مهاجرت بازگشتی و پیامدهای آن بر سکونتگاههای روستایی مطالعه موردی: بخش باروق شهرستان میاندوآب
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای
رضا منافی آذر
1
(دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران، ایران)
عبداله عبدالهی
2
(استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه پیام نور، میاندوآب، ایران)
تیمور علیزاده
3
(دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه پیام نور اورمیه، ایران)
محمد ولائی
4
(دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تبریز، ایران)
علی قاسمی
5
(استادیار جمعیت شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، اهر، ایران)
کلید واژه: توسعه روستایی, مهاجرت بازگشتی, مهاجرت شهری- روستایی, بخش باروق,
چکیده مقاله :
مهاجرت بازگشتی فرایند مهاجرت از روستا به شهر و اقامت نسبتاً طولانی در آنجا و سپس بازگشت به موطن روستایی می باشد. عوامل مختلفی در این فرایند تأثیر داشته و مهاجران بازگشته در تحولات روستا نقش ایفا کرده اند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل مهاجرت بازگشتی و پیامدهای آن بر نواحی روستایی انجام یافت. روش تحقیق از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از لحاظ روش شناسی توصیفی- تحلیلی و شالوده مطالعات آن بر پیمایش میدانی و ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسشنامه و مصاحبه است. قلمرو مکانی تحقیق، بخش باروق شهرستان میاندوآب واقع در جنوب شرقی آذربایجان غربی بود. جامعه آماری تحقیق خانوارهای مهاجران بازگشته به این بخش طی دهه اخیر (1383- 1392) می باشد که با سرشماری از 96 خانوار بازگشته به موطن روستایی به بررسی متغیرهای تحقیق پرداخته شد. روایی پرسشنامه از نوع صوری و پایایی آن با استفاده از آلفای کرونباخ 83/0 بدست آمد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها به روش کمّی (شامل آمار توصیفی و آمار استنباطی (تحلیل عاملی به شیوه تحلیل مولفه ای، آزمون تی تک نمونه، کندال و تحلیل مسیر)) صورت پذیرفت. نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان داد عوامل مختلفی در بازگشت مهاجران نقش داشته است که از بین آنها عامل های اقتصادی و عمرانی - اجتماعی به ترتیب با مقدار ویژه 49/2 و 31/2 بیشترین تأثیر را در بین عامل های بارگذاری شده به خود اختصاص داده اند و عامل فرهنگی- قومی کمترین تأثیر را در بین عامل ها داشته است. نتایج تحلیل مسیر اثرات بازگشت مهاجران در روستاها، نشان داد مهاجران بازگشته بیشترین تأثیر را در شاخص های عمرانی – کالبدی و کمترین پیامد را در شاخص اجتماعی داشته اند.
The return migration is a process of migration from village to city and relatively long inhabitancy there and then returns to rural birthplace. Many factors affect this process and returnees' immigrants (repatriates) played a rule in rural development. This study has done for studying return migration factors and its outcome on rural area. This is an applied research and its method is analytical-descriptive. And its foundation is based on field survey and data collection tools are questionnaire and interview. The spatial domain of this research was Barough district of Miandoab County, southeast of west Azarbaijan. The participants are householders of returnees' immigration to this district in recent decade (2009-2014) that studied the research variables by using of Censuses of 96 returnees' householders. The questionnaire validity is formal and its stability obtained by using of Alpha Cronbach 0.83. The research was analyzed by using of descriptive statistic (dispersion index and tend to center) and inferential statistic (factor analysis with analyzing of components of one sample t-test, Kendall, Path analysis). The results of factor analysis showed that variable factors had important rules in returning of immigrants that among them economic, social - prosperity factors among loaded factors dedicated the most effect with values of 2.49, and 2.31, respectively. The results of path analysis of emigrants' returnees showed that returning of immigrants in villages dedicated the most effect among development-framework indices and the least outcome on social index
Afrakhteh, H., & Hajipour, M. (2014). the development of land ownership system of villages, causes and consequences (case study, Teghab & Masoum Abad villages in Khosef County). Space- economic Journal and rural development. 2 (3), 5,1-25. (In Persion)
Afrakhteh, H., ManafiAzar, R., & Valaei, M. (2017). the spatial-local effects of return migration in Miyandoab County. Research and Rural planning, 5 (1), 83-98. (In Persion)
Beccheti, L. & Garcia, M. (2008). Do Collateral Theories Work in Social Banking?. CEIS Tor Vergata. Research Paper Series 6(9), 131-149.
Bilir, M. (2010). Migration from rural to urban and the educational needs of adults in the process of urban transformation (The Case of Yukar Dikmen Neighborhood, Ankara). Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1781-1787.
