رویکردهای اجرای حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در حقوق داخلی کشورها با نگاهی به نظام حقوقی ایران
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
اعظم پرنده مطلق
1
,
شیرین شیرازیان
2
,
علی زارع
3
1 - دانشجوی دکترای حقوق محیط زیست دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - استادیار و عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، ایران.
3 - استادیار و عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/07/29
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/11/08
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/05/01
کلید واژه:
ماده 9 قانون مدنی,
منابع حقوق بین الملل,
اجرای حقوق بین الملل,
حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست,
چکیده مقاله :
اجرای حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در نظام های مختلف حقوقی یکی از موضوعات به روز حقوق بین الملل معاصر به شمار می آید. در همین راستا، ماده 9 قانون مدنی ایران راه حلی را برای اجرای معاهدات بین المللی ارائه داده است، با این همه، ماده مذکور، علاوه بر تفسیربردار بودن آن، نسبت به سایر منابع حقوق بین الملل از قبیل عرف بین المللی و آرا و رویه های قضایی ساکت و صامت است. هدف این مقاله، بررسی رویکردهای اجرای حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در حقوق داخلی کشورها با نگاهی به نظام حقوقی ایران می باشد. این مطالعه با تکیه بر رهیافت تحلیلی و با اتخاذ روش استقرایی، راهکارهای احتمالی قانونگذار برای اجرای موثر حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست در کشور را نیز مدنظر قرار می دهد. بررسی و مطالعات این تحقیق نشان داده است که علی رغم ابهامات حقوقی و محدودیت های اجرایی، ظرفیت های حقوقی قابل استنادی در نظام حقوقی ایران برای اجرای موثر حقوق بین الملل وجود دارد. ضمن آنکه وضع قوانین و مقررات حقوقی به منظور تبیین واضح رابطه حقوق داخلی ایران با تعهدات عرفی و قرادادی بین المللی ضروری به نظر می رسد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
The enforcement of international environmental law in various legal systems is one of the most up-to-date issues of
The enforcement of international environmental law in various legal systems is one of the most up-to-date contemporary international law issues. In this regard, Article 9 of the Iranian Civil Code has provided a solution for implementing international treaties. However, in addition to its interpretation, it could not be applied to other international law sources such as international customary law or decisions of international courts. This article aims to examine the different approaches to implementing international environmental law in the domestic law of countries with a view of the Iranian legal system. Based on an analytical approach and an inductive approach, this study also considers possible legislative solutions for effective international environmental law enforcement in Iran. Investigations and studies of this research have shown that there are credible legal capacities in the Iranian legal system for effective enforcement of international law despite legal uncertainties and enforcement constraints. At the same time, it is necessary to enact laws and regulations to clearly explain the relationship between Iranian domestic law and international customary and contractual obligations.
منابع و مأخذ:
G Ferreira and a Ferreira-Snyman, (2014), "The Incorporation of Public International Law into Municipal Law and Regional Law against the Background of the Dichotomy between Monism and Dualism". PELJ/PER JOURNAL. Volume 17. No.4, p.1471.
Virally, Michel. (2001). Cité par Dominique Carreau, Droit International. 7eme édition, p.43.
Chiam, Madelaine.) 2018(, "Monism and Dualism in International Law", oxford bibliographies.
Sloss, David. )2011(, "Domestic Application of Treaties". Santa Clara University, PP.8-11.
Izadi, Ali. (2015), "A Comparative Look at the Application of International Law in National Courts". Public law studies. Volume 45, Number 3, p.497. (In Persian)
Alejandro Gómez – Velásquez,( 2016),"The “constitutionalization” process of the international environmental law in Colombia", revista de derecho, universidad del norte, p.3.
Nollkaemper, Andre. (2006). "The Role of Domestic Courts in the Case Law of the International Court of Justice". Chinese Journal of International Law, P.302.
Benvenisti, Eyal. (1993). "Judicial Misgivings Regarding the Application of International Law: An Analysis of Attitudes of National Courts", 4 European Journal of International Law.pp.159-161.
Falsafi, hedayatollah. (1994). "Implementation of the rules of international law" Legal research. (In Persian)
Beenakker, E.B, (2018), "The implementation of international law in the national legal order : a legislative perspective", Leiden University Repository, p:1-2
Javadi, Alireza, Poorhashemi, Abbas and Shirazian, Shirin, (2016), "Capacities and Limitations of Development and Codification of International Environmental Law (with a Critical Approach)", Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, p.134. (In Persian)
Zarei, Sahar, Poorhashemi, Abbas and Pournouri Mansour (2017), "Development of International Environmental Law in the Light of International Judgments and Procedures", Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, p. 212. (In Persian)
Marcoff M. (1979). "Les règles d’application indirecte en droit international". P.415.
