جایگاه اصل مشارکت عمومی در مدیریت منابع آب از منظر حقوق داخلی و حقوق بینالملل آب
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
منصور محمدی دینانی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری گروه مدیریت محیط زیست - حقوق محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.)
یوسف مولایی
2
(استادیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران(استاد مدعو)، تهران، ایران(نویسنده مسئول).)
محمد ابراهیم بنی‏ حبیب
3
(دانشیار گروه آبیاری و زهکشی دانشگاه فناوری کشاورزی (ابوریحان)، دانشگاه تهران (استاد مدعو)، تهران، ایران.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/05/03
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/08/25
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/07/01
کلید واژه:
توسعه پایدار,
اصل مشارکت,
حکمرانی آب,
انرژی,
حقوق آب,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: مشارکت بهره برداران در مدیریت و بهره برداری از آب و انرژی نقش محوری در کاهش مخاطرات ناشی از کمبود منابع آب، تغییر اقلیم، آلودگی منابع آب، تولید گازهای گلخانه ای و اختلافات محلی و منطقه ای دارد.
روش بررسی: در این مطالعه با استفاده از روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، چالش های ارتقاء مشارکت ذینفعان در مدیریت آب و انرژی بررسی و مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان می دهد که فقدان اطلاع رسانی مناسب، عدم توجه به نظرات ذینفعان و تعامل ضعبف برنامه ریزان و مردم در مدیریت و بهره برداری از منابع آب از موانع شکل گیری مشارکت بهره برداران است. از طرف دیگر فقدان الزام قانونی به اطلاع رسانی دستگاههای اجرایی و نواقص ساختاری و اجرایی کمیسیون رسیدگی به امور آبهای زیرزمینی به عنوان مرجع حل و فصل اختلافات از موانع دسترسی عادلانه به محاکم به منظور مشارکت ذینفعان محسوب می گردد.
نتیجه گیری: در راستای تقویت مشارکت بهره برداران در مدیریت عدضه و تقاضای آب ، رفع نواقص ساختاری و قانونی ، الزام به تعامل با بهره برداران در اجرای هر گونه طرح حفاظت و بهره برداری از منابع آب و همچنین الزام به انجام مطالعات ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی طرح های توسعه منابع آب مورد تاکید قرار دارد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and aim: Rules and regulations have tremendous effects on both effective water - energy management and dealing with main water-related challenges such as climate change, water shortage, carbon emission and water pollution.Methods: In the study base on descriptive method, Iran water legal framework on water resource management is evaluated according to public participation principle.Results: The results show that Access to information as one of the pillars of the principle faces serious challenges. Lack of communication ways, inaccurate water quality and quantity statistics, several institutions responsible for issuing water permits in each catchment are challenges of Access to information. Participation in decision-making for both governmental and non-governmental organizations couldn’t satisfy mainly due to conflict of interests, restrictions on water and water rights exchange.Conclusion: Groundwater affairs commission as a quasi-judicial body for water disputes resolution couldn’t realize access to justice in water sector due to lack of legal obligation to release data, restricted competence and structural problems.
منابع و مأخذ:
UNESCO, UN-Water, 2020, United Nations world water development Report 2020. Water and climate change, Paris.
Iran Water Resource Management Company, 2019, Annual report on the performance and actions of the ground water restoration and balancing plan: In compliance with the instructions issued by the Ministry of Energy. Bureau of Protection of Groundwater Resources (in Persian).
Iran Water Resource management company, 2020, Performance report of the Iran water industry: for the activities and operations of the fiscal year 2017. Consolidated Planning Office (in Persian).
Motagh M. et al, 2008, Land subsidence in Iran caused by widespread water reservoir overexploitation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35.
Isfahan water resource cooperation, 2021, The latest situation of underground water level fluctuations in Isfahan province. Water resources studies, groundwater Group (in Persian).