Bosworth, G. (2006). Counter-urbanization and job creation entrepreneurial in- migration and rural economic development. Centre for Rural Economy Discussion Paper Series. No. 4. Retrieved 2013, Dec. 25, from https://scholar.google.com
Cheraghi, Mehdi. (2012). the explanation of the effects of bank credit payment to access to rural development, case study, Biglou Ghani rural district. MA thesis of geography and rural planning, unpublished. Zanjan university. Zanjan. Iran. (In Persion)
Dayanni, L., TaherKhani, M., & Roknnadin Eftekhari, A.R. (2010). the investigation of resettlement of rural migrations, case study: the migrations (covered by) under the support of Imam Khomeini Committee. Packdasht. development and village Journal. 11(2), 119-142. (In Persion)
Department of planning and strategic control of president. (2014). the fifth rule of economic, social, and culture development planning of Islamic republic of Iran. Tehran. Department of planning and strategic control of president. (In Persion)
Deshingkar, P., & Grimm, S. (2005). Internal migration and development: a global perspective. IOM (International Organization for Migration). Overseas Development Institute, Migration Research Series (MRS) 19. Internal Migration. pmd, No. 19. Available at http://www. eldis.org /static/doc17812.htm.
Dustmann, C., & Yoram, W. (2007). Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration. British Journal of Industrial Relations,45 (2), pp 236–256.
Farrell, M., Mahon, M., & McDonagh, J. (2012). The rural as a return migration destination. European Countryside. The Journal of Mendel University in Brno, 4(1), pp 31-44.
Gasemi, M., Javan, J., & Saberi, Z. (2015). the analysis of reverse migration's formation in rural areas of Binalood county. Geographical studies of dry areas, 4(16), 15-37(In Persion)
Imani Jajarmi, H., & Ekrami, M. (2015). the study of return migration effects (city to village) on cultural and physical (skeletal) context of village. society, culture, and media,3 (12) 89-116. (In Persion)
Iran Statistic Center. ( 2012). the comparative study of public census of people and housing, Tehran. Iran Statistic Center. (In Persion)
Jialu, L. (2009). Human Capital, Returning Migration and Rural Entrepreneurship in China. Indian Growth and Development Review, 4 (2), 100- 122
Khthari, U. (2002). Migration and Chronic Poverty. Institute For Development Policu and Management. Working Paper, No.16, 1-32. (in Persion)
Kouhi, K., Beheshti, M. B., Doagoyan, D., & Mohammad Nejad, S. (2014). The explanation of influential security factors on investors' interest in immigration. Security strategic and social order researches. 2 (6), 99-116. (In Persion)
Loucas, D., & Mir P. (2003). the review of population studies. translation by Hossein Mahmoodian. Tehran: Tehran University publication.
Manafi Azar, R. (2012). the analysis of acceptance process and the implementation of under pressure irrigation systems and its effect on rural development of Miyandoab County. MA thesis of Geography Rural Planning. Unpublished. payam -noor university of Gonbade Kavoos. Gonbadeh Kavoos. Iran. (In Persion)
Mohseni Tabrizi, A.R & Adl, M. ( 2008). the study of effective social-psychological factors on interests of Tehran universities' board members in emigration to foreign. The letter of Iran Demography association, 2(4),70-98. (In Persion)
Motiee Langaroudi, S. H., Farhadi, S., & Zare, Z. (2012). the influential factors on addiction spread in rural areas (case study: west Chahar Douli rural district of Garveh County). human geographical researches, 45(1), 65-85. (In Persion)
Motiee Langaroudi, S. H., Gadiri Masoum, M., Rezvani, M. R., Nazari, A.H., & Sahne, B. (2012). the effect of emigrants' return to villages on the life improvement of settlements. case study: Agh Gala County. Human geographical researches, 43(78), 67-83. (In Persion)
Nazari, A. H., & Manafi Azar, R. (2014). the comparative study of acceptance factors and obstacles of new methods of irrigation among the farmers (case study; Miyandoab County). human geographical researches, 46(3),615-616. (In Persion)
Okali, D., Okpara, E., & Olawoye, J. (2001). The Case of Aba and its Region, Southeastern Nigeria. International Institute for Endearment and Development (IIED). Working Paper Series on Rural-Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies. UK.
Pacion, M. (1984). Rural Geography. London. Harpper and Row.
