برآورد ذخیره کربن خاک جنگل های حرا (Avicennia marina Forssk.) در استان بوشهر
محورهای موضوعی : منابع طبیعی
1 - دانشیار گروه جنگلداری، دانشگاه صنعتی خاتم الانبیاء بهبهان. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دانشجوی دکتری جنگلداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری.
کلید واژه: ذخیره کربن, خاک, حرا,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: جنگل های مانگرو نقش مهمی در ذخیره کربن دارند، اما میزان ذخیره کربن آنها در میان اکوسیستم های مختلف و همچنین گونه های مختلف متفاوت است. متاسفانه این اکوسیستم ها در معرض خطر نابودی هستند و تا به حال مطالعه ای در رابطه با میزان ذخیره کربن جنگل های مانگرو در کشور صورت نگرفته است. بنابراین هدف این مطالعه برآورد ذخیره کربن موجود در خاک این جنگل های و مقایسه آن با دیگر جنگل های مانگرو در دنیا و همچنین دیگر جنگل های کشور می باشد.مواد و روش ها: برای این منظور تعداد 30 نمونه خاک به صورت تصادفی از دو عمق 20-0 و 50-20 سانتی متری در تابستان 1394 برداشت شد و میزان ذخیره کربن هر عمق مشخص شد. همچنین همبستگی بین خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و ذخیره کربن خاک در این تحقیق بررسی شد.یافته ها: میزان متوسط ذخیره کربن خاک در عمق 20-0 و 50-25 سانتی متری به ترتیب 6/13 و 2/26 تن در هکتار به دست آمد. این بدان معنی است که ارزش کربن ذخیره شده در خاک جنگل های حرا 8756 دلار در هکتار می باشد. نتایج همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد که ذخیره کربن خاک با درصد ازت و هدایت الکتریکی خاک همبستگی معنی داری دارد. اما دیگر پارامترهای مورد بررسی همبستگی معنی داری را با میزان ذخیره کربن خاک نشان ندادند.بحث و نتیجه گیری: جنگل های حرا پتانسیل بسیار بالایی برای ذخیره کربن در خاک دارند که می تواند تحت تاثیر مقدار ازت و همچنین هدایت الکتریکی خاک باشد. وجود اذت بیشتر در عمق های پایینتر خاک باعث افزایش میزان ذخیره کربن خاک در عمق نسبت به سطح خاک شده است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objectives: Mangrove forests play an important role in carbon stock, but the amount of carbon stocks in mangrove ecosystems and also different mangrove species are different. Unfortunately, these ecosystems are at dangerous and valuable area of them have been destroyed recently. Furthermore, no attempt was done to estimate mangrove soil carbon stock in our country. Then, the objective of this study was to estimate A. marina soil carbon stock and compare it with the other mangrove forest in the world and also with other forest ecosystems of the country.Method: 30 soil samples were taken from the depth of 0-20 and 20-50 cm, in summer 2015. Then the carbon stock of each horizon was determined. Furthermore, correlation between soil carbon stock and soil physiochemical properties were determined. Findings: In the present study, the average carbon stocks in 0-20 and 20-50 cm depth were 13.6 and 26.2 tons per hectare respectively. This means the carbon stock in A. marina soil values is 8756 dollars per hectare. Pearson correlation results revealed that soil carbon stock was significantly correlated with total soil nitrogen and electrical conductivity. While, there were no significant correlations between carbon stocks with the rest of studied parameters.Discussion & Conclusion: Finally, we can’t ignore the A. marina had high potential in soil carbon reservation and it can be affected by soil nitrogen and electrical conductivity. Higher soil carbon stock in subsoil compared to the topsoil can be related to the higher soil nitrogen of the subsoil.
منابع و مأخذ:
Lal, R. 2004. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change, Geoderma, 123, pp. 1-22.
Korner, C., 2003. Carbon limitation in trees. Journal of ecology, 91, pp. 4-17.
Tamartash, R., Tatian, M.R. and Yousefian, M. 2012. Effect of different vegetation types on carbon sequestration in rangeland of Miankaleh, Journal of Environmental Studies, 33 (62), pp. 45-54.
Kaul, M., Mohren, G.M.J. and Dadhwal, V.K. 2010. Carbon storage and sequestration potential of selected tree species in India, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15, pp. 489–510.
Wigley, T.M.L. and Schimel, D.S. 2000. The Carbon Cycle. Cambridge University Press, 310 pp.
