بررسی ضمانت‌ها و الزامات حقوقی مقابله با آلودگی‌های دوربرد و فرامرزی (در کشورهای منطقه خاورمیانه در قالب تفاهم منطقه‌ای)
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
الهام حیدرزاده
1
,
احمد وروایی
2
,
منصور پورنوری
3
,
ناصر قاسمی
4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق محیط زیست دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.
2 - استادیار دانشکده علوم انتظامی تهران (امین). *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران.
4 - استادیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/07/15
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/10/26
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/06/01
کلید واژه:
تفاهم منطقه,
خاورمیانه,
ریزگرد,
آلودگی‌های فرامرزی,
چکیده مقاله :
در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا با استناد به عرف بین‌المللی در زمینه الزامات و مسئولیت‌های موجود در راستای مهار ریزگردها، به بررسی اقدامات مورد نظر در سطح منطقه خاورمیانه پرداخته شود.در این مقاله الزامات حقوقی و آیین‌نامه‌های موجود در زمینه مقابله با آلودگی‌های دوربرد و فرامرزی (همچون اصل احتیاط و اصولی مشابه)، در کنار نمونه‌هایی از تعهد‌نامه‌ها و تفاهم‌نامه‌های تصویب‌شده بین‌المللی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته، و با توجه به مشکلات موجود در منطقه خاورمیانه، اصول و الزامات موجود در تعهدها و تفاهم‌نامه‌های تصویب شده در این منطقه، به روش توصیفیتحلیلی با رویکرد تطبیقی مورد واکاوی قرار گرفته است. در پایان نگارنده با توجه به موقعیت زیست محیطی منطقه، پیشنهادهایی در زمینه کمی و کاستی‌های موجود در تعهدها و تفاهم‌نامه‌های منطقه‌ای، مطرح شده است.مسلماً تدوین اصول یک کنوانسیون منطقه‌ای برای پیش‌گیری و مهار پدیده گردوغبار آن هم با استفاده از تجربه موفق کشورهای آسیای جنوب شرقی، نه تنها از نظر کارکردی اهمیت دارد، بلکه از نظر حقوقی نیز راهگشا برای موقعیت‌های بحرانی است. بهره‌‌گیری از تعهدات قراردادی در تدوین کنوانسیون‌های منطقه‌ای برای مقابله با پدیده ریزگردها، کارائی و قوت اجرائی بیشتری نسبت به تعهدات عرفی خواهد داشت. ضرورت اتخاذ تدابیر قضایی، قانونی و اجرایی در سطح منطقه‌ای؛ شامل اجرای سیاست‌های ممنوعیت تغییر کاربری اراضی جنگلی، تالابی و رودخانه‌ای؛ و پیش‌نویس طرح اجرایی همکاری چند جانبه میان کشورهای منطقه برای مقابله با ریزگردها از اقدامات پیشنهادی می‌باشد.علی‌رغم تلاش‌های سازمان‌های بین‌المللی محیط زیست؛ نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد بدون وجود یک کنوانسیون منطقه‌ای در جهت مهار ریزگردها و دیگر بحران‌های زیست محیطی امکان حل مسئله وجود نخواهد داشت.
چکیده انگلیسی:
In this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust.In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the field of long-term and transboundary pollution (such as the precautionary principle and similar principles) are studied, along with examples of internationally accepted commitments and memoranda, and considering the problems in the Eastern region. And the requirements of the commitments and memoranda of understanding approved in this region have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner with a comparative approach. In the end, according to the environmental situation of the region, the author makes some suggestions in the field of quantities and shortcomings in the commitments and memorandums of the region.Certainly, formulating the principles of a regional convention to prevent and curb the dust phenomenon, using the successful experience of Southeast Asian countries, is not only functionally important, but also legally helpful for critical situations. Utilizing contractual obligations in drafting regional conventions to deal with the phenomenon of particulate matter will be more efficient and enforceable than conventional obligations. The need to adopt judicial, legal and executive measures at the regional level; Including the implementation of policies prohibiting the change of use of forest, wetland and river lands; And the draft executive plan for multilateral cooperation between the countries of the region to deal with dust is one of the proposed measures.Despite the efforts of international environmental organizations; The results of this study show that without a regional convention to control particulate matter and other environmental crises, it will not be possible to solve the problem.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Smith, B, D. State responsibility and the marine environment, oxford, p 71.
Madders, K. J, 1981. Trail smelter arbitration, encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol.2, p 276.
P.M, 1983. United Nations environment program, encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol. 5, p 321
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Schabas, W. (2004). An introduction to the international criminal court, second edition. Cambridge university press, p 200.
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Berg A. 1981. Nuclear tests cases (Australia v. France; newzeland v. France), encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol.2. p 216.
