بررسی ابعاد حقوقی چالشهای ژئوپولیتیک-محیط زیستی آلودگیهای دریایی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
سونا قاسمی
1
,
سیدعباس پورهاشمی
2
,
علی زارع
3
,
پروین فرشچی
4
,
داوود هرمیداس باوند
5
1 - دکتری حقوق محیط زیست دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم وتحقیقات تهران.
2 - عضو هیات علمی و رئیس موسسه تخصصی حقوق بین الملل کانادا، تورنتو، کانادا. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار، دانشکده حقوق، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
4 - استادیار، گروه حقوق محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
5 - استاد دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/09/23
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/10/27
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/10/01
کلید واژه:
خلیج فارس,
دریای عمان,
ژئوپلیتیک,
آلودگی دریایی,
حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست,
چکیده مقاله :
منابع آلودگی دریای خلیج فارس و دریای عمان گسترده و متنوع است. آلودگی های نفتی، جوی، تردد کشتی ها ، فعالیتهای اکتشافی در بستر دریا، تخلیه پسماندها و دفع زباله های شهری،ایجاد جزایر مصنوعی،ورود پساب شور دستگاه های آب شیرین کن و غیره مهمترین منابع آلودگی شناخته شده این منطقه به شمار می آید. با این همه، رژیم حقوقی حاکم در نظام عرفی و قراردادی موجود توان مقابله با گستردگی آلودگی های موجود را ندارد. چالش های سیاسی، رقابتهای منطقه ای و خلأهای حقوقی اعم از منطقه ای و جهانی منجر به عدم همکاری موثر برای مقابله با آلودگی دریایی شده است. پژوهش حاضر با روش استقرایی و تحلیلی به واکاوی این موضوع پرداخته است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که خلأهای موجود اعم از حقوقی و اجرایی، در مبارزه با آلودگی خلیج فارس، رفتار بازیگران سیاسی را تحت تأثیر قرار داده است و ضرورت همکاری بین المللی به منظور جبران خلأهای حقوقی و اجرایی اجتناب ناپذیر است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
The sources of pollutions in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman are very widespread and various. Oil and atmospheric pollutions, ships traffic, discovering activities through the seabed, waste offloading; municipal waste disposal, constructing artificial islands, discharging saline wastewater of desalination machines, etc. are the most important recognized sources of pollution in the region. However, the dominating legal system of the present common and conventional law cannot confront these various and widespread pollutions. Political challenges, regional competitions, and legal gaps (regional or international) have led to non-cooperation in confronting sea pollution. The present study, using an analytical and inductive method, focused on this issue. The results showed that the gaps in combating the Persian Gulf pollution have impacted on the behavior of political stakeholders and that the international cooperation is a must for filling the legal and administrative gaps.
منابع و مأخذ:
Karimipour, Yadullah (1388, 18) Geopolitics of Iran's coasts from the point of view of integrated management of coastal areas, Tehran, Tarbiat Modares University Publications. (In Persian)
Shariat Panahi, Mohammad, 1376, Basics of Environmental Health, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Makhdoom, Majid, 1384, living in the environment, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Debiri, Mino, 1382, environmental pollution of air/water/soil/sound, Etihad Publications. (In Persian)
Band Ro Darya Magazine, 1369, No. 28. (In Persian)
Ismail Sari, Abbas, 1377, the project of identifying the source of oil pollution in the northern shores of the Persian Gulf by the finger printing method, Environmental Damages Office of the Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture. (In Persian)
Investigating the polluting sources of the Persian Gulf and evaluating its effects and environmental consequences, Mohammad Reza Taheri, Jihad Academician, Iranian Students' Scientific-Cultural Tourism Center. (In Persian)
Haqshana Kashani, Nilofar, 1376 fight against the environmental pollution of the Persian Gulf, the first conference of marine geology of Iran, pp. 170-185. (In Persian)
Evolution of the international legal regime of protection of the marine environment against land-based pollutants, Mehrdad Mohammadi et al. (In Persian)
Wettestad Jorgen, 1992.the effectioness of the Paris convention on marine pollution from land-baswed sources, Interation environmental affairs. 4.(2):101-121pp.
Talai, Farhad, 2013, International Law of the Seas, Tehran, Jungle Publications.
Safarzadeh, Mahmoud et al., 1385, Sea Transportation, Israr Danesh Publications, Chapter Two.
Marty, Frank (2001). "Managing International Rivers: Problems", Politics and Institutions, Vol.1421 of European University Studies, Peter Lang.
Hosseini, Iraj and Mohammad Reza Nasaj Tarshizi, 1383, the role of military vessels in sea pollution, the 6th International Conference on Coasts, Ports and Marine Structures.
Poorhashmi Abbas and Arghand Bahare, International Environmental Law, Tehran: Nash Dadgstar, 2012, 255.
Brahms, B., 1368. Sovereignty in natural resources, translated by Ali Hirani Nobari, International Law Journal, vol. 11.
Ramezani Qavamabadi, Mohammad Hossein, 2016, looking at the principle of non-harmful (sustainable) use of land in international environmental law, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Tehran, fourth year.
Flemme, Maria (2004). Due Diligence in International Law, Master's Thesis, Faculty of Law University of Lund.
Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities with Commentaries (2004) Adopted by the International Law Commission at its fifty-third session.
Dabiri F, Poorhashemi SA, Roosta F., (2009: 225) Reviewing the principles and concepts of international environmental law with a view to sustainable development, Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, 11th Volume, Volume 3.