Dixon, R.K. and Wisniewski, J. 1995. Global forest systems: an uncertain response to atmospheric pollutants and global climate change. Water Air Soil Pollution, 85, pp. 101–110.
Brown, S., Hall, C.A.S., Knabe, W., Raich, J., Trexler, M.C. and Woomer, P. 1993. Tropical forests: their past, present, and potential role in the terrestrial C budget. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 70, pp. 71–94.
Bolin, B., Sukumar, R., Ciais, P., Cramer, W., Jarvis, P., Kheshgi H., Nobre, C., Semenov, S. and Steffen, W. 2000. Global perspective. In: Watson, R.T., Noble, I.R., Bolin, B., Ravindranath, N.H., Verardo, D.J., Dokken, (Eds.), Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 23–51.
Jandl, R., Lindner, M., Vesterdal, L., Bauwens, B., Baritz, R., Hagedorn, F., Johnson, D.W., Minkkinen, K. and Byrne, K.A. 2007. How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration? Geoderma, 137, pp. 253–268.
Alinejadi, S., Basiri, R., Tahmasebi Kohyani, P., Askari, Y., Moradi, M. 2016. Estimation of biomass and carbon sequestration in various forms of Quercus brantii stands in Balout Boland, Dehdez. Iranian Journal of Forest, 8(2), pp. 129-139.
Forogh Nasaba, M., Moradi, M., Moradi, Gh., Taghizade-Mehrjardi, R. 2020. Topsoil Carbon Stock and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Riparian Forests and Agricultural Lands of Southwestern Iran. Eurasian Soil Science, 53(10), pp. 1389-1395.
Moradi, M., Imani, F., Naji, H.R., Moradi Behbahani, S., Ahmadi M.T. 2017. Variation in soil carbon stock and nutrient content in sand dunes after afforestation by Prosopis juliflora in the Khuzestan province (Iran). iForest, 10, pp. 585-589
Mazda, Y., Magi, M., Nanao, H., Kogo, M., Miyagi, T., Kanazawa, N., and Kobashi, D. Coastal erosion due to long-term human impact on mangrove forests. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10, pp. 1–9.
Duke, N.C., Meynecke, J.O., Dittmann, S., Ellison, A.M., Anger, K., Berger, U., Cannicci, S., Diele, K., Ewel, K.C., Field, C.D., Koedam, N., Lee, S.Y., Marchand, C., Nordhaus, I. and Dahdouh-Guebas, F. 2007. A world without mangroves? Science, 317, pp. 41-42.
Kauffman, J.B., Heider, C., Cole, T., Dwire, K.A. and Donato, D.C. 2011 Ecosystem C pools of Micronesian mangrove forests: implications of land use and climate change. Wetlands, 31, pp. 343- 352.
Kristensen, E., Lee, S.Y., Marchand, C., Middelburg, J.J., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Smith, T.J. and Twilley, R.R. 2008a. Mangrove production and carbon sinks: a revision of global budget estimates. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, pp. 1–12.
Liu H., Ren, H., Hui, D., Wang, W., Liao, B. and Cao, Q. 2014. Carbon stocks and potential carbon storage in the mangrove forests of China. Journal of Environmental Management, 133, pp. 86-93.
Giri, C., Zhu, Z., Tieszen, L., Singh, A., Gillette, S. and Kelmelis, J. 2008. Mangrove forest distributions and dynamics (1975–2005) of the tsunami-affected region of Asia. Journal of Biogeography, 35, pp. 519–528.
Moradi Behbahani, S., Moradi, M., Basiri, R., Mirzaei, J. 2017. Sand mining disturbances and their effects on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a riparian forest of Iran. Journal of Arid Land, 9(6), pp. 837-849.
Mcleod, E., Chmura, G.L., Bouillon, S., Salm, R., Björk, M., Duarte, C.M., Lovelock, C.E., Schlesinger, W.H. and Silliman, B.R. 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, pp. 552-560.
Kristensen, E., Bouillon, S., Dittmar, T. and Marchand, C. 2008. Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: a review. Aquatic Botany, 89, pp. 201-219.
Khan, M.N.I., Suwa, R. and Hagihara, A. 2007. Carbon and nitrogen pools in a mangrove stand of Kandelia obovata (S., L.) Yong: vertical distribution in the soil vegetation system. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 15, pp. 141-153.
Alongi, D.M., Clough, B.F., Dixon, P. and Tirendi, F. 2003. Nutrient partitioning and storage in arid-zone forests of the mangroves Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina. Trees-Structure and Function, 17, pp. 51-60.