Eyal Benvenisti & Alon Harel, (2017), "Embracing the Tension Between National and International Human Rights Law: The Case for Discorded Parity", 15(1) Int’l J. Const. l.P. 36.
Mousavi, Seyed Fazlollah, Hosseini, Seyed Hossein and Mousavifar, Seyed Hossein, (2015), "Principles of International Environmental Law in the light of the opinions of international legal authorities", Public Law Research Quarterly, pp. 10-11. (In Persian)
Bos M., (1957), "Les conditions du procès en droit international public", Leyde., p.55.
Poorhashemi, Abbas and Bahareh Arghand. (2013). International Environmental Law. Tehran, Justice Publishing. (In Persian)
Deliaussy J. (1968). "Le problème de la classification des traités et le projet de convention établit par la Commission du droit international des Nations Unies". In Hommages à P. Guggenheim, Geneye.
Hashemi, Hamid (2009), "Implementation of International Obligations in the Iranian Judicial System: Limitations and Capacities" Legal Research, pp. 232-237.(In Persian)
Poorhashemi, Abbas. (2020). "Emergence of ‘International Environmental Law’: As a New Branch of International Public Law". CIFILE Journal of International Law, 1(2), 33-39.
Khalatbari, Yalda, and Poorhashemi Abbas."Environmental Damage': Challenges and opportunities in International Environmental Law." CIFILE Journal of International Law (CJIL), 1(1), 21-28.
_||_
G Ferreira and a Ferreira-Snyman, (2014), "The Incorporation of Public International Law into Municipal Law and Regional Law against the Background of the Dichotomy between Monism and Dualism". PELJ/PER JOURNAL. Volume 17. No.4, p.1471.
Virally, Michel. (2001). Cité par Dominique Carreau, Droit International. 7eme édition, p.43.
Chiam, Madelaine.) 2018(, "Monism and Dualism in International Law", oxford bibliographies.
Sloss, David. )2011(, "Domestic Application of Treaties". Santa Clara University, PP.8-11.
Izadi, Ali. (2015), "A Comparative Look at the Application of International Law in National Courts". Public law studies. Volume 45, Number 3, p.497. (In Persian)
Alejandro Gómez – Velásquez,( 2016),"The “constitutionalization” process of the international environmental law in Colombia", revista de derecho, universidad del norte, p.3.
Nollkaemper, Andre. (2006). "The Role of Domestic Courts in the Case Law of the International Court of Justice". Chinese Journal of International Law, P.302.
Benvenisti, Eyal. (1993). "Judicial Misgivings Regarding the Application of International Law: An Analysis of Attitudes of National Courts", 4 European Journal of International Law.pp.159-161.
Falsafi, hedayatollah. (1994). "Implementation of the rules of international law" Legal research. (In Persian)
Beenakker, E.B, (2018), "The implementation of international law in the national legal order : a legislative perspective", Leiden University Repository, p:1-2
Javadi, Alireza, Poorhashemi, Abbas and Shirazian, Shirin, (2016), "Capacities and Limitations of Development and Codification of International Environmental Law (with a Critical Approach)", Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, p.134. (In Persian)
Zarei, Sahar, Poorhashemi, Abbas and Pournouri Mansour (2017), "Development of International Environmental Law in the Light of International Judgments and Procedures", Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, p. 212. (In Persian)
Marcoff M. (1979). "Les règles d’application indirecte en droit international". P.415.
Eyal Benvenisti & Alon Harel, (2017), "Embracing the Tension Between National and International Human Rights Law: The Case for Discorded Parity", 15(1) Int’l J. Const. l.P. 36.
Mousavi, Seyed Fazlollah, Hosseini, Seyed Hossein and Mousavifar, Seyed Hossein, (2015), "Principles of International Environmental Law in the light of the opinions of international legal authorities", Public Law Research Quarterly, pp. 10-11. (In Persian)
Bos M., (1957), "Les conditions du procès en droit international public", Leyde., p.55.
Poorhashemi, Abbas and Bahareh Arghand. (2013). International Environmental Law. Tehran, Justice Publishing. (In Persian)
Deliaussy J. (1968). "Le problème de la classification des traités et le projet de convention établit par la Commission du droit international des Nations Unies". In Hommages à P. Guggenheim, Geneye.
Hashemi, Hamid (2009), "Implementation of International Obligations in the Iranian Judicial System: Limitations and Capacities" Legal Research, pp. 232-237.(In Persian)
Poorhashemi, Abbas. (2020). "Emergence of ‘International Environmental Law’: As a New Branch of International Public Law". CIFILE Journal of International Law, 1(2), 33-39.
Khalatbari, Yalda, and Poorhashemi Abbas."Environmental Damage': Challenges and opportunities in International Environmental Law." CIFILE Journal of International Law (CJIL), 1(1), 21-28.