Pirouzi A. and Abolfazl Eslami, 2017, Ground subsidence in plains around Tehran: site survey, records compilation and analysis. Geo-Engineering 8:30.
Mohammadi dinani, M. 2022, The spread of fine and dust and the necessary for water governance revision. Donyaye Eghtesad newspaper, No. 5477 (in persian).
Jamali, S., G madanian and z. Gharibi 2019, The role of participation principle in water governance: A case study of international rules and Iran domestic Law. International water Law, Vol.3, water law challenges, Dadgostar publication, 15-47 (in Persian).
Solanes Miguel and Fernando Gonzalez-Villarreal, 1999, The Dublin Principles for Water as Reflected in a Comparative Assessment of Institutional and Legal Arrangements for Integrated Water Resources Management. Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee.
UNITED NATIONS, 1992, Report of the United Nations conference on environment and development. A/CON.15/26 VOL.1.
Sharafi, M and N Bargpour, 2010, Typology of citizen participation techniques in urban planning based on different levels of participation. Letter of architecture and urban planning77-101(in Persian).
Gholami, H. 2012, The principle of last and least resort. Quarterly Journal of Criminal Law, Vol.1, No.2: 41-65(in Persian).
Alaba, B. 2021 Impacts of climatic change and database information design on the water-energy-food nexus in water-scarce regions. Water-energy nexus 4: 54-68.
Zareai, M. 2020, The water-energy-food nexus: A holistic approach for resource security in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Water-energy nexus 3: 81-94.
Spang, Edward. A J. Holguin and F. Loge, 2018, The estimated impact of California’s urban water conservation mandate on electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Environ, Res. Lett, 1-11.
Ghorbanian kordabadi, M, A liaghat and M. Malmir, 2020, Investigating the causes of failure of participatory water resources management policies in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Public Policy, Vol.6, No.3:169-190 (in Persian).
National Irrigation and Drainage Committee, 2017, Explaining the obstacles of developing cooperative irrigation management in Iran. Group of Collaborative Management of Irrigation Networks (in Persian).
Charalambous, Anderiana, 2011, Groundwater and the law. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 44(2), 147–158.
Christine A. Klein, 2012, Water Bankruptcy. Minn. L. Rev. 560 available at http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/355
Cullet philippe, 2010, water sector reforms and courts in India: lessens from the evolving case law. Review of European community & international environmental law, 328-338.
Ramezani ghavam abadi, M. H. 2010, Examining the content of participation principle in international environmental law. Journal of Law and politic research, 87-114 (in Persian).
Dellapena Joseph W. 2016 The Berlin Rules on Water Resources: The New Paradigm for International Water Law. Villanova University School of Law.
Meier, B. M. Gorge Lyn Kayser, 2014, Translating the human Right to Water and Sanitation into Public Policy Reform. Sci Eng Ethics.
Tignino, M. 2015, Public participation in water resources management. Faculty of law, University of Geneva, 1-9.
Jafari Nadoushan, A. and O. Shirzad 2019, The structure and competence of the quasi-judicial authorities of Iran's water Law. Quarterly Journal of Administrative Law, Vol.6. No.18:33-54 (in Persian).
Vizheh, M and M. Miri 2017, Water proceedings in the Groundwater Affairs Commission: challenges and solutions. Journal of Energy law studies , Vol.3, No.1:149-168 (in Persian)
Mohammadi Dinani, M, U. Molaei and M. E. Banihabib 2018, Reasonable Use principle in international water Law and its procedure in Iran. Quarterly Journal of public Law studies, Vol.48, No.3: 569-581 (In Persian).
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UNESCO, UN-Water, 2020, United Nations world water development Report 2020. Water and climate change, Paris.
Iran Water Resource Management Company, 2019, Annual report on the performance and actions of the ground water restoration and balancing plan: In compliance with the instructions issued by the Ministry of Energy. Bureau of Protection of Groundwater Resources (in Persian).
Iran Water Resource management company, 2020, Performance report of the Iran water industry: for the activities and operations of the fiscal year 2017. Consolidated Planning Office (in Persian).
