A Qualitative Assessment of Supervisors’ Views towards Examiners’ Perceptions: A Fair Justice or Not?
Subject Areas :Ehasn Rayani 1 , Neda Fatehi Rad 2
1 - گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان، ایران
2 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان
Keywords: Qualitative Assessment, Classroom Fair, Distributive Fair, Procedural Fair, Teaching English as a Foreign Language(TEFL),
Abstract :
This study aimed at exploring Iranian thesis supervisors’ views on examiners’ fair in examining M.A. Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL )thesis in Iran. In so doing, a phenomenological design was used. 20 M.A. thesis supervisors participated in the study who were selected through purposeful sampling. To collect the data, a semi-structured interview was used. Data analysis was conducted via manual thematic analysis. According to the results, the following views were among those extracted for M.A. theses supervisors about examiners’ fair: Examiners’ unfair in Examining Theses; Inattention to the Standards of Thesis Writing; Judgment Based on Personal Mood; Examiners’ Personal Problems with Supervisors; and Examiners’ Relation with Students. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that according to the perceptions of Iranian TEFL thesis supervisors, examiners are not just and fair in examining theses. They pay attention to the issues such as previous relations, personal problems, practicing power and such matters which are non-relevant to thesis itself. It can also be concluded that Iranian TEFL thesis examiners, at least according to thesis supervisors' views, are illiterate or unknowledgeable in terms of statistics and some research topics. This is a reason for their unfair in examining theses. The results have some implications for M.A. thesis examiners, students, higher education administrators, and researchers.
Angelo, C. S. (2014). Is there a bias towards girls in non-anonymous evaluation? Unpublished work. https://2014.economicsofeducation.com/user/pdfsesiones/166.pdf
Argon, T., & Kepekcioglu, E. S. (2016). The relationship between university students’ instructors’ credibility and perceptions of fair in the classroom. The Anthropologist, 24(1), 347-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2016.11892024
Aryadoust, V. (2016). Gender and academic major bias in peer assessment of oral presentations. Language Assessment Quarterly, 13(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2015.1133626
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.). Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Berti, C., Mameli, C., Speltini, G., & Molinari, L. (2016). Teacher fair and parent support as predictors of learning motivation and visions of a just world. Issues in Educational Research, 26(4), 543-560.
Bygren, M. (2020). Biased grades? Changes in grading after a blinding of examinations reform. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 45(2), 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1638885
Chory-Assad, R. M. (2002). Classroom fair: Perceptions of fairness as a predictor of student motivation, learning, and aggression. Communication Quarterly, 50(1), 58-77.
Dalbert, C., & Stoeber, J. (2006). The personal belief in a just world and domain-specific beliefs about fair at school and in the family: A longitudinal study with adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(3), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406063638
Ehrhardt, N., Pretsch, J., Herrmann, I., & Schmitt, M. (2016). Observing fair in the primary school classroom. Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft, 19(1), 157-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-015-0664-0
Ehrhardt-Madapathi, N., Pretsch, J., & Schmitt, M. (2018). Effects of unfair in primary schools on students’ behavior and joy of learning. Social Psychology of Education, 21(2), 337-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9416-8
Estaji, M., & Zhaleh, K. (2021). Exploring Iranian Teachers’ Perceptions of Classroom Fair and Its Dimensions in EFL Instructional Contexts. Language Related Research, 12(2), 277-314. https://doi.org/10.29252/LRR.12.3.10
Falch, T., & Naper, L. R. (2013). Educational evaluation schemes and gender gaps in student achievement. Economics of Education Review, 36, 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.05.002
Gasser, L., Grütter, J., Buholzer, A., & Wettstein, A. (2018). Emotionally supportive classroom interactions and students’ perceptions of their teachers as caring and just. Learning and Instruction, 54, 82-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.08.003
Kazemi, A. (2016). Examining the interplay of fair perceptions, motivation, and school achievement among secondary school students. Social Fair Research, 29(1), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-016-0261-2
Kumar, R., Karabenick, S. A., & Burgoon, J. N. (2015). Teachers’ implicit attitudes, explicit beliefs, and the mediating role of respect and cultural responsibility on mastery and performance-focused instructional practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(2), 533–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037471
Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural fair. Plenum.
Mameli, C., Biolcati, R., Passini, S., & Mancini, G. (2018). School context and subjective distress: The influence of teacher fair and school-specific well-being on adolescents’ psychological health. School Psychology International, 39(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034318794226
Molinari, L., Speltini, G., & Passini, S. (2013). Do perceptions of being treated fairly increase students’ outcomes? Teacher–student interactions and classroom fair in Italian adolescents. Educational Research and Evaluation, 19(1), 58-76.
Parker, L., Reid, C., & Ghana, T. (2017). Challenging defcit default and educators’ biases in urban schools. Race and Pedagogy Journal: Teaching and Learning for Fair, 2(3), 1-18.
Peter, F., Dalbert, C., Kloeckner, N., & Radant, M. (2012). Personal belief in a just world, experience of teacher fair, and school distress in different class contexts. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28(4), 1221-1235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-012-0163-0
Rasooli, A., DeLuca, C., Rasegh, A., & Fathi, S. (2019). Students’ critical incidents of fairness in classroom assessment: An empirical study. Social Psychology of Education, 22(3), 701-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2019.1593105
Sonnleitner, P., & Kovacs, C. (2018). How fairly am I assessing my students? Equipping teachers with a tool to learn about their own assessment practices: Theory and development of the Fairness Barometer. Paper Presented at the 11th Conference of the International Test Commission.
Sonnleitner, P., & Kovacs, C. (2020). Differences between students’ and teachers’ fairness perceptions: Exploring the potential of a self-administered questionnaire to improve teachers’ assessment practices. Frontiers in Education, 5, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00017
Worrell, F. C. (2021). Who will teach the teachers? Examining implicit bias in the educator workforce. Learning and Instruction, 78(45). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101518
Young, L. E., Horan, S. M., & Frisby, B. N. (2013). Fair and square? An examination of classroom fair and relational teaching messages. Communication Education, 62(4), 333-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2013.800216