Donato, D.C., Kauffman, J.B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M. and Kanninen, M. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience, 4, pp. 293-297.
Jachowski, N.R.A., Quak, M.S.Y., Friess, D.A., Duangnamon, D., Webb, E.L. and Ziegler, A.D. 2013. Mangrove biomass estimation in Southwest Thailand using machine learning. Applied Geography, 45, pp. 311-321.
Ray, R., Ganguly, D., Chowdhury, C., Dey, M., Das, S., Dutta, M.K., Mandal, S.K., Majumder, N., De, T.K., Mukhopadhyay, S.K. and Jana, T.K. 2011. Carbon sequestration and annual increase of carbon stock in a mangrove forest. Atmospheric Environment, 45, pp. 5016-5024.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63, pp. 251-263.
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Nitrogen total. In: Miller RH, Kieney DR (eds) Method of soil analysis- part 2: chemical and microbiological methods, 2nd edn. Agronomy series No. 9. American Society for Agronomy and Soil Sciences, Madison, pp. 595–624.
Stringer, C.E., Trettin, C.C., Zarnoch, S.J. and Tang, W. 2015. Carbon stocks of mangroves within the Zambezi River Delta, Forest Ecology and Management, 354, pp. 139-148.
Chmura, G.L., Anisfeld, S.C., Cahoon, D.R. and Lynch, J.C. 2003. Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Global Biogeochemichemical Cycles, 17(4), pp. 1-12.
Jennerjahn, T.C. and Ittekot, V. 2002. Relevance of mangroves for the production and deposition of organic matter along tropical continental margins. Naturwissenschaften, 89, pp 23–30.
Wang, G., Guan, D., Peart, M.R., Chen, Y. and Peng, Y. 2013. Ecosystem carbon stocks of mangrove forest in Yingluo Bay, Guangdong Province of South China. Forest Ecology and Management, 310, p. 539–546.
Twilley, R.R., Chen, R.H. and Hargis, T. 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 64, pp. 265-288.
Lacerda, L.D., Ittekkot, V., Patchineelam, S.R. 1995. Biogeochemistry of mangrove soil organic matter: a comparison between Rhizophora and Avicennia soils in South-eastern Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 40, pp. 713–720.
Gleason, S.M., and Ewel, K.C. 2002. Organic matter dynamics on the forest floor of a Micronesian mangrove forest: an investigation of species composition shifts. Biotropica, 34, pp. 190–198.
Moore, F.C. and Diaz, D.B.2015. Temperature Impacts on Economic Growth Warrant Stringent Mitigation Policy. Nature Climate Change, 5(2), pp. 127-131.
Vestgarden, L.S. 2001. Carbon and nitrogen turnover in the early stage of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needle litter decomposition: effects of internal and external nitrogen. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 33 (4-5), pp. 465-474.
Prescott, C.E., 2005. Do rates of litter decomposition tell us anything we really need to know? Forest Ecology and Management, 220 (1-3), pp. 66–74.
Reef, R., Feller, I.C. and Lovelock, C.E. 2010. Nutrition of mangroves. Tree Physiology, 30, pp. 1148–1160.
Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S.M., Abdi, N., Akbarinia M. 2010. Increment of soil carbon sequestration due to forestation and its relation with some physical and chemical factors of soil. Iranian Journal of Forest, 2(1), 25-31. (In Persian)
Abdi, N., .Maddah Aref, H., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Arzani, H. 2009. Investigation of carbon sequestration content in astragalus rangelands in Gholestankoh of Khansar. Watershed Management Researches (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 83, pp, 58-68. (In Persian)
Huxham, M., Langat, J., Tamooh, F., Kennedy, H., Mencuccini, M., Skov, M.W. and Kairo, J. 2010. Decomposition of mangrove roots: effects of location, nutrients, species identity and mix in a Kenyan forest. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 88, pp. 135–142.
Sherman, R.E., Fahey, T.J. and Martinez, P. 2003. Spatial patterns of biomass and aboveground net primary productivity in a mangrove ecosystem in the Dominican Republic. Ecosystems, 6, pp. 384–398.
Lal, R. 2004. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change, Geoderma, 123, pp. 1-22.
Korner, C., 2003. Carbon limitation in trees. Journal of ecology, 91, pp. 4-17.
Tamartash, R., Tatian, M.R. and Yousefian, M. 2012. Effect of different vegetation types on carbon sequestration in rangeland of Miankaleh, Journal of Environmental Studies, 33 (62), pp. 45-54.