Poorhashemi, A. (2022). Opportunities and Challenges Facing the Future Development of International Environmental Law. In: Gökçekuş, H., Kassem, Y. (eds) Climate Change, Natural Resources and Sustainable Environmental Management. NRSEM 2021. Environmental Earth Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04375-8_5
Churchill Robin and Alan Wello (2010: 431), International Law of the Seas, translated by Bahman Aghaei, 7th edition, Tehran, Ganjineh Danesh Publications.
Louis B., Son et al., (282: 2013) International Law of the Seas, translated by Mohammad Habibi Majandeh, Tehran, Jangal Publications
Mirhaidar, Dere (1365: 57) Political Geography of the Seas, Geographical Research Quarterly, Year 1, Volume 3.
Poorhashemi, A. (2022). International Law and Global Governance. CIFILE Journal of International Law, 3(5), 70-74.
Omidi, Ali 1386: 75 international law and the construction of artificial islands, political-economic information monthly, vol. 238-237
Kazemi, Asghar (2019) Prevention and Suppression of Environmental Crimes in the Light of the Actions of Non-Governmental Organizations in Iran's Legal System, Judiciary Legal Journal, No. 75.
Sands, Philippe (2003). Principles of International Environmental Law, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Kraska, James (2010). Resources Rights and Environmental Protection in China Martime Studies Institute.
_||_
Karimipour, Yadullah (1388, 18) Geopolitics of Iran's coasts from the point of view of integrated management of coastal areas, Tehran, Tarbiat Modares University Publications. (In Persian)
Shariat Panahi, Mohammad, 1376, Basics of Environmental Health, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Makhdoom, Majid, 1384, living in the environment, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Debiri, Mino, 1382, environmental pollution of air/water/soil/sound, Etihad Publications. (In Persian)
Band Ro Darya Magazine, 1369, No. 28. (In Persian)
Ismail Sari, Abbas, 1377, the project of identifying the source of oil pollution in the northern shores of the Persian Gulf by the finger printing method, Environmental Damages Office of the Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture. (In Persian)
Investigating the polluting sources of the Persian Gulf and evaluating its effects and environmental consequences, Mohammad Reza Taheri, Jihad Academician, Iranian Students' Scientific-Cultural Tourism Center. (In Persian)
Haqshana Kashani, Nilofar, 1376 fight against the environmental pollution of the Persian Gulf, the first conference of marine geology of Iran, pp. 170-185. (In Persian)
Evolution of the international legal regime of protection of the marine environment against land-based pollutants, Mehrdad Mohammadi et al. (In Persian)
Wettestad Jorgen, 1992.the effectioness of the Paris convention on marine pollution from land-baswed sources, Interation environmental affairs. 4.(2):101-121pp.
Talai, Farhad, 2013, International Law of the Seas, Tehran, Jungle Publications.
Safarzadeh, Mahmoud et al., 1385, Sea Transportation, Israr Danesh Publications, Chapter Two.
Marty, Frank (2001). "Managing International Rivers: Problems", Politics and Institutions, Vol.1421 of European University Studies, Peter Lang.
Hosseini, Iraj and Mohammad Reza Nasaj Tarshizi, 1383, the role of military vessels in sea pollution, the 6th International Conference on Coasts, Ports and Marine Structures.
Poorhashmi Abbas and Arghand Bahare, International Environmental Law, Tehran: Nash Dadgstar, 2012, 255.
Brahms, B., 1368. Sovereignty in natural resources, translated by Ali Hirani Nobari, International Law Journal, vol. 11.
Ramezani Qavamabadi, Mohammad Hossein, 2016, looking at the principle of non-harmful (sustainable) use of land in international environmental law, Journal of Environmental Sciences, Tehran, fourth year.
Flemme, Maria (2004). Due Diligence in International Law, Master's Thesis, Faculty of Law University of Lund.
Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities with Commentaries (2004) Adopted by the International Law Commission at its fifty-third session.
Dabiri F, Poorhashemi SA, Roosta F., (2009: 225) Reviewing the principles and concepts of international environmental law with a view to sustainable development, Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, 11th Volume, Volume 3.
Poorhashemi, A. (2022). Opportunities and Challenges Facing the Future Development of International Environmental Law. In: Gökçekuş, H., Kassem, Y. (eds) Climate Change, Natural Resources and Sustainable Environmental Management. NRSEM 2021. Environmental Earth Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04375-8_5
Churchill Robin and Alan Wello (2010: 431), International Law of the Seas, translated by Bahman Aghaei, 7th edition, Tehran, Ganjineh Danesh Publications.
Louis B., Son et al., (282: 2013) International Law of the Seas, translated by Mohammad Habibi Majandeh, Tehran, Jangal Publications
Mirhaidar, Dere (1365: 57) Political Geography of the Seas, Geographical Research Quarterly, Year 1, Volume 3.
Poorhashemi, A. (2022). International Law and Global Governance. CIFILE Journal of International Law, 3(5), 70-74.
Omidi, Ali 1386: 75 international law and the construction of artificial islands, political-economic information monthly, vol. 238-237
Kazemi, Asghar (2019) Prevention and Suppression of Environmental Crimes in the Light of the Actions of Non-Governmental Organizations in Iran's Legal System, Judiciary Legal Journal, No. 75.
Sands, Philippe (2003). Principles of International Environmental Law, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Kraska, James (2010). Resources Rights and Environmental Protection in China Martime Studies Institute.