Motagh M. et al, 2008, Land subsidence in Iran caused by widespread water reservoir overexploitation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 35.
Isfahan water resource cooperation, 2021, The latest situation of underground water level fluctuations in Isfahan province. Water resources studies, groundwater Group (in Persian).
Pirouzi A. and Abolfazl Eslami, 2017, Ground subsidence in plains around Tehran: site survey, records compilation and analysis. Geo-Engineering 8:30.
Mohammadi dinani, M. 2022, The spread of fine and dust and the necessary for water governance revision. Donyaye Eghtesad newspaper, No. 5477 (in persian).
Jamali, S., G madanian and z. Gharibi 2019, The role of participation principle in water governance: A case study of international rules and Iran domestic Law. International water Law, Vol.3, water law challenges, Dadgostar publication, 15-47 (in Persian).
Solanes Miguel and Fernando Gonzalez-Villarreal, 1999, The Dublin Principles for Water as Reflected in a Comparative Assessment of Institutional and Legal Arrangements for Integrated Water Resources Management. Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee.
UNITED NATIONS, 1992, Report of the United Nations conference on environment and development. A/CON.15/26 VOL.1.
Sharafi, M and N Bargpour, 2010, Typology of citizen participation techniques in urban planning based on different levels of participation. Letter of architecture and urban planning77-101(in Persian).
Gholami, H. 2012, The principle of last and least resort. Quarterly Journal of Criminal Law, Vol.1, No.2: 41-65(in Persian).
Alaba, B. 2021 Impacts of climatic change and database information design on the water-energy-food nexus in water-scarce regions. Water-energy nexus 4: 54-68.
Zareai, M. 2020, The water-energy-food nexus: A holistic approach for resource security in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Water-energy nexus 3: 81-94.
Spang, Edward. A J. Holguin and F. Loge, 2018, The estimated impact of California’s urban water conservation mandate on electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Environ, Res. Lett, 1-11.
Ghorbanian kordabadi, M, A liaghat and M. Malmir, 2020, Investigating the causes of failure of participatory water resources management policies in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Public Policy, Vol.6, No.3:169-190 (in Persian).
National Irrigation and Drainage Committee, 2017, Explaining the obstacles of developing cooperative irrigation management in Iran. Group of Collaborative Management of Irrigation Networks (in Persian).
Charalambous, Anderiana, 2011, Groundwater and the law. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 44(2), 147–158.
Christine A. Klein, 2012, Water Bankruptcy. Minn. L. Rev. 560 available at http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/355
Cullet philippe, 2010, water sector reforms and courts in India: lessens from the evolving case law. Review of European community & international environmental law, 328-338.
Ramezani ghavam abadi, M. H. 2010, Examining the content of participation principle in international environmental law. Journal of Law and politic research, 87-114 (in Persian).
Dellapena Joseph W. 2016 The Berlin Rules on Water Resources: The New Paradigm for International Water Law. Villanova University School of Law.
Meier, B. M. Gorge Lyn Kayser, 2014, Translating the human Right to Water and Sanitation into Public Policy Reform. Sci Eng Ethics.
Tignino, M. 2015, Public participation in water resources management. Faculty of law, University of Geneva, 1-9.
Jafari Nadoushan, A. and O. Shirzad 2019, The structure and competence of the quasi-judicial authorities of Iran's water Law. Quarterly Journal of Administrative Law, Vol.6. No.18:33-54 (in Persian).
Vizheh, M and M. Miri 2017, Water proceedings in the Groundwater Affairs Commission: challenges and solutions. Journal of Energy law studies , Vol.3, No.1:149-168 (in Persian)
Mohammadi Dinani, M, U. Molaei and M. E. Banihabib 2018, Reasonable Use principle in international water Law and its procedure in Iran. Quarterly Journal of public Law studies, Vol.48, No.3: 569-581 (In Persian).