Kaul, M., Mohren, G.M.J. and Dadhwal, V.K. 2010. Carbon storage and sequestration potential of selected tree species in India, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15, pp. 489–510.
Wigley, T.M.L. and Schimel, D.S. 2000. The Carbon Cycle. Cambridge University Press, 310 pp.
Dixon, R.K. and Wisniewski, J. 1995. Global forest systems: an uncertain response to atmospheric pollutants and global climate change. Water Air Soil Pollution, 85, pp. 101–110.
Brown, S., Hall, C.A.S., Knabe, W., Raich, J., Trexler, M.C. and Woomer, P. 1993. Tropical forests: their past, present, and potential role in the terrestrial C budget. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 70, pp. 71–94.
Bolin, B., Sukumar, R., Ciais, P., Cramer, W., Jarvis, P., Kheshgi H., Nobre, C., Semenov, S. and Steffen, W. 2000. Global perspective. In: Watson, R.T., Noble, I.R., Bolin, B., Ravindranath, N.H., Verardo, D.J., Dokken, (Eds.), Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 23–51.
Jandl, R., Lindner, M., Vesterdal, L., Bauwens, B., Baritz, R., Hagedorn, F., Johnson, D.W., Minkkinen, K. and Byrne, K.A. 2007. How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration? Geoderma, 137, pp. 253–268.
Alinejadi, S., Basiri, R., Tahmasebi Kohyani, P., Askari, Y., Moradi, M. 2016. Estimation of biomass and carbon sequestration in various forms of Quercus brantii stands in Balout Boland, Dehdez. Iranian Journal of Forest, 8(2), pp. 129-139.
Forogh Nasaba, M., Moradi, M., Moradi, Gh., Taghizade-Mehrjardi, R. 2020. Topsoil Carbon Stock and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Riparian Forests and Agricultural Lands of Southwestern Iran. Eurasian Soil Science, 53(10), pp. 1389-1395.
Moradi, M., Imani, F., Naji, H.R., Moradi Behbahani, S., Ahmadi M.T. 2017. Variation in soil carbon stock and nutrient content in sand dunes after afforestation by Prosopis juliflora in the Khuzestan province (Iran). iForest, 10, pp. 585-589
Mazda, Y., Magi, M., Nanao, H., Kogo, M., Miyagi, T., Kanazawa, N., and Kobashi, D. Coastal erosion due to long-term human impact on mangrove forests. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10, pp. 1–9.
Duke, N.C., Meynecke, J.O., Dittmann, S., Ellison, A.M., Anger, K., Berger, U., Cannicci, S., Diele, K., Ewel, K.C., Field, C.D., Koedam, N., Lee, S.Y., Marchand, C., Nordhaus, I. and Dahdouh-Guebas, F. 2007. A world without mangroves? Science, 317, pp. 41-42.
Kauffman, J.B., Heider, C., Cole, T., Dwire, K.A. and Donato, D.C. 2011 Ecosystem C pools of Micronesian mangrove forests: implications of land use and climate change. Wetlands, 31, pp. 343- 352.
Kristensen, E., Lee, S.Y., Marchand, C., Middelburg, J.J., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Smith, T.J. and Twilley, R.R. 2008a. Mangrove production and carbon sinks: a revision of global budget estimates. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, pp. 1–12.
Liu H., Ren, H., Hui, D., Wang, W., Liao, B. and Cao, Q. 2014. Carbon stocks and potential carbon storage in the mangrove forests of China. Journal of Environmental Management, 133, pp. 86-93.
Giri, C., Zhu, Z., Tieszen, L., Singh, A., Gillette, S. and Kelmelis, J. 2008. Mangrove forest distributions and dynamics (1975–2005) of the tsunami-affected region of Asia. Journal of Biogeography, 35, pp. 519–528.
Moradi Behbahani, S., Moradi, M., Basiri, R., Mirzaei, J. 2017. Sand mining disturbances and their effects on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a riparian forest of Iran. Journal of Arid Land, 9(6), pp. 837-849.
Mcleod, E., Chmura, G.L., Bouillon, S., Salm, R., Björk, M., Duarte, C.M., Lovelock, C.E., Schlesinger, W.H. and Silliman, B.R. 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, pp. 552-560.
Kristensen, E., Bouillon, S., Dittmar, T. and Marchand, C. 2008. Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: a review. Aquatic Botany, 89, pp. 201-219.