Panahi, L., & Pishrou, H. (2012).the study of influential factors on rural young people migration to city (case study; the villages of central district of Marvdasht County). regional planning, 1 (2), 41-50. (In Persion)
Papoli Yazdi, M.H., & Ebrahimi, M.A. (2009). the theories of rural planning. (fourth edition). Tehran. Samat. (In Persion)
Rabani, R., Taheri, Z., & Rosta, Z. (2012). the study of the reasons of reverse immigrations' motivations and its effect on social and economic development (case: Ramsar &Tanbakon cities' migrations). Research and urban planning, 2(5) 83-108. (In Persion)
Raghfar, H., & Gasemi Ardehayi, A. (2010). the migration reasons and economic- demographic characteristics of among towns' emigrants. The comparative study of emigrants from city to villages and villages to city of Iran during the decade of 1997- 2007. Iran Demography Association Journal, 4(8), 39-61. (In Persion)
Stockdale, A., & Catney, G. (2014). A life course perspective on urban-rural migration: the importance of the local context. Population, Space and Place, 20 (1), 83- 98 .
Vellayi, M. (2014). Diversification to villages' Economy to realize rural stability development, case study; North of Marhamat Abad rural district of Miyandoab County. MA thesis of geography and rural planning. Unpublished. Zanjan University. Zanjan. Iran. (In Persion)
Wang, Zi., & Yang, Wei, guo. (2013). Self-employment or wage-employment?: On the occupational choice of return migration in rural China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2013 5(2), 231-247.
Zaheri, M. (2012). the analysis of spatial interactions of Tabriz metropolis and neighborhood hostel villages with emphasis on reverse migration and its influential factors. geographical research, 26 (3), 169-188. (In Persion)
Zaiceva, A., & Zimmermann, F Klaus. (2012). Returning Home at Times of Trouble? Return Migration of EU Enlargement Migrants during the Crisis. IZA DP (Discussion Paper) No. 7111, Retrieved December 2012, from http://link.springer.com
Zanjani, H. (2010). Demography analysis. (second edition). Tehran. Samat. (In Persion)
Zohry, A. (2002). Rural-to-Urban Labor Migration: A Study of Upper Egyptian Laborers in Cairo. unpublished DPhil. thesis, University of Sussex. Retrieved 22 Jan 2017 from http://www.zohry.com/thesis/chapter3.pdf.
_||_Afrakhteh, H., & Hajipour, M. (2014). the development of land ownership system of villages, causes and consequences (case study, Teghab & Masoum Abad villages in Khosef County). Space- economic Journal and rural development. 2 (3), 5,1-25. (In Persion)
Afrakhteh, H., ManafiAzar, R., & Valaei, M. (2017). the spatial-local effects of return migration in Miyandoab County. Research and Rural planning, 5 (1), 83-98. (In Persion)
Beccheti, L. & Garcia, M. (2008). Do Collateral Theories Work in Social Banking?. CEIS Tor Vergata. Research Paper Series 6(9), 131-149.
Bilir, M. (2010). Migration from rural to urban and the educational needs of adults in the process of urban transformation (The Case of Yukar Dikmen Neighborhood, Ankara). Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1781-1787.
Bosworth, G. (2006). Counter-urbanization and job creation entrepreneurial in- migration and rural economic development. Centre for Rural Economy Discussion Paper Series. No. 4. Retrieved 2013, Dec. 25, from https://scholar.google.com
Cheraghi, Mehdi. (2012). the explanation of the effects of bank credit payment to access to rural development, case study, Biglou Ghani rural district. MA thesis of geography and rural planning, unpublished. Zanjan university. Zanjan. Iran. (In Persion)
Dayanni, L., TaherKhani, M., & Roknnadin Eftekhari, A.R. (2010). the investigation of resettlement of rural migrations, case study: the migrations (covered by) under the support of Imam Khomeini Committee. Packdasht. development and village Journal. 11(2), 119-142. (In Persion)
Department of planning and strategic control of president. (2014). the fifth rule of economic, social, and culture development planning of Islamic republic of Iran. Tehran. Department of planning and strategic control of president. (In Persion)
Deshingkar, P., & Grimm, S. (2005). Internal migration and development: a global perspective. IOM (International Organization for Migration). Overseas Development Institute, Migration Research Series (MRS) 19. Internal Migration. pmd, No. 19. Available at http://www. eldis.org /static/doc17812.htm.
Dustmann, C., & Yoram, W. (2007). Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration. British Journal of Industrial Relations,45 (2), pp 236–256.
Farrell, M., Mahon, M., & McDonagh, J. (2012). The rural as a return migration destination. European Countryside. The Journal of Mendel University in Brno, 4(1), pp 31-44.
