which until then was only the Mazandaran agricultural landscape, expanded vastly. New lands were also allocated in plain and foothill areas on plains and hills to cultivate new crops and to create orchard and hill Landscapes.
Anvari et al. (2004). Sari: The old city of Mazandaran. Tehran: Cheshmeh. (In Persian)
Asgari, A. (1971). Behahahr (Ashraf al-Balad). Unknown. (In Persian)
Barrier, J. (1984). Iranian economy (1900- 1970). Tehran: Specialized Accounting and Audit Research Center: National Audit Office of the National Organization of the Organization. (In Persian)
Blacckbourn, D. (2006).The conquest of nature: water, landscape and the making of modern Germany. Jonathan Cape. Edition by illustrated, Original from the University of Virginia.
Ebrahimi, Y. (1976). History of the Ramsar Agricultural Station Establishment and its Activities in Shahnswara and its Agricultural Activities in the 50 Years of the Imamate Imam of Pahlavi. With the efforts of Kazem, F. Collection and Reporting by Alizadeh, J. Tehran: Agricultural Office of Shahsavar County. (In Persian)
Gholami, Sh. (2014). The world economy and industrialization system replaced imports in the Reza Shah era. Historical scientific research. 3 (9), 85- 104. (In Persian)
Hasanzadeh, Farzan. (2012).The evolution of the system of land ownership rights in Iran (from the Constitutional Revolution to the fall of Pahlavi I) 1906- 1941. Master's Thesis, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Khosravi, Kh. (1979). Iranian Rural Sociology. Tehran: University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Mahboobi Ardakani, H. (1989). History of New Civilization Institutions in Iran. With the efforts of Esfehanian, K and Qajarie, J. Volume III. Tehran: University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Mahjouri, E. (1967). Mazandaran history. Second volume. Sari: Bina. (In Persian)
Marashi, M. Vaghefi, H. (1974). Cotton, Agriculture and Commerce. Tehran: Bina. (In Persian)
Mashayekhi, HA. (2001). Take a full look at Tonekabon. Tehran: Society for the National Heritage of Iran. (In Persian)
Melgunov, GV. (1997). South Coast of the Caspian Sea. Translation by Amini, AH. Tehran: Ketabsera. (In Persian)
Mir Heydar, H. (1976). From thiol to agrarian revolution. With Ismail Shahbazi, I. Tehran: Amirkabir. (In Persian)
Mir Hosseni, SN. (1976). History of Shahsavar Agricultural Administration in Shahsavar and its Activities in Shahnswara and its Agricultural Activities in the 50 Years of the Imamate Imam of Pahlavi. With the efforts of Kazem, F. Collection and Reporting by Alizadeh, J. Tehran: Agricultural Office of Shahsavar County. (In Persian)
Nadi, Z. (2917). Transformation of agricultural economy of Mazandaran in the first pahlavi period. Ph.D.'s thesis, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin. (In Persian)
Nafisi, S. (1966). Iranian contemporary history: From 1921 Persian coup d'état to 11 September 1941. Tehran: Froghi. (In Persian)
Nami, ME. (1976). Travelogue Estarabad, Mazandaran and Gilan. Massoud Golzari. Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation. (In Persian)
Noori, N. (1994). Economic geography. Babolsar: Mazandaran University. (In Persian)
Pahlavi, R. (Unknown). Trips of Reza Shah Pahlavi to Khuzestan and Mazandaran. Tehran: Kamal-e Andisheh. (In Persian)
Rahmani, A. (1969). Owning and exploiting land in Iran. Tehran: Iran Printing and Publishing Company. (In Persian)
Razi, E. (1999). Research on the history and geography of Babol. Babol: Andisheh Babol. (In Persian)
Razmara, A. (Unknown). Iranian military geography (Gilan and Mazandaran). Unknown. (In Persian)
Renes, J. (ed.) (2010). Part II: European agricultural landscape history. In: G. Pungetti & A. Kruse (eds). European culture expressed in agricultural landscapes: perspectives from the EucaL and Project. Roma: Palombi Editori. 73-113.
Sadeghi Sarhangi, M. (2012). Political, social and economic situation of Mazandaran during the first Pahlavi period. Master's thesis, Faculty of Literature and Humanities. Shahid Beheshti University. (In Persian)
Sadeghi, Z. (2008). Industrial policy in Reza Shah Era. 1925- 1941. Tehran: Khojasteh. (In Persian)
Sajjadi, MT. (1999). Historical and Historical Geography of Ramsar. Tehran: Moen. (In Persian)
Saniee, T. (1976). History of Khorramabad Citrus Research Center in Shahsavar and its Activities in Shahnswara and its Agricultural Activities in the 50 Years of the Imamate Imam of Pahlavi. With the efforts of Kazem, F. Collection and Reporting by Alizadeh, J. Tehran. Agricultural Office of Shahsavar County. (In Persian)
Seyf, A. (2009). Lost century: Iranian economy and society in the nineteenth century. Tehran: Ney. (In Persian)
Shayan, A. (1957). Mazandaran: Historical and Economic Geography. First volume. Second edition. Tehran: Bina. (In Persian)
Shirinbakhsh, Z. (2010). Exports of tobacco in the first Pahlavi era. Foreign Relations History Quarterly. 45. 91-114
Taheri, AGh. (1968). Historical geography of Gilan, Mazandaran, Azerbaijan from the according to tourists. Tehran: The Central Council of the Persian Empire. (In Persian)
_||_