Khan, M.N.I., Suwa, R. and Hagihara, A. 2007. Carbon and nitrogen pools in a mangrove stand of Kandelia obovata (S., L.) Yong: vertical distribution in the soil vegetation system. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 15, pp. 141-153.
Alongi, D.M., Clough, B.F., Dixon, P. and Tirendi, F. 2003. Nutrient partitioning and storage in arid-zone forests of the mangroves Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina. Trees-Structure and Function, 17, pp. 51-60.
Donato, D.C., Kauffman, J.B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M. and Kanninen, M. 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience, 4, pp. 293-297.
Jachowski, N.R.A., Quak, M.S.Y., Friess, D.A., Duangnamon, D., Webb, E.L. and Ziegler, A.D. 2013. Mangrove biomass estimation in Southwest Thailand using machine learning. Applied Geography, 45, pp. 311-321.
Ray, R., Ganguly, D., Chowdhury, C., Dey, M., Das, S., Dutta, M.K., Mandal, S.K., Majumder, N., De, T.K., Mukhopadhyay, S.K. and Jana, T.K. 2011. Carbon sequestration and annual increase of carbon stock in a mangrove forest. Atmospheric Environment, 45, pp. 5016-5024.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63, pp. 251-263.
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. 1982. Nitrogen total. In: Miller RH, Kieney DR (eds) Method of soil analysis- part 2: chemical and microbiological methods, 2nd edn. Agronomy series No. 9. American Society for Agronomy and Soil Sciences, Madison, pp. 595–624.
Stringer, C.E., Trettin, C.C., Zarnoch, S.J. and Tang, W. 2015. Carbon stocks of mangroves within the Zambezi River Delta, Forest Ecology and Management, 354, pp. 139-148.
Chmura, G.L., Anisfeld, S.C., Cahoon, D.R. and Lynch, J.C. 2003. Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Global Biogeochemichemical Cycles, 17(4), pp. 1-12.
Jennerjahn, T.C. and Ittekot, V. 2002. Relevance of mangroves for the production and deposition of organic matter along tropical continental margins. Naturwissenschaften, 89, pp 23–30.
Wang, G., Guan, D., Peart, M.R., Chen, Y. and Peng, Y. 2013. Ecosystem carbon stocks of mangrove forest in Yingluo Bay, Guangdong Province of South China. Forest Ecology and Management, 310, p. 539–546.
Twilley, R.R., Chen, R.H. and Hargis, T. 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 64, pp. 265-288.
Lacerda, L.D., Ittekkot, V., Patchineelam, S.R. 1995. Biogeochemistry of mangrove soil organic matter: a comparison between Rhizophora and Avicennia soils in South-eastern Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 40, pp. 713–720.
Gleason, S.M., and Ewel, K.C. 2002. Organic matter dynamics on the forest floor of a Micronesian mangrove forest: an investigation of species composition shifts. Biotropica, 34, pp. 190–198.
Moore, F.C. and Diaz, D.B.2015. Temperature Impacts on Economic Growth Warrant Stringent Mitigation Policy. Nature Climate Change, 5(2), pp. 127-131.
Vestgarden, L.S. 2001. Carbon and nitrogen turnover in the early stage of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needle litter decomposition: effects of internal and external nitrogen. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 33 (4-5), pp. 465-474.
Prescott, C.E., 2005. Do rates of litter decomposition tell us anything we really need to know? Forest Ecology and Management, 220 (1-3), pp. 66–74.
Reef, R., Feller, I.C. and Lovelock, C.E. 2010. Nutrition of mangroves. Tree Physiology, 30, pp. 1148–1160.
Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S.M., Abdi, N., Akbarinia M. 2010. Increment of soil carbon sequestration due to forestation and its relation with some physical and chemical factors of soil. Iranian Journal of Forest, 2(1), 25-31. (In Persian)
Abdi, N., .Maddah Aref, H., Zahedi Amiri, Gh., Arzani, H. 2009. Investigation of carbon sequestration content in astragalus rangelands in Gholestankoh of Khansar. Watershed Management Researches (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 83, pp, 58-68. (In Persian)
Huxham, M., Langat, J., Tamooh, F., Kennedy, H., Mencuccini, M., Skov, M.W. and Kairo, J. 2010. Decomposition of mangrove roots: effects of location, nutrients, species identity and mix in a Kenyan forest. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 88, pp. 135–142.
Sherman, R.E., Fahey, T.J. and Martinez, P. 2003. Spatial patterns of biomass and aboveground net primary productivity in a mangrove ecosystem in the Dominican Republic. Ecosystems, 6, pp. 384–398.
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