Gasemi, M., Javan, J., & Saberi, Z. (2015). the analysis of reverse migration's formation in rural areas of Binalood county. Geographical studies of dry areas, 4(16), 15-37(In Persion)
Imani Jajarmi, H., & Ekrami, M. (2015). the study of return migration effects (city to village) on cultural and physical (skeletal) context of village. society, culture, and media,3 (12) 89-116. (In Persion)
Iran Statistic Center. ( 2012). the comparative study of public census of people and housing, Tehran. Iran Statistic Center. (In Persion)
Jialu, L. (2009). Human Capital, Returning Migration and Rural Entrepreneurship in China. Indian Growth and Development Review, 4 (2), 100- 122
Khthari, U. (2002). Migration and Chronic Poverty. Institute For Development Policu and Management. Working Paper, No.16, 1-32. (in Persion)
Kouhi, K., Beheshti, M. B., Doagoyan, D., & Mohammad Nejad, S. (2014). The explanation of influential security factors on investors' interest in immigration. Security strategic and social order researches. 2 (6), 99-116. (In Persion)
Loucas, D., & Mir P. (2003). the review of population studies. translation by Hossein Mahmoodian. Tehran: Tehran University publication.
Manafi Azar, R. (2012). the analysis of acceptance process and the implementation of under pressure irrigation systems and its effect on rural development of Miyandoab County. MA thesis of Geography Rural Planning. Unpublished. payam -noor university of Gonbade Kavoos. Gonbadeh Kavoos. Iran. (In Persion)
Mohseni Tabrizi, A.R & Adl, M. ( 2008). the study of effective social-psychological factors on interests of Tehran universities' board members in emigration to foreign. The letter of Iran Demography association, 2(4),70-98. (In Persion)
Motiee Langaroudi, S. H., Farhadi, S., & Zare, Z. (2012). the influential factors on addiction spread in rural areas (case study: west Chahar Douli rural district of Garveh County). human geographical researches, 45(1), 65-85. (In Persion)
Motiee Langaroudi, S. H., Gadiri Masoum, M., Rezvani, M. R., Nazari, A.H., & Sahne, B. (2012). the effect of emigrants' return to villages on the life improvement of settlements. case study: Agh Gala County. Human geographical researches, 43(78), 67-83. (In Persion)
Nazari, A. H., & Manafi Azar, R. (2014). the comparative study of acceptance factors and obstacles of new methods of irrigation among the farmers (case study; Miyandoab County). human geographical researches, 46(3),615-616. (In Persion)
Okali, D., Okpara, E., & Olawoye, J. (2001). The Case of Aba and its Region, Southeastern Nigeria. International Institute for Endearment and Development (IIED). Working Paper Series on Rural-Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies. UK.
Pacion, M. (1984). Rural Geography. London. Harpper and Row.
Panahi, L., & Pishrou, H. (2012).the study of influential factors on rural young people migration to city (case study; the villages of central district of Marvdasht County). regional planning, 1 (2), 41-50. (In Persion)
Papoli Yazdi, M.H., & Ebrahimi, M.A. (2009). the theories of rural planning. (fourth edition). Tehran. Samat. (In Persion)
Rabani, R., Taheri, Z., & Rosta, Z. (2012). the study of the reasons of reverse immigrations' motivations and its effect on social and economic development (case: Ramsar &Tanbakon cities' migrations). Research and urban planning, 2(5) 83-108. (In Persion)
Raghfar, H., & Gasemi Ardehayi, A. (2010). the migration reasons and economic- demographic characteristics of among towns' emigrants. The comparative study of emigrants from city to villages and villages to city of Iran during the decade of 1997- 2007. Iran Demography Association Journal, 4(8), 39-61. (In Persion)
Stockdale, A., & Catney, G. (2014). A life course perspective on urban-rural migration: the importance of the local context. Population, Space and Place, 20 (1), 83- 98 .
Vellayi, M. (2014). Diversification to villages' Economy to realize rural stability development, case study; North of Marhamat Abad rural district of Miyandoab County. MA thesis of geography and rural planning. Unpublished. Zanjan University. Zanjan. Iran. (In Persion)
Wang, Zi., & Yang, Wei, guo. (2013). Self-employment or wage-employment?: On the occupational choice of return migration in rural China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2013 5(2), 231-247.
Zaheri, M. (2012). the analysis of spatial interactions of Tabriz metropolis and neighborhood hostel villages with emphasis on reverse migration and its influential factors. geographical research, 26 (3), 169-188. (In Persion)
Zaiceva, A., & Zimmermann, F Klaus. (2012). Returning Home at Times of Trouble? Return Migration of EU Enlargement Migrants during the Crisis. IZA DP (Discussion Paper) No. 7111, Retrieved December 2012, from http://link.springer.com
Zanjani, H. (2010). Demography analysis. (second edition). Tehran. Samat. (In Persion)
Zohry, A. (2002). Rural-to-Urban Labor Migration: A Study of Upper Egyptian Laborers in Cairo. unpublished DPhil. thesis, University of Sussex. Retrieved 22 Jan 2017 from http://www.zohry.com/thesis/chapter3.pdf.