Sh. 1986. New developments in international public law on the legality of atomic tests in the Free Seas, trans. Reza Foyouzi. Law Magazine. No 5. P 45. (In Persian)
Gunding, L. 1986. Environment, international protection, encyclopedia of public international law, (EPIL), vol9, p 119.
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Zemaned, K. 1997. The legal foundations of the international system, rec cour, vol.266, p 266.
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Matin Dafrati. A. 1962. International relations and international law up to the present, Tehran: Morvarid Press, P 165. (In Persian)
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_||_
Lang, W, 2001. “Un-Principles and International Environment law “P.157.
M, 1984. La lex mercataria dans les contrats et l'arbitrage internationaux: réalité et perspectives: Clunet, et la bibliographie citée, p. 102.
Kiss A. & Others 2007. The Law of the Environment, Trans Mohammad Hassan Habibbi, Volume 3, Tehran: Tehran University Press, pp. 78-79 , 361-364. (In Persian)
Shelton, D. and Alexander kiss, 2005. "Judicial handbook on environmental law", UNEP, p 20.
A. Askari, P. Human Rights Generation (solidarity rights), Tehran, Majd Press, p. 62. (In Persian)
Exporting Haem:Supra Footnote 26. P 13.
Sands, P. 2000. Principles of international environmental law, second edition, Cambridge University press, p. 253.
A. 2007. Commitment and responsibility of governments in protecting the environment, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Volume ninth, number one, p. 105. (In Persian)
F. 2001. International Environmental Law, Tehran: Mizan Press, pp 43-44, 60-63, 359-370. (In Persian)
Mendis chinthaka, 2000. Sovereignty vs. transboundary environmental harm. Nippon foundation fellow, p 75.
Schewabach, 1989. Spill: failure of international law to protect the Rhine from pollution. vol 16, no 43. p15.
Dumble, M. 2006. Trial smelter and the ILC work on state responsibility for international wrongful acts and state liability, AJIL, Vol100, no 2, p 102.
Tou, Y. 2008. The transboundary Movement of Harmful wastes and the transformation of traditional States Responsibility, center for Environmental law. MQJICEL, VOL 5, P 97.
Alder, J. 1999. Environmental law& Ethics, Macmillan press LTD,, P 370.
Knox , 2005., The myth and Reality of trans-boundary Environmental, AJIL, VOL96, P 303.
Langham, , smith, J., Upton, W, Wooley, D. 2000. Environmental law, Ooxford,. P. 160.
Taisaku, 2007. "How effective will the precautionary principle be in the future? Its role and limits in the settlement of disputes," wised global forum, no.4, p 28.
Smith, B, D. State responsibility and the marine environment, oxford, p 71.
Madders, K. J, 1981. Trail smelter arbitration, encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol.2, p 276.
P.M, 1983. United Nations environment program, encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol. 5, p 321
Fitzmaurice, M.A. 1995. International Environmental Law as a Special field, in barnhoorn, L.A.N.M. and Wellense K.C, DIVERSITY IN SECONDARY RULES AND THE UNITY of international law, M.N.P. P 181.
Henkin, L. 1968. International law: Politics, values and functions, General course on public international law, RCADI, vol ,216, P. 246
A. 1972, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Environment, Stockholm, June 5-16, 1972, p 414. 430. (In Persian)
Schabas, W. (2004). An introduction to the international criminal court, second edition. Cambridge university press, p 200.
Article 22 (d). 1994. Draft Commission on the International Commission on the Crime of Human Beings and Peace, 1991, Law Magazine, No. 18 and 19, p 468. (In Persian)
Berg A. 1981. Nuclear tests cases (Australia v. France; newzeland v. France), encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol.2. p 216.
Sh. 1986. New developments in international public law on the legality of atomic tests in the Free Seas, trans. Reza Foyouzi. Law Magazine. No 5. P 45. (In Persian)
Gunding, L. 1986. Environment, international protection, encyclopedia of public international law, (EPIL), vol9, p 119.
L. 1988. Peremptory norms (jus cogens) in international law, lakimiesliito kustannus, Helsinki, p 688.
Gh. 2002. Development of international responsibility in the light of international environmental law, Journal of Legal Research, No. 1. P 58. (In Persian)
Zemaned, K. 1997. The legal foundations of the international system, rec cour, vol.266, p 266.
Churchill, R. and Allen, L. 1998. International Law of the Seas, tran by Bahman Aghaee, Tehran: Library of the Treasure of Knowledge, p 378. (In Persian)
Case cincerning the corfu, icj, 1945, p. 22.
Peace Corps Human Rights and Democracy, UNESCO, Shahid Beheshti University, Environmental Law, p 220. (In Persian)
Matin Dafrati. A. 1962. International relations and international law up to the present, Tehran: Morvarid Press, P 165. (In Persian)
Schamps, G. 2003. ,”L application du principe de precaution en droit commuatair et en droit belge”, in melange offerts a Marcel Fontaine, Lacier, p 215.
